• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.45-64
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper examines South Korea's potential status as a carbon leakage country, and the level of risk posed by the Korean emissions trading scheme (ETS) for Korean industries. The economic effects of border carbon adjustments (BCAs) to protect energy-intensive Korean industries in the process of achieving the carbon reduction target by 2030 through the Korean ETS are also analyzed. Design/methodology - First, using the Korean Input-Output (IO) table, this paper calculates the balance of emissions embodied in trade (BEET) and the pollution terms of trade (PTT) to determine Korean industries' carbon leakage status. Analyses of the risk level posed by carbon reduction policy implementation in international trade are conducted for some sectors by applying the EU criteria. Second, using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, three BCA scenarios, exemption regulations (EXE), reimbursement (REB), and tariff reduction (TAR) to protect the energy-intensive industries under the Korean ETS are addressed. Compared to the baseline scenario of achieving carbon reduction targets by 2030, the effects of BCAs on welfare, carbon leakage, outputs, and trading are analyzed. Findings - As Korea's industrial structure has been transitioning from a carbon importing to a carbon leaking country. The results indicate that some industrial sectors could face the risk of losing international competitiveness due to the Korean ETS. South Korea's industries are basically exposed to risk of carbon leakage because most industries have a trade intensity higher than 30%. This could be interpreted as disproving vulnerability to carbon leakage. Although the petroleum and coal sector is not in carbon leakage, according to BEET and PTT, the Korean ETS exposes this sector to a high risk of carbon leakage. Non-metallic minerals and iron and steel sectors are also exposed to a high risk of carbon leakage due to the increased burden of carbon reduction costs embodied in the Korean ETS, despite relatively low levels of trade intensity. BCAs are demonstrated to have an influential role in protecting energy-intensive industries while achieving the carbon reduction target by 2030. The EXE scenario has the greatest impact on mitigation of welfare losses and carbon leakage, and the TAF scenario causes a disturbance in the international trade market because of the pricing adjustment system. In reality, the EXE scenario, which implies completely exempting energy-intensive industries, could be difficult to implement due to various practical constraints, such as equity and reduction targets and other industries; therefore, the REB scenario presents the most realistic approach and appears to have an effect that could compensate for the burden of economic activities and emissions regulations in these industries. Originality/value - This paper confirms the vulnerability of the Korean industrial the risk of carbon leakage, demonstrating that some industrial sectors could be exposed to losing international competitiveness by implementing carbon reduction policies such as the Korean ETS. The contribution of this paper is the identification of proposed approaches to protect Korean industries in the process of achieving the 2030 reduction target by analyzing the effects of BCA scenarios using a CGE model.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.127-136
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• 2022

In this work a multi-fidelity non-intrusive polynomial chaos (MF-NIPC) has been applied to a structural wind engineering problem in architectural design for the first time. In architectural design it is important to design structures that are safe in a range of wind directions and speeds. For this reason, the computational models used to design buildings and bridges must account for the uncertainties associated with the interaction between the structure and wind. In order to use the numerical simulations for the design, the numerical models must be validated by experi-mental data, and uncertainties contained in the experiments should also be taken into account. Uncertainty Quantifi-cation has been increasingly used for CFD simulations to consider such uncertainties. Typically, CFD simulations are computationally expensive, motivating the increased interest in multi-fidelity methods due to their ability to lev-erage limited data sets of high-fidelity data with evaluations of more computationally inexpensive models. Previous-ly, the multi-fidelity framework has been applied to CFD simulations for the purposes of optimization, rather than for the statistical assessment of candidate design. In this paper MF-NIPC method is applied to flow around a rectan-gular 5:1 cylinder, which has been thoroughly investigated for architectural design. The purpose of UQ is validation of numerical simulation results with experimental data, therefore the radius of curvature of the rectangular cylinder corners and the angle of attack are considered to be random variables, which are known to contain uncertainties when wind tunnel tests are carried out. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are solved by a solver that employs the Finite Element Method (FEM) for two turbulence modeling approaches of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations: Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) and the Large Eddy simulation (LES). The results of the uncertainty analysis with CFD are compared to experimental data in terms of time-averaged pressure coefficients and bulk parameters. In addition, the accuracy and efficiency of the multi-fidelity framework is demonstrated through a comparison with the results of the high-fidelity model.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.231-258
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• 2022

