• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.356-362
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• 2023

기후 변화에 따른 위험성은 전 세계적으로 오랜 기간 강조되고 있으며, 이를 극복하기 위한 노력은 해운분야에서도 국제해사 기구를 중심으로 이어지고 있다. 연소과정에서 발생한 매연을 제어하기 위하여 매연 생성 특성에 관한 연구는 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 에틸렌 가스를 기반으로 한 대향류 확산화염에서 불활성 기체인 질소를 혼합하여 화염온도, 화염형태, 매연 생성 관련된 화학종의 상태변화를 확인하기 위해 광소멸법과 화학반응 수치해석을 수행하였다. 연구 결과. 질소의 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 화염온도 감소와 매연체적분율 감소로 이루어졌다. 매연 입자가 분포하는 구간도 감소하였으며, 30% 이상 혼합비율이 높아지면 체적분율 감소율이 감소하였다. 매연 성장에 관여하는 화학종들의 몰분율도 감소하였다. HACA 반응 관련 화학종은 탄화수소 연료 비율에 따라 영향을 받으나, 홀수탄소 경로 관련 화학종은 탄화수소 연료 비율뿐만 아니라 화염온도 영향을 받는 것을 확인하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1985

Biomass, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus standing crops of bethic community were estimated at the trophic levels in the intertidal zone of Kum river estuary. Annual mean biomass of zoobenthos was 130.5g/$m^2$, body fraction 26.7g/$m^2$ and shell fraction 103.8 g/$m^3$. Biomass estimated as ash-free dry weight was total 28.9g/$m^2$, body fraction 20.2g/$m^2$ and shell fraction 8.7g/$m^2$ Carbon standing crops of zoobenthos were 15.9gC/$m^2$, in which organic carbon content was 7.0gC/$m^2$ and carbonate carbon was 8.9gC/$m^2$. Production efficiency by carbon standing crops from sediment to herbivores and carnivores and 10.6% and 16.0% in phosphorus, respectively. Annual primary production of benthic algae was crudely estimated to 329g.dw/$m^2$/yr by using the biomass and turn-over rate of benthic algae.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.235-241
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• 1996

The rhamnan sulfate extracted from green algae seaweed, Monostroma nitidum was characterized as activity in vitro culture assay with macrophages from mice. Rhamnan sulfate indicated that F-4-3 fraction enhanced glucose consumption, as well as the production of nitrogen dioxide and tumor necrosis factor(TNF). F-4-3 fraction was also augmented IL-1 secretion from those macrophages. Effects of the pretreatment of peritoneal macrophages with rhamnan sulfate F-4-3 fraction and several polysaccharides as relative standard on the production of H2O2 induced with unopsonized zymosan A were examined. Pretreatment with polysaccharides inhibited the zymosan A mediated H2O2 production by macrophages. The phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) mediated H2O2 production was not affected by the pretreament. These result suggested that pretreatment of rhamnan sulfate interfered with the interaction of macrophages zymosan A. Rhamnan sulfate inhibited zymosan A mediated production of H**O** by macrophages and F-4-3 Fraction was also activator of macrophages.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.70-80
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• 2014

Duplex stainless steels with nearly equal fraction of the ferrite(${\alpha}$) phase and austenite(${\gamma}$) phase have been increasingly used for various applications such as power plants, desalination facilities due to their high resistance to corrosion, good weldability, and excellent mechanical properties. Hyper duplex stainless steel (HDSS) is defined as the future duplex stainless steel with a pitting resistance equivalent (PRE=wt.%Cr+3.3(wt.%Mo+0.5wt.%W)+30wt.%N) of above 50. However, when HDSS is welded with gas tungsten arc (GTA), incorporation of nitrogen in the Ar shielding gas are very important because the volume fraction of ${\alpha}$-phase and ${\gamma}$-phase is changed and harmful secondary phases can be formed in the welded zone. In other words, the balance of corrosion resistance between two phases and reduction of $Cr_2N$ are the key points of this study. The primary results of this study are as follows. The addition of $N_2$ to the Ar shielding gas provides phase balance under weld-cooling conditions and increases the transformation temperature of the ${\alpha}$-phase to ${\gamma}$-phase, increasing the fraction of ${\gamma}$-phase as well as decreasing the precipitation of $Cr_2N$. In the anodic polarization test, the addition of nitrogen gas in the Ar shielding gas improved values of the electrochemical parameters, compared to the Pure Ar. Also, in the erosion-corrosion test, the HDSS welded with shielding gas containing $N_2$ decreased the weight loss, compared to HDSS welded with the Ar pure gas. This result showed the resistance of erosion-corrosion was increased due to increasing the fraction of ${\gamma}$-phase and the stability of passive film according to the addition $N_2$ gas to the Ar shielding gas. As a result, the addition of nitrogen gas to the shielding gas improved the resistance of erosion-corrosion.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.491-500
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• 1993

