• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.790-796
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• 2011

This study was designed to investigate the influence of ratio of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixture on detergency of particulate soil under various solutions. The detergency of the particulate soil was determined by adhesion of particle to fabric and its removal from fabric separately. The PET fabric and ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$were used as materials of textile and model of particulate soil, respectively. The detergency was investigated as a function of surfactants concentration, ionic strength, kinds of electrolyte and mole numbers of oxyethylene ether of nonionic surfactant in different ratio of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixture. Although some deviations exist, the adhesion of particle to fabric generally increased with decreasing its removal from fabric. The detergency of particulate soil on PET fabric was relatively higher in anionic/nonionic surfactant mixed solution than in each single surfactant solution, but the influence of ratio of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixture on detergency of particulate soil was low. Generally the detergency of particulate soil on fabric was at its maximum at 0.1% surfactant concentration, $1{\times}10^{-3}$ ionic strength, $Na_5P_3O_{10}$ electrolytes and 10 mole numbers of oxyethylene ether of nonionic surfactant, regardless of ratio of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixture.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.854-861
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• 2004

To estimate dispersion stability of particles in anionic and nonionic surfactant mixed solution, suspending power was examined as functions of duration time of suspension, ionic and nonionic surfactant mixed ratio, surfactant concentration, kinds of electrolyte, ionic strength and mole numbers of oxyethylene additions to nonionic surfactant using $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ particle as the model of particulate soil. The suspending power of anionic and nonionic surfactant mixed solution was relatively higher than that of anionic and nonionic surfactant single solution regardless of solution concentration. The suspending power was gradually decreased with increasing duration time of suspension. In the absence of electrolyte, the effect of surfactant concentration on suspending power was small but in solution with electrolyte, suspending power was lowest at 1 ％ surfactant concentration. With 1${\times}$10$^{-3}$ ionic strength and polyanionic electrolyte in solution, the suspending power was high but effects of oxyethylene mole number to nonionic surfactant on suspending power was small. Generally the suspending power was gradually increased with decreasing the particle size. Hence the suspending power was inversely related to the particle size.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.226-233
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 Tergitol 계열 비이온 계면활성제 시스템에 이온 계면활성제와 보조 계면활성제를 각각 첨가한 경우에 있어서의 원유 중에 포함되어 있는 황화합물 가용화도에 관하여 살펴보았다. Sodium oleate, potassium oleate, CTAB와 DTAB 등의 이온 계면활성제 첨가는 비이온 계면활성제에 의한 황화합물 가용화도에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 반면에 사슬 길이가 긴 알코올을 보조 계면활성제로 첨가한 경우에는 원유 중의 황화합물 가용화도가 증가하였다. 알코올의 첨가 효과는 계면활성제가 수용액 상으로부터 오일 상으로 이동하는 partitioning 현상으로 인하여 사용한 원유 양이 증가할수록 작아지며, 또한 사용한 알코올의 사슬 길이에 따른 가용화도 증가 차이도 작게 나타났다. 원유와 계면 활성제 수용액 사이의 계면장력은 온도가 증가할수록 감소하였고 소수성의 계면활성제일수록 감소의 폭이 증가하였다. 수용액의 pH 변화에 따라 황화합물의 가용화에는 큰 변화가 없었으며, 탈황 미생물 성장 영향 실험에서 계면활성제 혹은 보조계면활성제의 첨가는 탈황 미생물의 성장에 큰 영향을 끼치지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.36-44
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• 1997

This experiment was mainly performed with a mechanical treatment using ultrasound. We got the following conclusions : At seven minutes-ultrasonic treatment using nonionic surfactant, yield, brightness and residual ink contents were superior to other treatment, but several strength properties were decreased. On the other hand anionic surfactant was considerably low ink removal efficiency. For ultrasonic treatment using nonionic surfactant, yield and brightness were dropped when temperature was over 4$0^{\circ}C$, but were observed to be insensitive to the pulp consistency and flotation time. In the case of nonionic surfactant, tensile and burst strength were improved when ultrasonic treatment was used comparing to non-treatment, and nonionic surfactant was generally better than anionic surfactant in terms of tensile and burst strength regardless of ultrasound conditions. Several properties were decreased when anionic surfactant was used in comparison with nonionic surfactant except yield, therefore, anionic surfactant. was not proper to be used in this condition.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2006년도 Extended Abstracts of 2006 POWDER METALLURGY World Congress Part 1
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• pp.462-463
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• 2006