As integrated management of scattered knowledge in the organization contributes to organizational performance, organizations are increasing their investment in knowledge management(KM) policies and technologies. For KM to be operated efficiently, the participation of employees performing knowledge-sharing activities is important. This study suggests how shared goal, value congruence, and task interdependence reduce the negative effects of relation and role conflict on the intention to share knowledge. We surveyed workers in organizations that have more than 50 employees and have KM policies, and 381 samples were used for hypothesis testing. As a result of hypothesis testing, we confirmed that a shared goal affects the intention to share knowledge through each of the factors of value congruence, relation conflict, and role conflict. In addition, we confirmed that value congruence and task interdependence moderated conflicts that negatively affected the intention to share knowledge. We identified the conditions that affect the knowledge-sharing activities of employees in terms of individual, organizational, and work structure. Therefore, the results contribute to the establishment of strategies for achieving the performance of the organization's KM.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.698-705
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• 2022

Rice consumption in Korea is continuously decreasing; therefore, methods for reducing rice stocks are now being proposed. Increasing the consumption of rice and reduce these stocks will require that the rice processing industry be developed beyond simply using cooked rice as food. The Korean people's eating habits have also diversified recently, and the consumption of bread is increasing. Therefore, breeding a cultivar for rice flour is now necessary. Here, a line suitable for processing into rice flour was cultivated by deriving a mutant line by tissue culture of Ilpum. Mutant populations were investigated for major agricultural traits in the field, and grain characteristics and endosperm characteristics were investigated after harvest. Among the lines, line 29111 had similar agricultural characteristics to the background Ilpum, and excellent grain quality, and was selected for further analysis. The physicochemical properties that determine taste were similar or improved. However, unlike Ilpum, 29111 had a non-uniform starch structure and a characteristic powdery endosperm because large and male starch grains are evenly distributed. Therefore, 29111 was viewed as a breeding line suitable for processing and for excellent agricultural characteristics and taste. The added value can be increased by diversifying the uses of rice. The taste was improved and a method for breeding cultivars with grain characteristics for glutinous rice that would satisfy both producers and consumers was presented.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.93
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• pp.231-260
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• 2011

Simondon's theory of individuation and methodology of transduction presents a possibility of contemporary natural philosophy and a new perspective about the relation between philosophy and sciences. According to Simondon's anti-substantial viewpoint, being, as a metastable system charged with potential energy, complicates itself with quantum leaps transversing successive equilibriums. Individuation is the becoming of phases of being which transits from preindividual state to individuated states. Physical individuation as a paradigmatic model of individuation in general demonstrates not only insufficiency of form-oriented hylomorphism, but also spontaneous formational capacity of matter and reality of energetic relational operation immanent in matter. Genesis of a individual (structure or form) occurs as a resolution of the disparation between orders of magnitude, that is, the difference of potentials immanent in nature through the internal resonance, communication by information, transductive relation between the opposites. I'm trying to show that Simondon revives 'physis' of ancient natural philosophy by his own transductive applications of contemporary physics' conceptions, and therefore suggest a new non-reductive materialism. Especially Simondon's 'transduction' which is neither induction, deduction, nor dialectic, but an original ontological process and a peculiar method of thinking, I think, is worthy of note in order to construct network of knowledge and inter-relation between various sciences.

• Clean Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2009

Mesoporous aluminas (A-C, A-A, and A-N) were prepared by a templating method using cationic(C), anionic(A), and non-ionic(N) surfactant as a structure-directing agent, respectively. Nickel catalysts supported on mesoporous alumina (Ni/A-C, Ni/A-A, and Ni/A-N) were then prepared by an impregnation method, and were applied to hydrogen production by steam reforming of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Regardless of surfactant type, nickel species were finely dispersed on the surface of mesoporous alumina in the calcined catalysts. It was revealed that interaction between nickel species and support in the reduced catalysts was strongly dependent on the identity of surfactant. LNG conversion and $H_2$ composition in dry gas increased in the order of Ni/A-C < Ni/A-A < Ni/A-N. It was found that catalytic performance increased with increasing nickel surface area in the reduced catalyst. Among the catalyst tested, Ni/A-N catalyst with the highest nickel surface area showed the best catalytic performance.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.141-155
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• 2023

