• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.267-271
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• 2012

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of one alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol ($1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$) on growth performance, tibia quality, and skin and meat color in broilers fed calcium (Ca)- and phosphorus (P)-deficient corn-soybean meal diets. A total of 288 male Ross broilers, at 21 days of age, were randomly assigned to three treatments with eight cages per treatment. Three levels of $1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$ (0, 5, and 10 ${\mu}g$/kg) were added to a basal diet (0.50% Ca, 0.13% non-phytate phosphorus (NPP), and 0.35% total phosphorus (tP)) without vitamin $D_3$. As a result of this study, the addition of $1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$ increased body weight gain (p<0.001), feed intake (p = 0.007), feed efficiency (p<0.001), tibia weight (p = 0.002), length (p<0.001), breaking-strength (p = 0.012), ash (p<0.001), Ca (p<0.001), and P content (p = 0.004). Dietary $1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$ enhanced breast meat yellowness (p = 0.015) and the length and weight of the small intestine of the broilers. Moreover, $1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$ decreased serum Ca concentration (p = 0.074) and breast meat redness (p = 0.010). These results indicate that the $1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$ improves growth, tibia quality, and meat color in broilers fed Ca- and P-deficient corn-soybean meal diets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.229-240
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• 2003

밀기울의 수침처리가 밀기울 내 phytase에 의한 피틴태 인의 분해에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위하여 in vitro 실험을 실시하였고, 육계사료에 밀기울을 첨가 하였을 때 밀기울에 들어 있는 phytase가 육계 생산성 및 P 이용률에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 5주간의 사양실험을 실시하였다. 수침처리는 배양온도 55$^{\circ}C$와pH 5.5 완충용액에서 배양액과 밀기울의 비율 및 배양 시간을 달리하고, 배양 후 55, 65와 75$^{\circ}C$에서 건조 시켰다. 피틴태 인 함량 감소(phytic acid 분해)에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 밀기울과 완충용액의 비율로 밀기울:완충용액 비율이 증가할수록 곡선적(quadratic)으로 피틴태 인 함량이 감소 하였으며 1:5 전후가 효율적이었고 배양시간은 10분 이상에서는 큰 차이가 없었다. 건조온도(55$^{\circ}C$, 65$^{\circ}C$와 75$^{\circ}C$)와 완충용액의 pH(5.5 및 7.0)는 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 사양 실험은 갓 부화한 240수의 병아리(Ross®)를 24 cage에 10수씩 공시하여 4처리 6반복(처리별 암수 각 3반복)으로 완전임의 배치하였다. 처리구 들은 대조구; 정상수준의 nonphytate-P(NPP)구, LP구; 저 NPP구로 대조구보다 0.1% 낮음, LPWB구; 저 NPP구(LP)에+밀기울로 475IU phytase 공급, LPHWB구; LP+수침 후 건조 처리한 밀기울을 LPWB와 동량 공급한 구 등이었다. 실험 결과 증체량에 있어서 전기(1~21일)의 경우 타 처리구들에 비해 LP구가 유의하게 낮았으며 육성기(22-5일)와 전 기간에 있어서는 LP구의 웅추만이 대조구에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 전 기간동안 LPWB구와 LPHWB구는 대조구와 차이가 없었다. 전 기간동안 사료 섭취량은 LPWB는 대조구와 유의한 차이가 없었으나 LP구는 LPHWB보다 그리고 LPHWB구는 대조구보다 유의하게 낮았다. 사료 요구률은 LPHWB와 LP구가 대조구와 LPWB보다 유의하게 낮았다. 폐사율은 LPHWB구에서 가장 높았다. 영양소 이용률에 있어서 LP구가 조지방, 조회분과 Ca 이용률이 타처리구에 비해 유의하게 낮았으나 Fe이용률 만은 가장 높았다. P, Mg 및 Zn의 이용률은 LPWB 및 LPHWB구가 대조구나 LP구 보다 높았다. P 배설량은 대조구에 비해 저 NPP구들이 낮았으나 저 NPP구들 간에는 차이가 없었다. 혈청 내 Ca 함량은 LP구가 가장 높았고 P 함량은 LP구가 가장 낮았다. 경골 내 조회분 함량은 밀기울 처리들에서 높았지만 Ca 함량은 대조와 LP구가 높았다. P 함량에선 LP가 LPWB보다 낮았다. Fe 함량은 LP구가 가장 높았다. 결론적으로 밀기울의 피틴태 인 감소에 수침처리 조건으로 밀기울과 완충용액의 비율이 가장 큰 영향을 미치는데 밀기울에 대한 완충용액의 비율이 증가함으로써 피틴태 인 함량이 감소하였으며 1:5 전후가 효율적이었고 저 NPP사료에 밀기울을 phytase 공급원으로 사용 시 육계의 생산성 감소를 방지하고 P의 배설량을 줄일 수 있다. 밀기울의 수침처리는 광물질 이용률 향상에 다소 도움이 되나 생산성 향상에는 도움이 되지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1145-1151
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the relative bioavailability (RBV) of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-$D_3$) to cholecalciferol (vitamin $D_3$) in 1- to 21-d-old broiler chickens fed with calcium (Ca)- and phosphorus (P)-deficient diets. On the day of hatch, 450 female Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to nine treatments, with five replicates of ten birds each. The basal diet contained 0.50% Ca and 0.25% non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) and was not supplemented with vitamin D. Vitamin $D_3$ was fed at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and $20.0{\mu}g/kg$, and 25-OH-$D_3$ was fed at 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and $10.0{\mu}g/kg$. The RBV of 25-OH-$D_3$ was determined using vitamin $D_3$ as the standard source by the slope ratio method. Vitamin $D_3$ and 25-OH-$D_3$ intake was used as the independent variable for regression analysis. The linear relationships between the level of vitamin $D_3$ or 25-OH-$D_3$ and body weight gain (BWG) and the weight, length, ash weight, and the percentage of ash, Ca, and P in femur, tibia, and metatarsus of broiler chickens were observed. Using BWG as the criterion, the RBV value of 25-OH-$D_3$ to vitamin $D_3$ was 1.85. Using the mineralization of the femur, tibia, and metatarsus as criteria, the RBV of 25-OH-$D_3$ to vitamin $D_3$ ranged from 1.82 to 2.45, 1.86 to 2.52, and 1.65 to 2.05, respectively. These data indicate that 25-OH-$D_3$ is approximately 2.03 times as active as vitamin $D_3$ in promoting growth performance and bone mineralization in broiler chicken diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1501-1509
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• 2003

