• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.16-28
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• 2011

Oxidative stress leads to the induction of cellular oxidative damage, which may cause adverse modifications of DNA, proteins, and lipids. The production of reactive species during oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Antioxidant defenses can neutralize reactive oxygen species and protect against oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant status and the degree of DNA damage in Korean young adults using glutathione s-transferase (GST) polymorphisms. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were characterized in 245 healthy young adults by smoking status, and their oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes and antioxidant status were assessed by GST genotype. General characteristics were investigated by simple questionnaire. From the blood of the subjects, GST genotypes; degree of DNA damage in lymphocytes; the erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; plasma concentrations of total peroxyl radical-trapping potential (TRAP), vitamin C, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-carotene and cryptoxanthin, as well as plasma lipid profiles, conjugated diene (CD), GOT, and GPT were analyzed. Of the 245 subjects studied, 23.2% were GSTM1 wild genotypes and 33.4% were GSTT1 wild genotype. No difference in erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase, and the plasma TRAP level, CD, GOT, and GPT levels were observed between smokers and non-smokers categorized by GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotype. Plasma levels of ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol increased significantly in smokers with the GSTT1 wild genotype (p < 0.05); however, plasma level of ${\alpha}$-carotene decreased significantly in non-smokers with the GSTM1 wild genotype (p < 0.05). DNA damage assessed by the Comet assay was significantly higher in non-smokers with the GSTM1 genotype; whereas DNA damage was significantly lower in non-smokers with the GSTT1 genotype. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in non-smokers with the GSTT1 genotype than those with the GSTT1 wild genotype (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the GSTM1 genotype or the GSTT1 wild genotype in non-smokers aggravated their antioxidant status through DNA damage of lymphocytes; however, the GSTT1 wild type in non-smokers had normal plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. This finding confirms that GST polymorphisms could be an important determinant of antioxidant status and plasma lipid profiles in non-smoking young adults. Further study is necessary to clarify the antioxidant status and/or lipid profiles of smokers with the GST polymorphism and to conduct a study with significantly more subjects.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.320-329
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• 2021

Background: Smoking exposure may be objectively assessed through specific biomarkers. The most common biomarker for smoking is cotinine concentration in urine, and setting an optimal cut-off point can accurately classify smoking status. Such a cut-off point for Korean adolescents has never been studied. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine a cut-off point for urinary cotinine concentration for the discrimination of smoking in adolescents. Methods: Participants were adolescents aged 13~18 years who participated in the third cycle of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey. We used urine samples to confirm the level of cotinine concentrations. Smoking status was determined by self-reported questionnaire. We identified the optimal cotinine cut-off point for discriminating smoking status using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: Of the 904 participants, 28 (3.1%) were smokers, among whom 20 (71.4%) were male. The median urinary cotinine concentrations in smokers was 218 ㎍/L (male: 215 ㎍/L, female: 303 ㎍/L), and that in non-smokers was 1.31 ㎍/L (male: 1.46 ㎍/L, female: 1.18 ㎍/L). We found significant differences in urinary cotinine concentration according to smoking status and sex (p<0.001). Urinary cotinine concentrations performed well for identifying smoking adolescents [area under the curve: 0.954 (male: 0.963, female: 0.908)]. The cut-off that optimally distinguished smokers from non-smokers was 39.85 ㎍/L (sensitivity: 89.3%, specificity: 97.4%). Male [39.85 ㎍/L (sensitivity: 90.0%, specificity: 94.9%)] had a different optimal cut-off point than female [26.26 ㎍/L (sensitivity: 87.5%, specificity: 99.6%)]. Conclusions: This study determined a cut-off point for urinary cotinine of 39.85 ㎍/L (male: 39.85 ㎍/L, female: 26.26 ㎍/L) to distinguish smokers from non-smokers in adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.755-762
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• 2000

female smoking especially in the population of teenage girls is regarded as an important health problem as the young female smokers are increasing sharply. We surveyed 895 teenage girls(15-19 years of age) living in a rural community in Korea for their cigarette smoking habits and the relationship between smoking status of subjects demographic variables and view on other's smoking. Of the subjects 11.6% stated that they were currently smoking and 67.3% of current smokers began smoking regularly sometimes before high school. The average smoking period of current smokers waas 20.6$\pm$1.5 mounts and they smoked 7.5 cigarettes/day on an average. Their main reason for starting to smoke was curiosity. The parents attitude for their offspring was more undemocratic in smokers. Smokers had lower academic sachievement and they had the family system such as single parent more undemocratic in smokers. Smokers had lower academic achievement and they had the family sysstem such as single parent family or divorced parent family more often than did non-smokers. Smoking status of subjects was positively related to that of their parents siblings and friends respectively. Smokers accepted others' smoking more positively than did non-smokers. Above results show that cigarette smoking is prevalent among teenage girls living in a rural community and smoking of subjects are affected by demographic variables and their view on others' smoking. Therefore the prevention the prevention programs aimed at adolescent smoking should be started before middle school and they should be included all influencing environmental factors such as family school and mass media.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2018

