• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics of concentrations of pollutants such as TN (Total Nitrogen), TP (Total Phosphorus) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) in outflow from a nonpoint source dominated watershed ($6.7km^2$). Regular flow measurement and water sampling were taken at five-day intervals during two years (February 2002 to January 2004) in the Ingyeong River, a tributary of the Han River. The mean concentrations of pollutants during rainy days were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those during dry days. For dry days, the flow-weighted mean concentration (0.06 mg/L) of TP during paddy irrigation periods were higher than that (0.02 mg/L) during non-irrigation periods. The seasonal mean concentration of TN was highest in spring likely due to nitrogen fertilization, but those of TP and COD were highest in summer due to particulate phosphorus and sediment-associated organic matter caused by increased discharge. The pollutant concentrations significantly increased with discharge, suggesting that the measures to reduce the increase in the concentrations during storms are needed to control nonpoint source pollution.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2005

The ministry of Environment, Korea, are designing the TMDL(Total Maximum daily Load) program far 4 major large rivers to improve water quality from possible pollutants. It can be successfully performed as controling of nonpoint pollutants from watershed area. Railway stations are stormwater intensive land use because of high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions from various activities. Especially the metal pollutants from the railway station were recognized as an important pollutants because of its toxicities. In order to characterize the washed-off pollutants. the monitoring were performed on a railway station during storms. Pollutant concentrations are exponentially decreasing during the storm duration. The 95％ confidence interval of pollutant concentrations in an hour storm duration ranges from 61.6 to 115.4mg/L for TSS(mean=88.50mg/L),103.8-244.1mg/L for COD(mean=174 mg/L) and 7.68-17.32mg/L for Oil & Grease(mean=12.5mg/L). The ranges of metals were 39.2-84.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L for total Cu(mean=61.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/L), 14.0-25.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/L for total Pb(mean=19.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/L) and 182.2-376.l $\mu\textrm{g}$/L for total Zn(mean=279.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/L). The first flush criteria for best management practices can be suggested to 50％ pollutant mass emissions during 30％ of the total flow.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.779-782
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• 2008

During the dry periods, many types of pollutant are accumulating on the paved surface by vehicle activities and accumulated various pollutants are inflowing to the near watershed areas for the rainfall periods. Also, the metals, toxic chemicals and sediments originated from bridges could be strongly influenced to the watershed areas during the runoff. The result shows that the EMC ranges for 95% confidence intervals in a bridge land use are $10.12\sim128.09mg/L$ for TSS, $6.07\sim21.15mg/L$ for BOD, $2.10\sim6.70mg/L$ for TN and $0.06\sim0.85mg/L$ for TP.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.378-382
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• 2008

During the dry periods, many types of pollutants are being accumulated on the paved surface by vehicle activities and the accumulated various pollutants are inflowing into the near watershed areas for the rainfall periods. Particularly, bridges are the centralized region to be the surface runoff of the stromwater due to the high ratio of the impermeable area. Also, the metals, toxic chemicals and sediments originated from bridges could be strongly influenced to the watershed areas during the runoff. Therefore, the present study is achieved to provide washoff characteristics and correlation from the bridge during rainfall periods. The result shows that the EMC ranges for 95% confidence intervals in a bridge land use are 10.12~128.09 mg/L for TSS, 6.07~21.15 mg/L for BOD, 2.10~6.70 mg/L for TN and 0.06~0.85 mg/L for TP.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.296-302
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• 2017

Generally, a parking lot is constructed using asphalt or concrete. Such materials are impermeable, which means that a parking lot will directly release pollutants to any nearby water system during a rainfall event. An increased quantity of nonpoint source pollutants harms the ecohydrological system and causes further environmental damage leading to dysfunctional water circulation systems. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the design and application of Low Impact Development (LID) systems that allow more effective prevention of water circulation problems and management of nonpoint source pollution. This study aims to support such efforts by analyzing a permeable paver parking lot constructed using one of the LID techniques and comparing it to a conventional one in terms of the concentration of pollutants, nonpoint source pollution load and runoff rainfall lag effects during a rainfall event; it could serve as a reference for the construction of permeable paver parking lots in the future.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.9-20
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• 2007

The nonpoint pollutants are originated from various land uses. Of the landuses, the development means the changes of the soil cover and the increases of imperviousness rate, which will increase the nonpoint pollutant emissions during a storm. Therefore, the Ministry of Environment in Korea has programed TPLMS(Total Pollution Load Management System) for four major large rivers to improve the water quality in rivers by controling the total pollutant loadings from the watershed area. The study area was forest landuse before resort development, however it is now changing to the resort. Some of the forest areas will be changed to parking lots, roads and buildings, which can be the major pollutant sources in the future. The paved areas are highly polluted landuses because of high pollutant accumulation rate by vehicle activities during dry periods. Therefore, this research is achieved to determine the changes of pollutant loading rate by development plan and to provide the best management practices for controlling nonpoint pollutants. Finally this research will provide the environment-kindly development technology for protecting the water quality.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.23-31
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• 2006

