• 식물병연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.207-210
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• 2007

2007년 5월 전북 전주의 식물원에서 판매중인 아이비에서 줄기 하부가 검게 썩으며 급격히 말라죽는 증상으로부터 병원균을 분리 동정한 결과 Phytophthora cinnamomi로 동정되었다. 병원균의 형태적 특성은 비 돌출형의 탈락성이 없는 계란형, 장타원형 혹은 서양배형의 유주자낭을 형성하였고, 크기는 평균 $33.8{\times}16{\mu}m$였고, 구형의 후막포자를 다량 형성하였으며, 크기는 평균 직경이 $19.7{\mu}m$였다. 유성생식형은 자웅이주로 A1 mating type이 관찰되었고 난포자의 크기는 직경이 $26.2{\mu}m$였다. 균사의 생육적온은 $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$였다. 이상과 같이 국내 최초의 P. cinnamomi에 의한 아이비줄기썩음병의 발생을 보고하는 바이다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2012

디지털 콘텐츠에서 HCI로 활용되는 가상 인간은 얼굴 표정과 신체자세와 같은 모달을 이용하여 다양한 감정을 표현하지만 비언어적 다중모달의 조합에 대한 연구는 많지 않다. 감정을 표현하는 가상 인간을 제작하려면 계산 엔진 모델은 얼굴 표정과 신체자세와 같은 비언어적 모달의 조합이 사용자에 의해 어떻게 인식되는지를 고려해야 하기 때문에 본 연구는 가상 인간의 감정 표현 디자인에 필요한 비언어적 다중모달의 영향을 분석하여 제시한다. 먼저 가상 인간에 대한 다중모달 별 감정 인식을 평가하여 다른 모달간의 상대적 영향성을 분석하였다. 그리고 일치하는 얼굴과 자세 모달을 통해 기본 감정 및 정서가와 활성화 인식에 대한 영향을 평가하며 감정이 불일치하는 다중모달을 통해 일상생활에서 빈번하게 드러나는 중첩된 감정의 인식 정도를 관측하였다. 실험 결과, 가상 인간의 얼굴과 신체자세의 표정이 일치하면 감정 인식이 용이하며, 얼굴 표정으로 감정 카테고리를 판별하지만 감정의 활성화 차원 판단에는 자세 모달리티가 선호됨을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과는 감정을 드러내는 가상 인간의 행동 동기화 및 애니메이션 엔진 시스템 구현에 활용할 수 있다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.12-16
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• 2004

본 실험은 대형의 고품질 DAST 결정을 위한 결정안정성과 재현성의 향상에 관하여 연구하였다. DAST 결정은 냉각법에 의한 메탄을 포화용액에서 성장시켰으며, 4-methyl-n-methyl pyridinum tosylate의 축합상태로 합성하였다. DAST 분말은 piperidine이 존재한 상태에서 r-picoline. methyl p-tolune sulfonate 그리고 P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde로부터 제조하였다. 이때 DAST $H_2O$의 생성을 피하기 위하여 dry Argon분위기에서 합성하였다. 이것은 DAST분자가 습한 분위기에서 결정화될 경우 결정구조는 중심 대칭이 되고 그러한 경우에 DAST 미세결정이 습기를 함유하면 2차 비선형 광학특성은 사라지기 때문이다. 우리는 성장방향을 (001)면으로 고정시켰다. 성장조건은 $H_2O$/day로 서냉시켰으며 기간은 4일 동안이었다. seed 결정의 크기는 $2.5\times 3.6\times0.4\textrm{mm}^3$이며 $10\times 10.5\times3.0\textrm{mm}^3$의 DAST 결정을 제조했다. 육성된 DAST는 빨간색이며 메탈릭그린처림 보이는 표면특성을 나타내였다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2000

This paper illustrates what the reality of architectural concepts, materials, notions and phenomena are as central questions of contemporay space design. These issues form the goal of modern space design which should attain to the reality of an era when non-real values prevail. Despite the trends of an everchanging and ephemeral dominating quality in architecture for the last ten years, architects still aim to contruct everlasting space on earth. The trends of dematerialization in today's space design can be substantiated in spatial-temporal dimensions as follows. First of all, ephemeral architecture with concepts of hypothetical temporality, everchanging architecture in fluidity, and the transparent architecture with the floating and overlapping image can be analyzed in the dimension of 'time'. In terms of 'space', void quality for the expression of emptiness, neutral space by the simplified and summarized forms, expanded space through ambiguous boundaries and spatial repetition can becharacterized and also be intended strategies for lightness, state of flux, ambiguity, paradox etc., lead modern space design along that path. As this point, we need to pay attention to the so-called 'hypersurface' concept proposed by Stephen Perella. Hypersurface is a sort of cladding sheathing existence independent from the primary structure. With it, the integration between form and image can be achieved. Sometimes hypersurface can be a strategical screen for image projection, a cognitive receptor for surroundings as well as a catalyst for information and communication systems. When the situation dematerializes more and more as the years go on, the concept of hypersurface can be an inclusive method between the phenomenological form in architecture and its self recipient image. Permissive atmospheres created between them in contemporary space design and new paradigms emerged with digital technology will further reinforce the human space's dynamism.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.319-328
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• 2020