This study investigates the relationship between smoking and periodontal disease through quantitative analysis of intra-buccal oral pathogenic bacteria detected in smokers and aims to yield objective baseline data for applications in anti-smoking and dental health education programs. From April to May 2016, participants in an oral health management program within an intensive dental hygiene training course at Choonhae College of Health Sciences received an explanation of the study purposes and methods, after which male smokers aged 18~30 years agreed to participate voluntarily. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of oral pathogenic bacteria was performed after collecting gingival sulcus fluid samples from 67 smokers. The intra-buccal oral pathogenic bacteria distributions were analyzed based on the subjects' general characteristics, smoking behaviors, and oral care behaviors. The distribution results show that pathogens in the anterior teeth are affected (in this order) by age, toothbrush size, and smoking status; older people had fewer pathogens, those who used larger toothbrushes had more pathogens, and smokers had more pathogens, compared to non-smokers ($_{adj}R^2=19.1$). In the posterior teeth, pathogens were influenced (in this order) by smoking status, smoking duration, and the number of tooth brushings per day; smokers had more pathogens than non-smokers, and those who brushed their teeth more often had fewer pathogens ($_{adj}R^2=25.1$). The overall pathogen distribution was affected only by smoking status: smokers generally had more pathogens, compared to non-smokers. Therefore, it is necessary to provide information about the risk of periodontal disease due to smoking during anti-smoking or dental health education sessions; particularly, the use of smaller toothbrushes for anterior teeth and the need for smokers in their early twenties to quit smoking for dental health should be highly emphasized.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.476-488
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• 2008

This study investigates the relationship of smoking on daily intake of nutrients and snacks in the Chungnam and Daejeon high school students. Up to date scientific nutrition education and counseling programs in the regular school system is needed for a professional nutrition education teacher. The primary objective of this study was to provide useful information to nutrition education teachers. A survey was conducted with 400 high school students in the Chungnam and Daejeon areas. 381 out of 400 questionnaires were analyzed with SPSS 12.0K. The subjects were composed of 49.8% male, 50.1% female and 40.9% regular high school students, 59.1% business high school students and smokers 43.1%, non-smokers 56.9%. 43.4% of smokers had been smoking since middle school. On analysis of daily nutrient intakes, 16 out of 19 nutrients except animal calcium, Vitamin A and Vitamin C were much more consumed by the smoking group than the non-smoking group non-significantly. Especially vegetable fat and Vitamin E were higher in the smoking group than the non-smoking group (p<0.05). The intake ratio of carbohydrates: protein: fat was similar in the two groups (smoking group 55:15:29, nonsmoking group 56:15:28). Intakes of Vitamin B1 and potassium in comparison with the Korean dietary reference intakes(KDRI) were under 50% in both groups. However, sodium was taken over 200% compared to KDRI in both groups. Intakes of Vitamin C in the smoking group were as low as 76.5% in comparison to KDRI. Smokers need to increase the intakes of Vitamin C considering that smokers need to intake Vitamin C two times than non-smokers. Nutrient intakes from snacks in the smoking group were higher than the non-smoking group. Nutrients that originated from snacks which took over 20% among daily nutrient intakes were 12 nutrients(energy, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, P, Fe, K, Vitamin $B_1$, Vitamin $B_2$, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, dietary fiber) in the smoking group compared to 7 nutrients(energy, vegetable protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, Vitamin $B_2$, Vitamin C) in the non-smoking group. The smoking group was significantly paying more money for snacks each month than the non-smoking group was(p<0.01). Periods of consumption were irregular in the smoking group(p<0.05) and the smoking group was used to taking snacks in the morning compared to the non-smoking group. The smoking group preferred sweets and high calorie food over other snacks in comparison of the non-smoking group. The nonsmoking group had better eating habits than the smoking group.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.878-888
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the smoking and eating habits of high school students. We also presented the basic data for the effective smoking cessation and smoking prevention programs, and proper nutrition education programs. We surveyed 304 high school male students in Sokcho city. The results were as follows ; a total of 23.7% of the subjects were smokers, the smokers spent more pocket money than the non-smokers and they also spent more time on the internet or smartphone. The smokers had lower awareness of the dangers of smoking than that of non-smokers. They started drinking alcohol earlier than the non-smokers. Their water intake was higher and they preferred consumption of high-protein foods like fried chicken, but were not inclined to vegetables and sour tasting foods. These results imply that smoking habits of the subjects affected their eating and drinking habits. A matter of concern was the low intake of vegetables and sour tasting foods, which could lead to a deficiency of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. The smokers were less satisfied with their school life than the non-smokers. There was a negative correlation with the degree of awareness of the dangers that smoking can cause. Conversely, the amount of smoking and drinking habits were positively correlated. To reach a healthy adulthood, it is crucial to quit smoking and participate in smoking prevention education along with nutrition education and abstinence education for the adolescents.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of present study was to investigate pulmonary function among smokers and non-smokers, and effect on respiratory muscle training in smoker. Methods : Twenty participants were allocated into smokers group(n = 10) and non-smokers group(n = 10). Pulmonary function was measured by spirometry(Pony FX, COSMED Inc., Italy). The smoker group was compared pulmonary function before and after respiratory muscle training. Results : The results were as follows; There was significant difference on PEF, FEV1/FVC%, FEF25~75%, MEF75% and MEF50% among smoker and non-smokers(p<.05). But, there was not significantly difference after intervention in smokers. Conclusion : The present study found that smoker decreased pulmonary function than non-smokers.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2023