The nonpoint pollutants are originated from various land uses. Of the landuses, the development means the changes of the soil cover and the increases of imperviousness rate, which will increase the nonpoint pollutant emissions during a storm. Therefore, the Ministry of Environment in Korea has programed TPLMS(Total Pollution Load Management System) for four major large rivers to improve the water quality in rivers by controling the total pollutant loadings from the watershed area. The study area was forest landuse before development plan, however it is now changing to the resort. Some of the forest areas will be changed to parking lots, roads and buildings. The paved areas are highly polluted landuses because of high pollutant accumulation rate by vehicle activities during dry periods. Therefore, this research is achieved to determine the changes of pollutant loading rate by development plan and to provide the best management practices for controlling nonpoint pollutants.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

Since 2000, environmental policies and regulations in Korea are rapidly changing to TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Load) and nonpoint source control. This is due to bad water quality in drinking water sources. Although many environmental facilities having high removal efficiency are constructed and applied in nationwide for controling various pollutants from wastewaters, the water quality in rivers is worse and worse because of nonpoint pollution. In fact, TMDL is a new environmental regulation controling total daily loadings from watershed areas. Actually, the nonpoint pollutant is originated from various landuses and its control is based on TMDL regulation. Therefore, this research is performed to determine the size of detention basin to control nonpoint pollutants from resort developing areas. The detention basin is one of best management practices, which is useful for controling pollutants and flooding from the developing areas. However, it should be designed and constructed with cost effective method. Recent 10 years rainfall data are used to determine the size of detention basin. The cost effective size is determined to 7.4mm accumulated rainfall.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.75-85
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• 2005

The Construction of industrial complex areas means the increase of imperviousness rate and the increase of nonpoint pollutant emissions during a rainfall. Generally the retention basin can become the alternative for removing and controling these nonpoint pollutants. Recently Ministry of Environment are trying to change the purpose of retention basins from flooding control to nonpoint pollutant control. In order to propel the stormwater management program, administration plan of stormwater management is enacted in Spring, 2005. Hereafter, in a newly developing area, the best management practices should be established to control the nonpoint pollutant. Landuses of the research area are classified to the categories of the 1st manufacturing industry, metal industry, fiber and chemical product manufacturing industry, etc. Therefore, this research was performed to understand washed-off characteristics of stormwater and to suggest the controling method of nonpoint pollutants. The optimum capacity of the retention basin can be determined by analyzing the relationships among data of rainfall, runoff, washed-off pollutants from the areas. The rainfall analysis using the data of normal year, recent 2, 5 and 10 years shows that the 80% rainfall frequency was occurred on 10mm accumulated rainfall, but which is not considered the first flush effect. However, by considering the first flush effect, the appropriate treatment capacity of rainfall can be decreased to 4-5mm accumulated rainfall. Using the criteria, the optimum capacity of retention basin is determined to $12,000m^3$ in the research area. The washed-off nonpoint pollutant loading from the areas have beeb calculated to 435ton/yr for TSS, 238ton/yr for COD, 8,518kg/yr for TKN and 1,816kg/yr for TP. The mass of 78.3ton/yr for TSS, 20.4ton/yr for BOD, 128.6ton/yr for COD, 4.6ton/yr for TKN and 980kg/yr for TP can be reduced by constructing the retention basin. The sediment accumulation rate is also calculated by $6.53kg/m^2-hr$.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.128-133
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• 2006

The paved areas in nonpoint source are highly polluted landuses because of high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions from vehicle activities. Particularly, the metal pollutants are a big issue in the paved area. It is usually washed-off during storms by adsorbing on sediments or soluble status. Therefore, this research was achieved for understanding the characteristics of metal pollutants in stormwater runoff in highways. Five monitoring sites were equipped with an automatic rainfall gage and an automatic flow meter. This manuscripts will summarize the washoff characteristics of metal pollutants and its concentration changes during storms. Usually first flush phenomenon was observed for all of the storm events and visibly confirmed with hydro- and polluto-graphs. Also it was coincided with the tendency of particulates and organic matters. The decrease rate per total reduced amount for metals during initial 30-min storm duration was obtained on 80%. The result may be able to use for determining the economical treatment criteria for stormwater runoff in highways.