This paper investigates the effect of the width of failure and tension crack (TC) on the stability of cohesive-frictional soil slopes in three dimensions. Working analytically, the slip surface and the tension crack are considered to have spheroid and cylindrical shape respectively, although the case of tension crack having planar, vertical surface is also discussed; the latter was found to return higher safety factor values. Because at the initiation of a purely rotational slide along a spheroid surface no shear forces develop inside the failure mass, the rigid body concept is conveniently used; in this respect, the validity of the rigid body concept is discussed, whilst it is supported by comparison examples. Stability tables are given for fully drained and fully saturated slopes without TC, with non-filled TC as well as with fully-filled TC. Among the main findings is that, the width of failure corresponding to the minimum safety factor value is not always infinite, but it is affected by the triggering factor for failure (e.g., water acting as pore pressures and/or as hydrostatic force in the TC). More specifically, it was found that, when a slope is near its limit equilibrium and under the influence of a triggering factor, the minimum safety factor value corresponds to a near spherical failure mechanism, even if the triggering factor (e.g., pore-water pressures) acts uniformly along the third dimension. Moreover, it was found that, the effect of tension crack is much greater when the stability of slopes is studied in three dimensions; indeed, safety factor values comparable to the 2D case are obtained.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.40-48
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• 1996

본 논문은 단음절 전구간에 대해 4프레임폭과 7프레임폭을 결합하여 만든 40차원의 세그먼트를 K-L전개와 신경망으로 각각 10, 14, 20차원으로 압축하여 연속분포 HMM의 음성인식 특징파라미터로 사용하였다. 그리고 이산지속시간, 희귀계수 그리고 혼합분포를 특징 파라미터로 추가한 경우와 비교검토하였다. 단음절 100개에 대한 인식실험결과 연속분포 HMM의 인식률 85.19%에 비해 희귀계수를 부가한 경우 1.4%, 혼합분포를 이용한 경우 2.36%, 이산 지속시간제어를 한 경우 2.78%의 인식률이 향상되었다. 그리고 K-L전개에 의한 압축파라미터만 이용한 경우는 멜켑스트럼 + 희귀계수의 경우보다 인식률이 낮았으나, K-L전개에 의한 압축파라미터에 멜켑스트럼과 희귀계수를 부가한 경우는 동등한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 신경망에 의한 압축파라미터를 이용한 경우에는 비선형 변환인 시그모이드 함수를 사용하므로 음성의 동적변화가 잘 반영되어 K-L전개 및 다른 방법에 비해 향상된 인식결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2009

The current paper focuses on the analysis of transient cavitating flow in pressurised polyethylene pipes, which are characterized by viscoelastic rheological behaviour. A hydraulic transient solver that describes fluid transients in plastic pipes has been developed. This solver incorporates the description of dynamic effects related to the energy dissipation (unsteady friction), the rheological mechanical behaviour of the viscoelastic pipe and the cavitating pipe flow. The Discrete Vapour Cavity Model (DVCM) and the Discrete Gas Cavity Model (DGCM) have been used to describe transient cavitating flow. Such models assume that discrete air cavities are formed in fixed sections of the pipeline and consider a constant wave speed in pipe reaches between these cavities. The cavity dimension (and pressure) is allowed to grow and collapse according to the mass conservation principle. An extensive experimental programme has been carried out in an experimental set-up composed of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, assembled at Instituto Superior T$\acute{e}$cnico of Lisbon, Portugal. The experimental facility is composed of a single pipeline with a total length of 203 m and inner diameter of 44 mm. The creep function of HDPE pipes was determined by using an inverse model based on transient pressure data collected during experimental runs without cavitating flow. Transient tests were carried out by the fast closure of the ball valves located at downstream end of the pipeline for the non-cavitating flow and at upstream for the cavitating flow. Once the rheological behaviour of HDPE pipes were known, computational simulations have been run in order to describe the hydraulic behaviour of the system for the cavitating pipe flow. The calibrated transient solver is capable of accurately describing the attenuation, dispersion and shape of observed transient pressures. The effects related to the viscoelasticity of HDPE pipes and to the occurrence of vapour pressures during the transient event are discussed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.187-197
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of peri-implant soft tissue and bone thickness on the early dimensional change of peri-implant soft tissue. Seventy-seven non-submerged implants of 39 patients which had been loaded more than 6 months were selected for the study. Following clinical parameters were measured; bucco-lingual bone width of the alveolar bone for implant placement before implant surgery; distance between implant shoulder and the first bone/implant contact at the surgery; presence of plaque, probing depth, bleeding on probing, width of keratinized mucosa, mucosa thickness, distance between implant shoulder and peri-implant mucosa, crown margin location at follow-up examination. The results showed that distance between implant shoulder and peri-implant mucosa (DIM) was correlated with probing depth and width of keratinized mucosa (p < 0.05). In addition, mucosa thickness was also correlated with probing depth (p<0.05). However, the bone width of alveolar bone and soft tissue thickness were not found to be correlated with DIM. It is important to understand the meaning of peri-implant tissue dimension in relation to dimensional changes of peri-implant soft tissue which designates appearance of implant-supported restorations. Future study is needed to elucidate the significance of the buccal bone thickness and soft tissue thickness with respect to the change of peri-implant soft tissue margin with the use of an instrument capable of measuring buccal bone thickness directly.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2016