Monodispersed and nano-sized Ni powders were synthesized from aqueous nickel sulfate hexahydrate $(NiSO_4{\cdot}6H_2O)$ inside nonionic polymer network by using wet chemical reduction process. The sucrose was used as a nonionic polymer network source. The effect of reaction conditions such as the amount of sucrose and a various reaction temperature, nickel sulfate hexahydrate molarity. The influence of a nonionic polymer network on the particle size of the prepared Ni powders was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis (PSA). The results showed that the obtained Ni powders were strong by dependent of the reaction conditions. In particular, the Ni powders prepared inside a nonionic polymer network had smooth spherical shape and narrow particle size distribution.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to find the effect of the mixture of the nonionic surfactant and bioactive agent that solubilizes trichlorobenzene (TCB) present as a contaminant for surfactant-enhanced soil flushing (SESF). Three different nonionic surfactants and two different bioactive agents were obtained from four companies. Separate funnel experiments and shaker table agitation / centrifugation experiments were used for the test. Based on the separate funnel experimental results, three suitable mixture agents (APG + OSE, Brij 35 + MOSE, T-Maz 60 + MOSE) were selected. In the shaker table agitation / centrifugation experiments, these three different mixture agents were reduced to one (T-Maz 60 +MOSE). The maximum removal (95%) of TCB was obtained using a mixture of the nonionic surfactant and bioactive agent. Therefore, the used test methods and results can be used for SESF.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 1994

On the basis of the principle of Bratch's electronegativity equalization, we calculated group partial charges and group electronegativities for nonionic surfactants with Pauling's elecoonegativity parameters by using numerical calculation method. From calculated outputs we have investigated structural stability of micelle, characteristics of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, and relation between CMC(Critical Micelle Concentraion) and group partial charge and group electronegativity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups for nonionic surfactants. We have known that CMC by micelle formation depends upon group partial charge and group electronegativity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups for surfactants. Also, the structural stability of micelle in H2O solution is related to the electric double layer by the hydrophilic group of nonionic surfactants with H atoms in water CMC is diminished by the decrease of repeating units in hydrophilic group at constant hydrophobic group and is diminished by the increments of alkyl chains in hydrophobic group at constant hydrophilic group for nonionic surfactants. In conclusion, CMC is diminished because there is no electrostatic repulsion and is diminished of Debye length by the increments of partial charge of hydrophobic group.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2003

We examined the effect of polyether-type nonionic surfactants (Brij 35, Triton X-100, Tween 20 and Tween 80) on the potentiometric properties of sodium-, potassium- and calcium-selective membranes which are prepared with widely used ionophores and four kinds of polymer matrices [poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polyurethane (PU), PVC/PU blend, and silicone rubber (SR)]. It was found that the PVC-based membranes, which provide the best performance among all other matrix-based membranes in the absence of nonionic surfactants, exhibited larger change in their potentiometric properties when nonionic surfactants are added to the sample solution. On the other hand, the sodium-selective SR-based membrane with calix[4]arene, potassium-selective PVC/PU- or SR-based membrane with valinomycin, and the calcium-selective SR-based membrane with ETH 1001 provide almost identical analytical performance in the presence and absence of Tween 20 or Tween 80 surfactants. The origin of nonionic surfactants effect was also investigated by interpreting the experimental results obtained with various matrices and ionophores. The results suggest that the nonionic surfactant extracted into the membrane phase unselectively form complexes with the primary and interfering ions, resulting in increased background potential and lower binding ability for the ionophore. Such effects should result in deteriorated detection limits, reduced response slopes and lower selectivity for the primary ions.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.449-458
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• 2016

Detergency and surface active properties of mixed anionic surfactants with amphoteric and nonionic were investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ammonium dodecyl sulfate (ADS) as anionic surfactants and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) as an amphoteric surfactant were used. Nonionic surfactants, which are butyl glucoside (BG), octyl glucoside (OG), decyl glucoside (DG), lauryl dimethylamine oxide (AO) and saponin were also used. To study the synergy effects of mixed SDS/ADS anionic surfactant systems, amphoteric and nonionic surfactants were added into the mixed anionic surfactants. Investigated properties of surfactant mixtures were critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension (${\gamma}$), wettability. In addition, based on these properties, detergency of each sample was examined. Surfactant mixtures are anionics (SDS/ADS), anionic/amphoteric/nonionic (SDS/ADS/CAPB/saponin), and anionic/nonionic (SDS/ADS/BG/saponin, SDS/ADS/OG/saponin, SDS/ADS/DG/saponin, and SDS/ADS/AO/saponin). With the addition of amphoteric and nonionic to mixed anionic surfactants, CMC and ${\gamma}$ were decreased. Addition of CAPB, which is amphoteric, showed the best property at CMC and ${\gamma}$. Furthermore, as the chain length of hydrocarbon in alkyl glucosides was increased, the CMC and ${\gamma}$ were enhanced. However, the wettability did not exactly match up with CMC and ${\gamma}$. The surfactant mixture, which contained DG, showed the best performance at wetting time. Detergency was measured at various temperatures ($15^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$). The cleaning performance was enhanced by increasing washing temperature. Moreover, detergency was influenced by not only CMC and ${\gamma}$ but also wettability. Although CMC and ${\gamma}$ were not minimum at surfactant mixture that included DG, the best cleaning performance showed in that sample.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1977