• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.317-325
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• 1999

The demand of diesel engine on the construction equipment has been rapidly increased because of high thermal efficiency and fuel economy. The exhaust emission from nonroad vehicles equipped with diesel engine such as construction equipment, ship, and agricultural equipment, etc. Which are known to be harmful to human health and environment, has not been regulated in our country. But the regulation for nonroad vehicle has been already progressed in advanced country. So we investigated the contribution ratio of air pollution by construction equipment in order to establish the exhaust emission management strategy for nonroad vehicle. Based on the statistical data for construction equipment, 5 kinds of equipment are selected and tested in the engine dynamometer to determine the emission factor. And the amount of air pollutant from construction equipment are calculated by using of the emission factor and recommended exhaust emission standard for construction equipment.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2005

In order to better quantify the contribution from nonroad sources to emission inventories, it is important to understand not only the emissions rates of these engines but also activity patterns that can be used to accurately portray their in-use operation. To date, however, very little information is available on the actual activity patterns of nonroad equipment. In this study, a total of 18 pieces of nonroad equipment were instrumented with collected data including intake manifold air pressure (MAP), exhaust temperature and, on a subset of vehicles, engine rpm and throttle position. The equipment included backhoes, compactors, dozers, motor graders, loaders and scrappers used in applications such as landfilling, street maintenance and general roadwork. The activity patterns varied considerably depending on the type of equipment and the application. Daily equipment operating time ranged from less than 30 minutes to more than 8 hours, with landfill equipment having the highest daily use. The number of engine starts per day ranged from 3-11 lover the fleet with an average of 5 starts per day. The average percent idle time for the fleet was approximately $25\%$ with a range from 11 to $65\%$ for individual pieces of equipment. Duty cycles based on exhaust temperature/throttle position profiles were also developed for two graders and one dozer.

• 오토저널
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.9-16
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• 1995

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.58-65
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• 2013

Earthwork activities are typically performed by heavy duty diesel (HDD) construction equipment that consumes large quantities of diesel fuel use and emits large quantities of pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matters (PM), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). This paper presents the framework for a model that can be used to estimate the production rate, activity duration, total fuel use, and total pollutants emissions for earthwork activities. A case study and sensitivity analysis for an excavator performing excavations are presented. The tool is developed by combining the multiple linear regressions (MLR) approach for modeling the productivity with the EPA's NONROAD model. The excavator data from RSMeans Heavy Construction Data were selected to build the productivity model, and emission factors of all type of pollutants from NONROAD model were used to estimate the total fuel use and emissions. The MLR model for the productivity rate can explain 92% of the variability in the data. Based on the model, the fuel use and emissions of excavator increase as the trench depth increase, but as the bucket size increase, the fuel use and emissions decrease.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.133-150
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• 2015

이 연구에서는 미국 EPA에서 개발된 NONROAD 모형을 이용하여 인천항 항만하역장비에서 배출되는 온실가스 및 유해가스 배출량을 추정한다. 인천항은 838.4톤의 NOx, 82,747톤의 CO2를 배출하였다. 이는 LA항만에서 배출되는 NOx 배출량의 2.4배, CO2 배출량의 1.3배에 해당한다. 일반하역장비의 배출량은 컨테이너하역장비 배출량의 5배로 드러났다. 인천항을 구성하는 세 항만 중 원자재를 처리하는 북항부두가 다른 항들에 비해 배출량이 많은 것으로 연구되었다. Chang et al.(2013, 2014)의 연구와 비교해 봤을 때 항만하역장비 당 CO2와 NOx 배출량은 선박 당 배출량의 10배에 달하는 것으로 드러났다.

• 분석과학
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.368-377
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• 2011

대기오염도와 소음의 연계성을 파악하기 위하여, 서울시 행정구역 중에서 6 개 구에서 각 1 지점씩 6 개 지점을 택하여 조사를 실시하였다. 그리고 세부적인 조사는 도로(road: RD)와 비 도로지점(nonroad: NR)으로 구분한 후 다시 활동 시간대(06:00-22:00)와 비 활동 시간대(22:00-06:00)로 나눈 후 비교 하였다. 소음 주파수 자료와 대기오염물질 농도와의 상관분석을 통하여 양자간의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 시간대별 분석을 통해서는 양자간의 차이를 명확하게 구분하기가 어려웠다. 반면, 공간적 규모를 기준으로 상관분석을 실시한 결과, 전체 시간대에서 도로지역의 소음도와 대기질의 연관성은 비 도로 지역에 비해 높다는 것을 확인하였다. 활동기와 비 활동기로 구분하여 비교한 결과, 도로지역의 경우 활동기에서 비 활동기로 접어들면서 소음도와 대기질의 상관성이 줄어드는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.31-32
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• 2000

