• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2001년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.282-285
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• 2001

질산화 생물여과 시스템 내 생물막 안에 존재하는 ammonia oxidizers 및 nitrite oxidizers의 군집 구조 및 공간적 분포를 조사하였다. FISH 분석 결과 생물막 내 숫적으로 우점종을 이루는 미생물은 ammonia oxidizer인 Nitrosomonas spp.로 나타났으며 nitrite oxidizer 인 Nilrospira spp.에 비해 3 ${\sim}$ 5 정도 더 많이 존재하였다. 이는 실협 기간동안 완전한 질산화를 보였지만 반응기가 2 년 이상 nitrite 축적을 위해 높은 free ammonia 농도 빛 낮은 용존 산소 상태에서 운선되어 nitrite oxidizers에 저해를 주었기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. FISH와 결합된 CLSM 관찰 결과 생물막 전체에 걸쳐 ammonia oxidizer가 분포하는 반면 안쪽으로 갈수록 nitrite oxidizers가 분포함을 보였다. 이는 폐수의 ammonium 을 생물막 내 ammon ia oxidizer가 먼저 nitrite로 산화시키고 이를 nitrite oxidizers가 곧바로 nitrate로 산화시키기 때문이다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.140-144
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• 2016

Owing to the kinetic differences in ammonia oxidation among ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM), there is no standard set of kinetic values that can be used as a representative set for nitrifying wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) design. As a result, this study clarified a link between the half-saturation constants for ammonia oxidation (Ks) and the dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) groups in sludge from full-scale WWTPs and laboratory-scale nitrifying reactors. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that AOB affiliated with the Nitrosomonas oligotropha cluster were the dominant AOM groups in the sludge taken from the low-ammonia-level WWTPs, while AOB associate with the Nitrosomonas europaea cluster comprised the majority of AOM groups in the sludge taken from the high-ammonia-level WWTPs and nitrifying reactors. A respirometric assay demonstrated that the ammonia Ks values for the high-ammonia-level WWTPs and nitrifying reactors were higher than those of the low-ammonia-level plants. Using the Ks values of available AOM cultures as a reference, the Ks values of the analyzed sludge were mainly influenced by the dominant AOB species. These findings implied that.different sets of kinetic values may be required for WWTPs with different dominant AOM species for more accurate WWTP design and operations.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.399-408
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• 2012

The overall goal of this study was to characterize and quantify ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in four different full-scale sequence batch reactor (SBR) wastewater treatment plants. Also, this study focused on assessing the occurrence of the alternative ammonia-oxidizing microbes such as anammox (anaerobic ammonia oxidation) bacteria (AMX) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in these systems. Based on total AOB numbers and the estimated cell density in the mixed liquor samples, AOB constituted 0.3 - 1.8% of the total bacterial population in the four WWTPs. Based on clone library, Nitrosomonas ureae-like AOB were dominant in plant A and B, while plant C and D had Nitrosomonas nitrosa-like AOB as major AOB group. The four different AMX primer sets targeting AMX 16S rRNA gene produced PCR amplicons distantly related to Chlamydia and Planctomycetales group bacteria. However, it was not clear these groups of bacteria perform anammox reaction in the SBR plants. Also, molecular evidence of AOA was found in one of the SBR plants, with a sequence located in the deep branch of the sediment creanarchaeota group.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2004

The effects of temperature on nitrification of enriched nitrifiers were investigated by using kinetics and thermodynamics method through the batch test. Aquaculture recirculating water, which was sampled at Chung Cheong Buk-Do Inland Fisheries Research Institute, was analized to observe the characteristics of nitrification. Temporal variation of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate concentration was measured at batch experiments. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius equation with the oxidation rates of specific ammonium or nitrite ion. These oxidation rates were measured at temperature range of $6-35^{\circ}C$ and ammonium concentration range of 0.2-1.8 mg/L. Two distinct activation energy of Nitrosomonas sp. at temperature $6-15^{\circ}C\;and\;15-35^{\circ}C$ was 93.1 and 25.0 KJ/mol, respectively. Nitrate accumulation was observed at temperature over $15^{\circ}C.$

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.183-187
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• 2000

고농도 축산폐수의 과부하 고도처리를 위한 토양미생물을 이용한 공정개발 연구결과 질소${\cdot}$제거율은 97% 이었다. 질산화를 위한 최소 HRT는 11일 이었으며 이때의 SRT는 25일 이었다. HRT 5일에서 11일 사이에 도 질산화는 있었으나 이 때는 $NO_2-N$이 대부분으로 완전질산화를 달성하지는 못했다. pH와 $NO_2\;^--N$, $NH_3\;^--N$ 의 관계로부터 반응조는 nitrosomonas 저해영역에 속해 있었으나 약간의 pH 조절로 충분한 질산화를 달성할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 1997

