• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.69-78
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• 2019

Pain therapy often entails gastrointestinal adverse events. While opioids are effective drugs for pain relief, the incidence of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) varies greatly from 15% to as high as 81%. This can lead to a significant impairment in quality of life, often resulting in discontinuation of opioid therapy. In this regard, a good doctor-patient relationship is especially pivotal when initiating opioid therapy. In addition to a detailed history of bowel habits, patient education regarding the possible gastrointestinal side effects of the drugs is crucial. In addition, the bowel function must be regularly evaluated for the entire duration of treatment with opioids. Furthermore, if the patient has preexisting constipation that is well under control, continuation of that treatment is important. In the absence of such history, general recommendations should include sufficient fluid intake, physical activity, and regular intake of dietary fiber. In patients of OIC with ongoing opioid therapy, the necessity of opioid use should be critically reevaluated in terms of an with acceptable quality of life, particularly in cases of non-cancer pain. If opioids must be continued, lowering the dose may help, as well as changing the type of opioid. If these measures do not suffice, the next step for persistent OIC is the administration of laxatives. If these are ineffective as well, treatment with peripherally active ${\mu}$-opioid receptor antagonists should be considered. Enemas and irrigation are emergency measures, often used as a last resort.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2022

Public attention to the indoor environment of underground subway stations, which is a representative multi-use facility, has been increasing along with the increase in indoor activities. In underground stations, fine iron oxide, which affects the health of users, is generated because of the friction between wheels and rails. Among particulate pollutant reduction technologies, plants have been considered as a non-chemical air purification method, and their effects in reducing certain chemical species have been identified in previous studies. The present study aimed to derive the total quantitative and qualitative reduction effects of a bio-filter system comprising air purifying plants, installed in an underground subway station. The experiment proceeded in two ways. First, PM(particulate matter) reduction effect by vegetation biofilter was monitored with the IAQ(indoor air quality) station. In addition, chemical speciation analysis conducted on the samples collected from the experimental and control areas where plants and irrigation using SEM-EDS(scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). This study confirmed the effect of the vegetation bio-filter system in reducing the accumulation of particulate pollutants and transition and other metals that are harmful to the human body.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.931-938
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• 2012

The effects were investigated of different lengths and numbers of slitwalls in drainless containers on growth and change in soil moisture volumes on the growth of Diffenbachia amoena 'Marianne' and Begonia rex. Drainless containers filled with amended soil, with square shape ($240mm{\times}240mm$) were used, as well as three different sets of slitwalls (2, 4 or 8, respectively) in addition to non-slitwall containers. Two indoor foliage plants were grown in slitwall containers in randomized blocks with 3 replications in greenhouse conditions, from March to September, 2009. Soil moisture volumes per container were measured by weighing containers every 2 hours during the day. The change in soil moisture volumes showed considerable differences among slitwalls tested in comparison to control containers before and after twice-weekly irrigation. Particularly, the differences in the S2 (195mm, slitwall 2) containers were significantly greater than other containers tested. For Diffenbachia amoena 'Marianne', plant height, length of leaf, dry weight and fresh weight were higher with S2 containers than with those grown in other containers tested. The Begonia rex with the best quality in terms of plant height, length of leaf and width of leaf was grown in S8 (360mm, slitwall 8) containers. Particularly, statistical analysis has indicated that shoot fresh weights of Begonia rex grown in S8 were 3-fold higher than those grown in CS8 containers. The different results obtained within the two species led us to hypothesize a species-specific influence on indoor foliage plant performance. However, plants of both species grown in slitwall containers showed good results compared with plants grown in non-slitwall containers.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2008