The adsorption of nitrogen (77K) and carbon dioxide(273K) was performed on a series of activated carbon fiber. Theadsorption iotherm of nitrogen was typical type 1 and that of carbon dioxide was convex. As the specific surface area increases, there are linear increases in BET constant C mean pore diameter, the width of pore size distribution, wide micropore volume, total micropore volume, total pore volume and external surface area, however, narrow micropore volume was nealy constant . The total micorpore volume fraction in total pore volume is above 97%.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.807-813
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• 2004

Wastewater was treated by two different treatment processes; activated sludge process and advanced wastewater treatment process (KNR process) using lab-scale experiment. Two treated wastewater showed good treatment efficiency of organic matter removal, up to 90% removal. Nitrogen and phosphorus were not effectively removed though activated sludge process, while KNR process showed good removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus; 56% nitrogen removal and 95% phosphorus removal. KNR process showed better removal efficiency of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus compared to activated sludge process. Organic matter characterization was tracked though measurement of UV scan, SUVA, and XAD fractionation. Treated wastewater showed higher SUVA value than wastewater influent, indicting less aromatic characteristic of organic matter. XAD fractionation showed hydrophilic fraction decreased though wastewater treatment, suggesting microbes preferentially digest hydrophilic and aliphatic molecules rather than hydrophobic and aromatic molecules of organic matter.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2018

Process modeling with activated sludge models (ASMs) is useful for the design and operational improvement of biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. Effective utilization of ASMs requires the influent fraction analysis (IFA) of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). However, this is difficult due to the time and cost involved in the design and operation steps, thereby declining the simulation reliability. Harmony Search (HS) algorithm was utilized herein to determine the relationships between composite variables and state variables of the model IWA ASM1. Influent fraction analysis was used in estimating fractions of the state variables of the WWTP influent and its application to 9 wastewater treatment processes in South Korea. The results of influent $S_s$ and $Xs+X_{BH}$, which are the most sensitive variables for design of activated sludge process, are estimated within the error ranges of 8.9-14.2% and 3.8-6.4%, respectively. Utilizing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fraction analysis for influent wastewater, it was possible to predict the concentrations of treated organic matter and nitrogen in 9 full scale BNR processes with high accuracy. In addition, the results of daily influent fraction analysis (D-IFA) method were superior to those of the constant influent fraction analysis (C-IFA) method.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.349-358
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• 2007

A single-beam gamma densitometer is utilized to measure the average void fraction in a small diameter stainless steel pipe under critical flow conditions. A typical design of a single-beam gamma densitometer is composed of a sealed gammaray source, a collimator, a scintillation detector, and a data acquisition system that includes an amplifier and a single channel analyzer. It is operated in the count mode and can be calibrated with a test pipe and various types of phantoms made of polyethylene. A good average void fraction is obtained for a small diameter pipe with various flow regimes of the core, annular, stratified, and bubbly flows. Several factors influencing the performance of the gamma densitometer are examined, including the distance between the source and the detector, the measuring time, and the ambient temperature. The void fraction is measured during an adiabatic downward two-phase critical flow in a vertical pipe. The test pipe has an inner diameter of 10.9 mm and a thickness of 3.2 mm. The average void fraction was reasonably measured for a two-phase critical flow in the presence of nitrogen gas.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.59-97
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• 1971