Removal of nitrogen compound from waste water is essential and often accomplished by biological process. To prevent washout and to develop an efficient bioreactor, immobilization of sutibal microorganisms could be sensible approach. Strains and permeabilized cell encapsulated in cellulose nitrate microcapsules and immobilized on polystyrene films were prepared by the method described in the previous study. In the wastewater treatment system, nitrification of ammonia component is generally known as rate controlling step. To enhance the rate of nitrification, firstly nitrifying strains Nitrosomonas europaea(IFO14298), are permeabilized chemically, and immobilized on polystyrene films and secondly oxidation rates of strain system and permeabilized strain system are compared in the same condition. with 30 minute permeabilized cells, it took about 25 hours to oxidize 70% of ammonia in the solution, while it took about 40 hours to treat same amount of ammonia with untreated cells. All the immobilization procedures did not harm to the enzyme activity and no mass transfer resistance through the capsule well was shown. In the durability test of immobilized system, the system showed considerable activity for the repeated operation for 90 days. With these results, the system developed in this study showed the possibility to be used in the actual waste water treatment system.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.138-144
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• 2005

본 연구는 질화작용에 관여하는 Nitrosomonas sp. 등의 암모니아산화세균과 Nitrobacter sp. 등 아질산산화세균이 $A^2/O$ Pilot 장치의 혐기조, 무산소조, 호기조에서 어떤 양상으로 변화하는지를 조사하는데 있다. 혼합액의 부유 질화세균군과 폐타이어로 성형 제조된 입상담체에 부착된 질화세균군은 FISH법으로 분석하였다. Pilot 장치의 질산화속도는 $1.97{\sim}2.98mg\;N/g\;MLVSS{\cdot}hr$의 값을 보였다. 각 반응조에서 총 부유 세균수중 암모니아 산화세균군 (NSO로 검출된 세균군)이 차지하는 비율은 호기조 < 무산소조 < 혐기조 순이었으나, 이와 반대로 아질산 산화세균(NIT로 검출된 세균)이 차지하는 비율은 혐기조 < 무산소조 < 호기조 순이었다. 생물막의 두께와 건조밀도 및 담체 무게당 부착된 미생물량은 각각 $180{\sim}188\;{\mu}m$, $38.5{\sim}43.9\;mg/cm^3$, $29.4{\sim}32.5\;mg/g$ 이었고, 담체에 부착된 총세균수 중 질화세균이 차지하는 비율은 NSO(3.2%)와 NIT(2.8%)가 거의 비슷하였으나, 각 반응조에 존재하는 부유성 질화세균, 즉 NSO($22.8{\sim}28.4%$)와 NIT($17{\sim}26%$)에 비해서는 부착성 질산화 세균의 비가 현저히 낮았다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.346-350
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• 2009

Although salt is known to influence the performance of nitrification significantly, it has not been well reported on how salt affects ammonia-oxidizing bacterial(AOB) community compositions and dynamics in wastewater treatment bioreactors. In this study, these questions were evaluated in a full-scale bioreactor treating saline wastewater. Clone library analysis for the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A gene revealed that AOB belonging to the Nitrosomonas europaea and the N. oligotropha lineages inhabited in the bioreactor. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for monthly samples demonstrated a fluctuation pattern among AOB populations, although AOB within the N. europaea lineage were dominant during the test period. Correlation analysis between patterns of terminal restriction fragments and environmental variables suggested that sodium, chloride, and sulfate were less important; rather, temperature was the most significant factor affecting the AOB community in the bioreactor.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2015

A sequencing batch reactor was operated under different pH conditions to see the influence of free ammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) to microbial community on ammonium partial nitrification. Long-term influences of FA and FNA were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Nitrite accumulation was successfully achieved at pH 8.2 and 6.3. The shifts in the microbial community were observed when influent ammonia concentration increased to 1 g $NH_4$-N/L at pH 8.2, and then when pH was dropped to 6.3. Both Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira were selected during the startup of the reactor, and eventually became dominant members as ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. The results of molecular microbiological analysis strongly suggested that the composition of microbial community was changed according to the method used to control nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.922-929
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• 2007

암모니아의 질산염으로의 산화는 2개의 산화과정으로 구분된다. 나이트로좀머나스(Nitrosomonas)에 의한 암모니아의 아질산염으로의 산화와 나이트로박터(Nitrobacter)에 의한 아질산염의 질산염으로의 산화이다. 아질산염 축적 과정을 거치는 질소의 제거는 포기를 위한 에너지의 절약, 탈질과정에서 투입되는 유기물의 절약 및 발생되는 슬러지의 양을 감소시킬 수 있는 다양한 장점들을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 아질산염 축적의 조건들을 찾기 위해 막분리 장치를 장착한 생물분리막 반응조(MBR)가 사용되었다. 생물 분리막 반응조는 성장속도가 늦어 쉽게 유실되어질 수 있는 독립영양 질산화 박테리아를 반응조내 충분히 유지시키는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 반응조내 용존산소와 암모니아의 농도를 변화시키며 아질산염 축적의 영향인자들을 조사하였다. 연구의 결과로 반응조내 높은 암모니아 농도는 아질산염 축적을 시작하는데 매우 효과적이었으며, 이러한 효과는 반응조내 낮은 용존산소 농도가 동시에 존재할 시 더욱 강화되었다. 낮은 용존산소 농도 $c'_{O2}<0.3$ $mgL^{-1}$ $O_2$와 높은 암모니아 농도 $c_{NH3}=6.3\sim14.9$ $mgL^{-1}$ $NH_3N$에서 아질산염 축적율 74%에 달성될 수 있었다. 특히 아질산염 축적이 많은 연구자들이 제시하는 것처럼 생물막 반응조에서 뿐만 아니라, MBR 반응조에서도 일어날 수 있음을 밝힌 것은 본 연구의 중요한 성과라 할 것이다.