Monitoring technology based on electrical resistivity is widely used for non-destructive data collection and health analysis of underground structures and tunnels. Vulnerable sections such as fault zone generates many problems during construction of the tunnel. These problems cause displacement and stress changes of the ground. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the state of the fault zone section to ensure the mechanical stability of the underground structure. Monitoring the size of joints and the porosity of the fillings is essential for rocks. Previous studies have not considered the variety of fillings in rock joints. In this study, electrical resistivity tests were conducted according to the particle mixing state of the sandy fillings. When the size of fillings is decreased at the constant porosity, the electrical resistivity tends to increase. The results of this study are expected to be useful as basic electrical resistivity data for predicting the ground conditions and evaluation of the ground behavior that is containing sandy fillings in the rock joint for tunnels.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.31-45
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag to the development of the Powdered Ready-mixed Shotcrete. First of all, after accomplishing SEM analysis and Leaching Test, the laboratory and field experiments for evaluating the utility of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag were performed. As a result of SEM and Leaching test, the environmental stability was confirmed. That is, non-detection of harmful lists and dense shotcrete structure result from mixing Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. As a result of lab. and field test, Blast Furnace Slag is superior to Plain Batch in improving strength and durability. And it will be able to improve to some extent the problem caused by the delayed reaction of existing Granulated Blast Furnace Slag with alkali activated material. Also the proper amount of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is estimated to be under 30%. Finally, it is possible that Granulated Blast Furnace Slag can apply to economical recycling and development of the Ready-mixed Shotcrete for its price is only about 5% of Silica-finne's price.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.962-972
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• 2023

Objective: This study determined the effects of dietary treatments and castration on meat quality, fatty acids (FAs) profiles, and volatile compounds in Korean native black goats (KNBG, Capra hircus coreanae), including the relationship between the population of rumen microbiomes and meat FA profiles. Methods: Twenty-four KNBG (48.6±1.4 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments arranged into a 2×2 factorial structure. The factors were dietary forage to concentrate ratio (high forage [HF, 80:20] and low forage [LF, 20:80]), and a castration treatment (castration [CA] vs non-castration [NCA]). Results: Among meat quality traits, the CA group exhibited a higher percentage of crude fat and water holding capacity (p<0.05). The profiles of the saturated fatty acid (SFA) in meat sample derived from CA KNBG showed a significantly lower percentage compared to NCA individuals, due to the lower proportion of C14:0 and C18:0. Feeding a high-forage diet to KNBG increased the formation of C18:1n7, C18:3n3, C20:1n9, C22:4n6 in meat, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profiles (p<0.05). Consequently, the n6:n3 ratio declined (p<0.05). There was an interaction between dietary treatment and castration for formation of C20:5n3 (p<0.05), while C18:1n9, C22:6n3, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and the MUFA:SFA ratio were influenced by both diet and castration (p<0.05). Nine volatile compounds were identified and were strongly influenced by both dietary treatments, castration (p<0.05), and their interaction. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinctly different odor patterns in the NCA goats fed LF diets. Spearman correlation analysis showed a high correlation between rumen bacteria and meat PUFAs. Conclusion: These results suggest the essential effects of the rumen microbial population for the synthesis of meat FAs and volatile compounds in KNBG meat, where dietary intake and castration also contribute substantially.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.155-175
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• 2018

This study estimates the technical efficiency and total factor productivity(TFP) of and analyzes the relationship between TFP and exports for Korean manufacturing companies from 2000 to 2016. Specially, TFP is decomposed into Technical Change(TC), Technical Efficiency Change (TEC), and Sale Effect(SE), and compared between large and small enterprises. First, in the case of technical efficiency, the Korean economy has been very vulnerable to external shocks, such as the sharp decline following the 2008 financial crisis. The efficiency of the electronics, automobile, and machinery sectors is low and needs to be improved. In addition, the technological efficiency of large enterprises is higher than that of SMEs in most manufacturing sub-sectors except for non-ferrous metals. In the case of TFP, most changes are due to TC, and the effective combination of labor, capital and the effect of scale have little effect, suggesting that improvement of internal structure is urgent. In addition, volatility due to the impact of the financial crisis in 2008 was much larger in SMEs than in large companies, so external economic impacts are more greater for SMEs than large enterprises. The relationship between TFP decomposition factors and exports shows that TC has a positive effect only on exports of SMEs. Therefore, in order to increase exports, in the case of SMEs, R&D support to promote technological development is needed. In the case of large companies, it is necessary to establish differentiated strategies for each export market, competitor company, and item to link efficiency and scale effect of exports.