The simultaneous addition of xylanase (5,600 EXU/kg) and phytase (500 FTU/kg) feed enzymes to wheat-based broiler diets was investigated. Starter, grower and finisher diets, with three tiers of nutrient specifications, were fed to 1,440 broiler chicks kept on deep litter from 1-42 days post-hatch, without and with xylanase plus phytase, to determine the effects of diet type and enzyme supplementation on growth performance. The nutrient specifications of type A diets were standard; energy density and protein/amino acid levels were reduced on a least-cost basis to formulate type B diets and further reduced to type C diets. Phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) levels were adjusted in supplemented diets. From 1-42 days post-hatch, diet type significantly influenced growth performance. Birds on type C diets had lower growth rates (2,429 vs. 2,631 g/bird; p<0.001), higher feed intakes (4,753 vs. 4,534 g/bird; p<0.005) and less efficient feed conversion (1.96 vs. 1.72; p<0.001) than birds offered type A diets. Enzyme supplementation increased growth rates by 3.2% (2,580 vs. 2,501 g/bird; p<0.005) and improved feed efficiency by 2.7% (1.80 vs. 1.85; p<0.05) over the entire feeding period. There were no interactions between diet type and enzyme supplementation. At 21 days, 5 out of 30 birds per pen were transferred to cages to ascertain treatment effect on apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nitrogen (N) retention. Xylanase plus phytase enhanced AME (13.48 to 13.91 MJ/kg DM; p<0.001) and N retention (56.3 to 59.7%; p<0.005). Carcass and breast weights of the caged birds were determined following commercial processing. Diet type significantly influenced breast weight, carcass weight and yield. Birds offered Type A diets, in comparison to Type C diets, supported heavier breast (467 vs. 424 g; p<0.001) and carcass weights (1,868 vs. 1,699 g; p<0.001) with superior carcass yields (71.8 vs. 70.6%; p<0.005). Enzyme addition increased carcass weight by 3.9% (1,752 vs. 1,821 g; p<0.005) and breast weight by 5.8% (431 vs. 456 g; p<0.01) without influencing yields. Feed ingredient costs per kg live weight gain and per kg carcass weight indicated that enzyme addition was economically feasible, where supplementation of Type A diets generated the most effective results. Importantly, soluble and total non-starch polysaccharide and phytate contents of the wheat used were typical by local standards. This study confirms the potential of supplementing wheat-based broiler diets with xylanase plus phytase but further investigations are required to define the most appropriate inclusion rates and dietary nutrient specifications in this context.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.857-864
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of interaction between $1{\alpha}$-hydroxycholecalciferol ($1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$) and phytase on growth performance, parameters of tibia and plasma, and meat quality of 1- to 21-d-old broilers. Two hundred and forty male, 1-d-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned to 20 cages, with 12 chicks per cage. Five treatments were designed, with four cages each. A 2${\times}$2 factorial experiment was designed to test 0 and 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ of $1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$ in combination with 0 and 500 U/kg of phytase. A basal diet was formulated to contain 2.9 g/kg of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP), and the control diet was formulated to contain a normal level of NPP (4.5 g/kg). Results showed that $1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$ alone increased tibia ash, contents of calcium and phosphate, breaking strength, concentrations of plasma calcium and phosphate, and water-holding capacity of breast and thigh meat, while it decreased growth of broilers. Phytase alone improved performance and tibia quality. Although growth of broilers was lower than that of the positive control when the diet was supplemented with $1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$ and phytase, tibia quality was significantly improved by the addition of $1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$ and phytase. These data suggest that interaction between $1{\alpha}$-OH $D_3$ and phytase at 2.9 g/kg of dietary NPP could significantly increase bone quality of 1- to 21-d-old broilers, while not improving growth performance.