This study investigated the level of knowledge about changes in the oral environment according to the presence or absence of smoking in adults in their 20s and 40s. It was conducted to use as basic data for the relationship between periodontal disease and smoking and the importance of concurrent education on smoking cessation during oral health education for adults.In subjective oral condition analysis, 65.4% of non-smokers and 59.0% of smokers thought that it was very good or good. Also, in both the non-smokers and smokers groups, the most common answer was that they thought the cleanliness of non-smokers would be higher. To the question of whether they had ever received anti-smoking education, 63.9% of non-smokers and 76.1% of smokers answered 'yes'. In the education that 'the oral environment changes depending on whether or not there is smoking', the non-smoker group showed 'no' and the smoker group showed 'yes' respectively. As a result, oral health education related to smoking and prevention It is thought that specific and active educational methods should be accompanied for this.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.281-295
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• 2023

This study aims to establish and analyze a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of male adolescent smoking and to determine an optimal control strategy to reduce male adolescent smoking. We consider three groups in the population: smokers, non-smokers, and temporary nonsmokers. In our model to which optimal control theory was applied, the number of smokers decreased sharply and the number of non-smokers increased significantly. Our simulation results under various control scenarios reveal that integrated control measures(such as prevention, education, and treatment) may be necessary to reduce the growth rate of adolescent smoking. Moreover, we concluded that efforts to encourage current smokers and temporary quitters to quit should be sustained longer than efforts to reduce the rate at which nonsmokers become smokers through smoking prevention education.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2014

This study aimed to identify changes in the level of neuropeptides among current smokers, former smokers, and individuals who had never smoked, and how smoking habits affect obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Neuropeptide levels, anthropometric parameters, and metabolic syndrome diagnostic indices were determined among male workers; 117 of these had never smoked, whereas 58 and 198 were former and current smokers, respectively. The total sample comprised 373 male workers. The results obtained from anthropometric measurements showed that current smokers attained significantly lower body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and abdominal fat thickness values than former smokers and those who had never smoked. Current smokers' eating habits proved worse than those of non-smokers and individuals who had never smoked. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the neuropeptides in the case of former smokers was $23.6{\pm}9.2pg/ml$, higher than that of current smokers ($20.4{\pm}6.1$) and individuals who had never smoked ($22.4{\pm}5.8$) (F = 6.520, p = 0.002). The level of adiponectin among former smokers was somewhat lower than that of current smokers, whereas leptin levels were higher among former smokers than current smokers; these results were not statistically significant. A relationship was found between adiponectin and triglyceride among non-smokers (odds ratio = 0.660, ${\beta}$ value=-0.416, p < 0.01) and smokers (odds ratio = 0.827, ${\beta}$ value=-0.190, p < 0.05). Further, waist circumference among non-smokers (odds ratio = 1.622, ${\beta}$ value=0.483, p < 0.001) and smokers (odds ratio = 1.895, ${\beta}$ value=0.639, p < 0.001) was associated with leptin. It was concluded that cigarette smoking leads to an imbalance of energy expenditure and appetite by changing the concentration of neuropeptides such as adiponectin, BDNF, leptin, and hsCRP, and influences food intake, body weight, the body mass index, blood pressure, and abdominal fat, which are risk factors for MetS and cardiovascular disease.