As a transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, riparian areas of rivers and streams play significant roles in production and decomposition for river and stream systems. Understanding of the physical and ecological characteristics of riparian areas are, therefore, important for the management of river and stream systems. It is especially important to understand the characteristics of riparian areas for the Nakdong River in Korea which has a large watershed area and diverse land uses. This study aimed at collecting field data, according to stream types, which are essential for the management of riparian areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Nakdong River, Korea. Most riparian areas surveyed in this study had roads within 100 meters from river edges. Distances from water edge to banks were less than 1m for most riparian areas neighboring agricultural lands, indicating that those areas might be very vulnerable to pollutant inputs from non-point sources. Water quality data indicated that soil erosion in the riparian areas could be a major source of phosphorus input to the Nakdong River and land use patters might have a significant influence on nitrogen concentration in the river. Heavy metal concentrations in soils of the riparian areas of the river were below soil quality standards, except arsenic and chromium. Vegetation surveys showed that therophytes were the most frequently occurred riparian plants in the Nakdong River. Number of aquatic plant species increased downstream, with the most diverse aquatic plants observed in wetlands and irrigation canals of the West Nakdong River. Occurrence rate of naturalized plants and urbanization index were high in the survey sites adjacent to urban and agricultural areas.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.46-55
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to investigate if there is a higher rate of free flap failure in cases of vein grafts compared to non-vein graft, and to analyze the clinical usefulness and necessity in elective free flap surgery. We have used 24 vein grafts in 208 free flaps from May, 1986 until August, 1995. Vein grafts were from 2cm to 50cm in length between the recipient and donor vessels. Reconstructed sites were 10 lower extremities, 8 head and neck, 4 hand, and 2 trunk. Vein grafts were used 14 for arterial, 6 venous, 4 in both arterial and venous anastomoses. We intentionally used long vein grafts longer than 5cm for improved blood flow in cases of peripheral vascular disease, radionecrotic wounds, lower leg trauma. Short vein grafts of about 3cm in length were used to overcome the shortage of vascular length in cases of unexpected vessel anomaly, short donor vessel, and difficult access to recipient vessels after radical neck dissection. All veins were carefully handled with ligation of very small branches and were transferred to the recipient site without irrigation. 8 flaps were failed out of a total of 208 free flaps, however there was no failure among the 24 cases that needed vein grafts between the donor and recipient vessels. Success rates between non-vein grafts free flaps and vein graft free flaps were 95.6%(8/184) and 100%(0/24). Even though the vein grafts increase the operation time and the number of anastomoses, they do not result in any increased failure rate of free flap surgery(4.4% versus 0%). In addition to the reducing tension between recipient and donor vessels, the surgeon can select better recipient vessels with excellent blood flow so that vein grfats in microsurgery can provide a high success rate of free flaps.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to quantify and characterize the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from paddy fields and crop fields in Tottori, Japan. DOC and ultraviolet (UV) absorption were measured in the filtrated water of each sample. The DOC concentration and the SUVA (specific UV absorption) of biodegradation analysis samples were determined around 50 days after their incubation. In the Fukui paddy fields, DOC concentration varied seasonally from 1.1 to $10.1mg\;Cl^{-1}$, becoming higher during heavy runoffs in April, a non-agriculture period. Variations in DOC concentration did not always correspond to rainfall, though. The Obadake paddy fields showed a DOC concentration pattern similar to that of the Fukui paddy fields. The daily DOC discharge per area in the Fukui (up), Fukui (down), Obadake (south) and Obadake (north) paddy fields influent from paddy fields were 0.02, 0.0161, 0.0135 and $0.0027kg\;a^{-1}day^{-1}$, respectively. These differences resulted from differences in agricultural types and customs of farmers according to paddy fields and other kinds of fields. Also, the SUVAs [which are indirect means to evaluate humic substances (hydrophobic fractions)] of the studied influent waters from paddy fields were generally lower than those of the influent waters from crop fields. Nonbiodegradable DOC accounted for 50.2 - 98% and 46.8 - 85.5% of the total DOC in the paddy fields and in the crop fields, respectively.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2012년도 학술발표회
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• pp.11-17
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• 2012

The Waikato River is New Zealand's longest River, though relatively small on international scales. It drains the central North Island and has New Zealand's largest lake (Lake Taupo) at its headwaters. The upper reaches have sustained flows fed by large aquifers which are recharged by rainfall events providing relatively constant river flows, whereas the lower reaches respond more directly to rainfall events having more peaky flows after rainfall and extreme low flows during dry periods. Consumptive allocation from the river is relatively low with only about 3% of the mean annual flow being allocated. However, more than seven times the river's flow is allocated for non-consumptive purposes before discharging to the Tasman Sea. The majority of this non-consumptive allocation is for hydro power generation and as cooling water at both thermal and geothermal power stations which produce up to 25% of New Zealand's electricity. The upper half of the river has been heavily modified with the construction of eight dams for power generation. This has resulted in a succession of cascading dams replacing the previously uncontrolled river. The Waikato River also provides drinking water for Auckland City (NZ's largest city) and Hamilton City (NZ's 4th largest city). In recent years there has also been considerable growth in water requirements for pasture irrigation to support the intensification of dairy farming in the catchment. Operators of the power stations are concerned that any further consumptive allocation will further reduce their ability to generate electricity. The Waikato Regional Council, who is charged with managing the river and allocation of water, has recently set new rules for managing the conflicting allocation demands on the Waikato River. This has resulted in an end to further allocation of water where it results in a loss of water for electricity generation from renewable resources (fresh water and geothermal water). The exception to this is the prioritisation of water for municipal supplies ahead of other consumptive uses such as industries and irrigators.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2017년도 학술발표회
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• pp.424-424
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• 2017