Objectives: This study measures the level of cognition of employee's patient safety culture and evaluates the current level through comparing the results to external levels. Ultimately it is performed to construct a strategic improvement plan through the basic database for patient's safety culture. Methods: A questionnaire survey of self reporting type was carried out using structured questionnaire of the patient's safety culture for employees currently employed in a hospital. Total responders was 1,129 and a response rate was 54.6%. The survey results were calculated with a percent positive response, and the current level was evaluated by comparing with the survey results of a hospital (2009 and 2014) and the survey result of The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(2014). Results: Sub-dimension of high percent positive response for each area were 'teamwork within hospital units' (80%), 'feedback & communication about error' (73%) and 'supervisor/manager expectations & actions promoting safety' (67%). Meanwhile, 'teamwork across hospital units' (31%), 'hospital management support for patient safety' (29%), 'staffing' (27%) and 'non-punitive response to error' (17%) were relatively low percent positive response. Compared to the survey results of AHRQ (2014) for each area, 'teamwork within hospital units' (80%), 'feedback & communication about error' (73%), 'frequency of event reporting' (66%) were at the top 50% percentile level and the remaining sub-dimensions showed a very low level in the lower 10% percentile area. Conclusion: In order to establish a system for patient safety culture within the hospital and evaluate the effect on this, it is necessary to periodically evaluate the patient's safety culture and establish regulations on hospital safety culture to comply with this.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.287-287
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• 2011

ITRS(international technology roadmap for semiconductors)에 따르면 MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor)의 CD(critical dimension)가 45 nm node이하로 줄어들면서 poly-Si/SiO2를 대체할 수 있는 poly-Si/metal gate/high-k dielectric이 대두되고 있다. 일반적으로 metal gate를 식각시 정확한 CD를 형성시키기 위해서 plasma를 이용한 RIE(reactive ion etching)를 사용하고 있지만 PIDs(plasma induced damages)의 하나인 PICD(plasma induced charging damage)의 발생이 문제가 되고 있다. PICD의 원인으로 plasma의 non-uniform으로 locally imbalanced한 ion과 electron이 PICC(plasma induced charging current)를 gate oxide에 발생시켜 gate oxide의 interface에 trap을 형성시키므로 그 결과 소자 특성 저하가 보고되고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 이에 차세대 MOS의 metal gate의 식각공정에 HDP(high density plasma)의 ICP(inductively coupled plasma) source를 이용한 중성빔 시스템을 사용하여 PICD를 줄일 수 있는 새로운 식각 공정에 대한 연구를 하였다. 식각공정조건으로 gas는 HBr 12 sccm (80%)와 Cl2 3 sccm (20%)와 power는 300 w를 사용하였고 200 eV의 에너지로 식각공정시 TEM(transmission electron microscopy)으로 TiN의 anisotropic한 형상을 볼 수 있었고 100 eV 이하의 에너지로 식각공정시 하부층인 HfO2와 높은 etch selectivity로 etch stop을 시킬 수 있었다. 실제 공정을 MOS의 metal gate에 적용시켜 metal gate/high-k dielectric CMOSFETs의 NCSU(North Carolina State University) CVC model로 effective electric field electron mobility를 구한 결과 electorn mobility의 증가를 볼 수 있었고 또한 mos parameter인 transconductance (Gm)의 증가를 볼 수 있었다. 그 원인으로 CP(Charge pumping) 1MHz로 gate oxide의 inteface의 분석 결과 이러한 결과가 gate oxide의 interface trap양의 감소로 개선으로 기인함을 확인할 수 있었다.