Myriococcum albomycesf가 생산하는 섬유소 분해효소군에 관한 연구로서 호소생산배지 및 조효소의 성질을 규명하고 몇 가지 효소군으로 정제한바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 밀기울 고채해양의 각 효소 활성은 쌀겨고체배양 및 탈지대두박고체배양의 그것보다 강하였다. 2. 밀기울진탕, 쌀겨진탕배양 및 대두박진탕배양등은 상기의 고체배양보다 각 효소의 활성이 우수하였다. 3. $45^{\circ}C$에서 배양한 것이 배양기의 종류에 관계없이 $37^{\circ}C$ 및 $50^{\circ}C$에서 배양한 것보다 각 효소의 활성이 강하였다. 4. CMCase는 무기 질소원보다 유기 질소원을 첨가하므로서 더욱 생성이 촉진되었다. 5. 기본밀기울진탕배양기에 CMC, Avicel, 여지분말 등의 indncer를 첨가 하므로서 각 효소활성은 $1.5{\sim}3$배나 증가되었다. 6. CMC와 Avicel을 inducer로 하여 jar formentor에서 배양할 때 작 효소의 활성은 대개 5일째에 최고에 달하였다. 7. Cellulae 조효소의 최적 pH는 $4.0{\sim}4.5$, pH안정성은 $3.5{\sim}8.0$이였다. 그리고 최적온도는 $65^{\circ}C$ 부근으로 다른 사상균의 cellulase에 비하여 높으며 온도안정성도 $60^{\circ}C$에서 120분으로 거의 실활되지 않았다. 8. 조효소의 활성은 $Ca^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$으로 부활되며, $Hg^{++}$, $Cu^{++}$, $Ag^{+}$는 강한 저해체였다. 그리고 투석으로 약간 그 활성이 저하되었다. 9. 배양액을 여과하고 황산암모니움 분획, DEA-E-sephadex A-25, Amberlite CG-50 및 hydroxy-apatite column chromatography로 Avicel, CMC, 여지 분말에 대하여 활성이 다른 4개의 fraction을 분리 하고 이를 cellulase fraction I, fraction II-a, fraction II-b 및 fraction III라고 명명하였다. 10. 이들 4개의 fraction은 전기 영동, 초원심상 및 자외선흡수 등으로 보아서 단일의 단백질로 생각되었다. 11. Fraction I은 Avicelase활성이 강하고, fraction II-a는 cellobiase 활성이 강하였다. 그리고 fraction II는 CMCase 활성이 강하였으며, fraction III는 CMC 점도감소 활성이 강하였다. 12. 섬유소질을 각 fraction으로 가수분해한 최종산물은 cellobiose 및 glucose였다. 그리고 fraction I과 fraction II-a는 Avicel을 협동적으로 분해하였다. 13. Fraction I의 최적 pH 5.5, fraction II-a는 pH 5.0, fraction II-b는 pH 4.0, fractionIII는 pH $4.0{\sim}4.5$이며, 각 fraction의 pH 안정성은 pH $3.0{\sim}7.0$이였다. 14. Fraction I의 최적온도는 $50^{\circ}C$, fractionII-a는 $55{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, fraction II-b 는 $60^{\circ}C$, fraction III는 $55^{\circ}C$이며 각 fraction의 열안정성은 $55^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 120분으로 거의 실활되지 않고 fraction II-a는 $60^{\circ}C$에서도 특별히 안정하였다. 15. Fraction I과 fraction II-b 활성은 $Ag^{++}$, $Hg^{++}$에 의하여 저해되며 $Ca^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$으로는 부활되었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제11권
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• pp.143-149
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• 1969

수도(水稻)를 각종질소화합물(各種室素化合物)을 공급(供給)하여 근부생장(根部生長)과 근부(根部)의 Transaminase GOT, GPT의 활성(活性)을 측정(測定)하여 근부(根部)의 발육(發育)과 Transaminase활성(活性)과의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하고자 하였던바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. $NO_3$-N를 공급(供給)한 수도근(水稻根)의 생장(生長)은 $NH_4$-N를 공급(供給)한 근(根)의 생장(生長)에 비(比)하여 생장(生長)을 촉진(促進)하는 경향(傾向) 이 있다. 2. $NH_4$-N를 공급(供給)한 수도근(水稻根)은 $NO_3$-N를 공급(供給)한 근(根)에 비(比)하여 생장(生長)이 불량(不良)할뿐만 아니라 질소농도(窒素濃度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 생장(生長)이 억제적(抑制的)인 경향(傾向)이 있다. 3. $NH_4$-N를 공급(供給)한 근(根) 즉(卽) 생장(生長)이 불량(不良)한 근(根)의 GOT, GPT활성(活性)은 강(强)하고 $NO_3$-N를 공급(供給)한 근(根)의 GOT, GPT 활성(活性)은 낮다. 4. 근(根)의 생장(生長)을 비교적(比較的) 억제(抑制)한다는 Amino산(酸)을 공급(供給)한 수도근(水稻根)은 이것 역시(亦是) 생장(生長)이 좋은 것은 GOT, GPT활성(活性)이 약(弱)하고 근부(根部)의 생장(生長)이 불량(不良)한 것은 활성도(活性度)가 높다. 5. 수도근부(水稻根部)의 세포각분획(細胞各分劃)에 있어서의 GOT, GPT 활성도(活性度)는 대부분(大部分) Supernatant fraction (Microsomal fraction)에서 강(强)하게 나타나며 Mitochondrial fraction 에서는 미약(微弱)하다.