Several studies of the world have analyzed the regional rainfall trends in large data sets. However, it reported that the long-term behavior of rainfall was different on spatial and temporal scales. The objective of this study is to determine the local trends of rainfall indices in the Yom River Basin, Thailand. The rainfall indices consist of the annual total precipitation (PRCTPOP), number of heavy rainfall days ($R_{10}$), number of very heavy rainfall days ($R_{20}$), consecutive of dry days (CDD), consecutive of wet days (CWD), daily maximum rainfall ($R_{x1}$), five-days maximum rainfall ($R_{x5}$), and total of annual rainy day ($R_{annual}$). The rainfall data from twelve hydrological stations during the period 1965-2015 were used to analysis rainfall trend. The Mann-Kendall test, which is non-parametric test was adopted to detect trend at 95 percent confident level. The results of these data were found that there is only one station an increasing significantly trend in PRCTPOP index. CWD, which the index is expresses longest annual wet days, was exhibited significant negative trend in three locations. Meanwhile, the significant positive trend of CDD that represents longest annual dry spell was exhibited four locations. Three out of thirteen stations had significant decreasing trend in $R_{annual}$ index. In contrast, there is a station statistically significant increasing trend. The analysis of $R_{x1}$ was showed a station significant decreasing trend at located in the middle of basin, while the $R_{x5}$ of the most locations an insignificant decreasing trend. The heavy rainfall index indicated significant decreasing trend in two rainfall stations, whereas was not notice the increase or decrease trends in very heavy rainfall index. The results of this study suggest that the trend signal in the Yom River Basin in the half twentieth century showed the decreasing tendency in both of intensity and frequency of rainfall.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.199-205
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• 1997

한강 상류와 하류의 농업 형태가 유역의 토양 및 수질오염에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 농업 형태가 다른 대표 소유역을 선정하여 소유역 하천수와 지하수질에 대한 현황을 조사하였다. 조사 대상지는 강원도 횡성군 둔내면 주천강 지류의 일반 농업지대, 평창군 대관령일대의 대규모 축산 단지와 고랭지 농업지대, 춘천시 소양강 지류 농업 지대일원, 그리고 경기도 구리시 왕숙천 일대의 도시 근교 농업지대이었다. 조사결과 중금속은 특정한 시기의 왕숙천을 제외하고 불검출 또는 미량으로 큰 문제가 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 질소와 인, 특히 질산태 질소의 오염은 하천수와 지하수 일부에서 높은 수준으로 나타났다. 조사된 소유역의 하천수 수질중 pH, EC, COD등은 농업 용수로 적합한 수준이었으나, 시설 원예 지대에서 관개용으로 사용하고 있는 일부 지하수 중 질산태 질소의 농도가 높은 상태로 작물을 재배할 때 물관리와 시비 관리에 세심한 주의를 하여야 하는 수준이었다. 작물 재배를 위해 농업용수를 사용할 때에는 EC와 질산태 질소의 농도 수준을 동시에 고려하여 적절히 사용하는 것이 바람직하다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.154-162
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics such as growth, quality, and yields of StMyb1R-1 transgenic potato and also to obtain the basic data for establishing assessment guidelines of transgenic potato. Three transgenic lines (Myb 1, Myb 2, and Myb 8) were cultivated under conventional irrigation, drought condition, and severe drought condition and were analyzed by comparing with wild type, non-transgenic cv. Superior. Myb 2 showed a different flower color from wild type and Myb 1 had much bigger secondary leaflets than wild type. Myb 1 and Myb 2 showed higher $P_2O_5$ content in both top and root zone and longer shaped tubers than wild type. In yield factors, transgenic lines had more tubers than wild type, however their yield decreases were severe because of the poor enlargement of tuber under water deficit condition. This tendency was noticeable in Myb 1 and Myb 2. In TR ratio, chlorophyll content, dry matter rate, and relative water content, there were no big differences between transgenic lines and wild type. Meanwhile, in phenotype, growth, quality, and yield factors, substantial equivalent was confirmed between Myb 8 and wild type. Then, Myb 8 showed the highest marketable tuber yield under conventional irrigation, while showed lower level than wild type under water deficit. Judged by this result, the enhancing droughttolerance by StMyb1R-1 gene might actually not mean the enhancement of photosynthesis or starch accumulation in tuber and, furthermore, not the yield improvement. More detailed research will be required to accurately understand the relationship between StMyb1R-1 and yield factors.