• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.20 no.4 s.72
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• pp.78-86
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• 2005

In this study, cantilever cylindrical shells with edge-stiffeners are analyzed. A versatile 4-node flat shell element which is useful for the analysis of shell structures is used. An improved flat shell element is established by the combined use of the addition of non-conforming displacement modes and the substitute shear strain fields. Three models by load conditions are considered. Model A, B and C are loaded by point load at the free edge, line load and external pressure respectively. A various parameter examples are presented to obtain proper stiffened length and stiffened thickness of edge-stiffeners. It is shown that the thickness of shell can be reduced more than 50% for Model A, about $20{\sim}30%$ for Model B by appropriate edge-stiffeners.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1085-1096
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• 2007

Globalization of market has put considerable research activities in cosmopolitism and nationalism. In addition, consumer's perception of product's country of origin is widely regarded as an important influence on their shopping behavior. The objective of this paper is to investigate the joint effect of cosmopolitanism and nationalism on shopping orientation and awareness of the country of origin of fashion products among Korean young consumers. Data from 471 young Korean consumers were analyzed. According to the cosmopolitanism/nationalism measure, respondents were segmented into three groups: global, local and glocal group. Results indicated that global and glocal consumers value symbolic and non-conforming aspects of fashion product shopping and were more interested in country of origin of products than local consumers. Global consumers showed higher level of foreign product preference than local and glocal consumers. Some managerial implication for marketing practitioners was suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.94-101
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• 2004

In this study, composite laminated conical shells with ring stiffeners are analyzed. A versatile 4-node shell element which is useful for the analysis of conical shell structures is used. An improved flat shell element is established by the combined use of the addition of non-conforming displacement modes and the substitute shear strain fields. The proposed element has six degrees of freedom per node and permits an easy connection to other types(beam element) of Optimum location and optimum section properties of ring stiffeners are obtained. It is shown that the thickness of conical shell is reduced about 20% by optimum ring stiffeners.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.69-74
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• 2000

Roughness of curved surfaces finished with flexible tools depends on the tool/work contact pressure and area. In this study, non-Hertzian closely conforming elastic contact theory is employed to analyze the tool/work contact and to generate a tool path producing a constant pressure at initial contact points. Finishing experiments on curved surfaced are conducted using the tool path. For comparison, curved surface finishing is also performed along the tool path producing a constant tool/work interference depth. It is demonstrated that the tool path of constant contact pressure improves the finished surface roughness.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.38-54
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• 2001

A finite difference method for calculating turbulent flow and surface wave fields around a ship model is evaluated through the comparison with the experimental data of a Series 60 $C_B$=0.6 ship model. The method solves the Reynolds-averaged Navior-Stokes Equations using the non-staggered grid system, the four-stage Runge-Kutta scheme for the temporal integration of governing equations and the Bladwin-Lomax model for the turbulence closure. The free surface waves are captured by solving the equation of the kinematic free-surface condition using the Lax-Wendroff scheme and free-surface conforming grids are generated at each time step so that one of the grid surfaces coincides always with the free surface. The computational results show an overall close agreement with the experimental data and verify that the present method can simulate well the turbulent boundary layers and wakes as well as the free-surface waves.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 2024

Predicting fracture properties requires an understanding of structural failure behaviour in relation to specimen type, dimension, and notch length. Facture properties are evaluated using various testing methods, wedge splitting test being one of them. The wedge splitting test was numerically modelled three dimensionally using the finite element method on self compacting concrete specimens with varied specimen and notch depths in the current work. The load - Crack mouth opening displacement curves and the angle of rotation with respect to notch opening till failure are used to assess the fracture properties. Furthermore, based on the simulation results, failure curve was built to forecast the fracture behaviour of self-compacting concrete. The fracture failure curve revealed that the failure was quasi-brittle in character, conforming to non-linear elastic properties for all specimen depth and notch depth combinations.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.385-404
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• 2010

The purpose of this article is to examine the Delays of Performance under UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In theory, there exist three clearly distinguishable categories of breach of contract, namely non-performance, non-conforming performance and late performance. In particular, delays of performance are the most common breach of sales contract including late delivery, late payment or late performance of any other obligation. In this regard, this article examines how parties can, through careful drafting, avoid or minimize legal problems in case of delay in performance. Especially, the export perspective focuses on the seller's interests, which require that sanctions be as lenient as possible if the seller has breached the contract but that there are prompt and adequate sanctions if the buyer has breached the contract. Furthermore, the seller should ensure that a short or medium delay in delivery will not entitle the buyer to declare the contract immediately avoided and take precautions against late payment, including delayed opening of a letter of credit.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.61
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• pp.3-28
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• 2014