내연기관으로 작동되는 자동차는 크게 도로용(Onroad)과 비도로용(Nonroad)으로 구분되며, 비도로용 차량은 크게 자동차이외의 교통수단(철도, 항공, 선박)과 건설장비, 농업용기계 등을 일컫는다. 이러한 비도로용 엔진들은 주요 대기오염원으로 부각되어 최근 미국, 유럽둥 선진국에서 배출규제를 시작하였다. 우리나라는 선진국에 비해 휘발유 가격대비 경유가격이 낮기 때문에 경유차량의 보유비율도 상대적으로 높아 경유자동차에 의한 대기오염이 심각한 실정이다. (중략)

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.114-121
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• 2018

FT process is a technology of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons. During the FT process unreacted gas, known as Off-gas which has low-calorie, is discharged. In this study, we developed an engine that utilize simulated Off-gas, and studied the characteristics of the engine. The off-gas composition is assumed to be $H_2$ 70%, CO 15%, $CO_2$ 15% respectively. Under stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, the experiment was conducted at WOT and IMEP 0.3 Mpa changing compression ratio. Ignition timing was applied with MBT timing. Maximum indicated thermal efficiency 37% was achieved at compression ratio 15 under WOT. CO, $CO_2$ and $NO_x$ were influenced by changing compression ratio, and CO emission was satisfied with the US Tier 4 standard for nonroad engine over the entire experimental conditions.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.188-195
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• 2009

Generally. mobile sources of air pollution were classified in on-road and non-road. Due to increased registration number of construction equipment in Korea. updated emission factors for non-road mobile sources, such as construction machinery. should be developed. NONROAD model of U.S. EPA already has introduced transient adjustment factors and sulfur adjustment factors for emission factors of diesel powered engine. In addition to this. European Environment Agency (EEA) has proposed emission factors for off-road machinery including several types of construction equipment. In this study. six types of construction equipment, such as excavator. forklift, loader, crane, roller and bulldozer, were studied to estimate emission factors based on total registration status in Korea. Total 445 construction equipments between 2004 and 2007 model year were tested with KC1-8 mode and air pollutants (CO, THC, $NO_x$, and PM) were measured. After statistical estimation and calculation, emission factors for CO, THC, $NO_x$, and PM for excavator, forklift, loader, crane, roller and bulldozer were provided and compared with previous emission factors. Moreover, updated emission factors for six types of construction equipment in this study were verified after comparison with emission factors of U.S. EPA. Finally, estimated emission amounts of four air pollutants were suggested according to six types of construction equipment.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.21-38
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• 2020

최근들어 항만도시에서의 대기오염이 심각한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 그러나 항만의 하역기계에서 배출되는 온실가스는 선박, 트럭 등 타 수단에 비해 상대적으로 주목받지 못하였다. 본 연구에서는 인천항에서 디젤엔진으로 가동되는 하역기계로부터 배출되는 대기오염물질 배출량을 산정하였다. 이를 위해 각 항만하역사로부터 2017년 기준 하역장비의 대수, 제원, 가동시간 등 활동자료를 수집하였다. 분석 결과, CO 105.6톤, NOX 243.2톤, SOX 0.005톤, PM 22.8톤, VOC 26.0톤, NH3 0.2톤이 발생한 것으로 나타났다. CO와 NOX의 배출은 하역기계 전체 배출량의 87.71%를 차지하였으며, 크레인, 지게차, 트랙터, 로더의 배출량이 하역기계 전체 배출량의 84.79%를 차지하였다. 또한 노후화된 디젤엔진을 장착한 하역기계가 주 배출원임을 규명하였다. 분석된 대기오염물질 배출량 수치는 하역기계에 의한 항만 대기 오염의 심각성을 나타내며, 다음과 같은 친환경장비 도입이 시급함을 시사한다. 첫째, 오래된 디젤 장비의 LNG연료 또는 전기장비로의 교체가 필요하다. 둘째, NOX의 배출을 감소시킬 수 있는 선택적환원촉매(SCR)와 같은 후처리장비의 사용이 필요하다. 향후 체계적이고 공식적인 국가 대기오염배출 인벤토리 정립 방법을 설정하고, 매년 하역기계에서 배출되는 대기오염물질 배출량을 모니터링 및 평가하는 것이 필요하다.