This study describes the buyer's remedies regarding defects in title under CISG. Although CISG stipulates the seller's liability for the delivery of conforming goods physically at Art. 35 and legally at Art. 41 and Art. 42 respectively, the buyer's remedies are not distinguished between non-conformity governed by Art. 35 and defects in title governed by Art. 41 and Art. 42. If the seller does not fulfill his obligation under Art. 41 and Art. 42 to deliver goods which are free from third party claims, the buyer should pay attention to which remedies are available under CISG. Under CISG, for defects in title in the delivered goods, the buyer is entitled to require performance in Art. 46 (1) unless he has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement, to declare the contract avoided by strictly limiting the situation in which the failure by the seller to perform his obligation amounts to a fundamental breach of contract in Art. 49, to claim damages in Art. 74, and to suspend the performance of his obligation where it becomes apparent that the seller will not perform a substantial part of his obligation in Art. 71 (1). Unlike Art. 35 non-conformity, the buyer may not require delivery of substitute goods under Art. 46 (2), claim repair under Art. 46 (3), and declare price reduction for title defects under Art. 50.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2021

When the decommissioning of South Korea nuclear power plants is promoted in earnest with the permanent shutdown of Kori Unit 1 in 2017, a large amount of various types of radioactive waste will be generated. For minimal generation and safe management of decommissioning waste, the waste should be made by appropriate classification of the dismantling waste characteristics in accordance with physical, chemical and radiological characteristics to meet the acceptance criteria of disposal facilities. Replacing the preliminary inspection at the site for the compliance of the waste acceptance criteria (WAC) of medium and low-level radioactive waste with the generator's own radioactive waste certification program (WCP), from the perspective of disposal, the optimization of waste management at the national level contributes to the efficient availability of disposal, such as the processing of non-conforming radioactive wastes at the site. To this end, it is important to evaluate radioactivity in each system and area such as nuclear reactors before decommissioning is carried out in earnest, and the prior removal of harmful wastes is important. From waste collection to waste disposal, decommissioning waste should be managed at each stage in consideration of the acceptance criteria of disposal facilities to minimize the generation of non-conforming waste.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.81-98
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• 2022

Purpose - This study aims to compare the requirements under the United Nations Convention on Contract for the International Sales of Goods (CISG) and the Korean Civil Act (KCA) regarding the buyer's right to require the delivery of substitute goods. The buyer's right to demand substitute delivery not only protect them from the seller's breach of contract but also preserves the contractual bond between the parties by providing an opportunity for sellers to protect their goodwill and circumvent the extreme remedy of avoidance. However, as substitute delivery entails additional efforts and costs for return and re-shipment, this right should not be allowed in every case of defect. Additionally, unlike the CISG, the KCA contains no specific provision related to the requirements for claiming substitute delivery. Therefore, it would be meaningful to examine and compare what requirements should be fulfilled before the buyer exercises the right in relation to non-conforming goods under the CISG and the KCA. Design/methodology - We conducted a comparative study of the requirements under the CISG and the KCA regarding the buyer's right to require delivery of substitute goods given a seller's delivery of non-conforming goods. Additionally, we referred to the opinions from the CISG Advisory Council, the draft of the KCA amendment, and related precedents, mainly focusing on the existence and severity of defects, reasonableness, and timely notice and requests as the major requirements for substitute delivery. Findings - The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, the CISG provides more detailed requirements about the right to require delivery of substitute goods; by contrast, the KCA does not stipulate any such requirement. Thus, specific requirements for substitute delivery should be included when amending the KCA. Second, the CISG attempts to minimize overlapping and conflict with other remedies by specifying detailed requirements for the delivery of substitutes. Third, both the CISG and KCA require reasonableness for substitute delivery. Originality/value - Although there are no explicit legal requirements for substitute delivery under the KCA, there has been relatively little discussion of this issue to date. Therefore, the findings of our study can guide future revisions of the KCA to fill this loophole. Moreover, the recently released CISG Advisory Council opinion that clarifies the continuing confusion and debate, can help distinguish which remedy is suitable for a particular case. It may provide practical advice for businesspeople in international trade as well as legal implications for the future development of the KCA.