• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권9호
• /
• pp.1303-1311
• /
• 2008

Twenty four early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, eight in each group, were used in a Randomized Complete Block Design to evaluate the influence of varying ruminally degradable protein (RDP) to ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) ratio on feed intake, digestibility, N balance, milk yield and its composition, conception rate and days open. Three experimental diets were formulated to contain RDP:RUP of 50:50, 66:34 and 82:18 and were denoted as HRUP, MRUP and LRUP, respectively. Dry matter (DM) intake was higher (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than in those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. Dry matter digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed LRUP diet than in those fed HRUP and MRUP diets. Linear increase was observed in DM digestibility with increasing RDP:RUP while Neutral detergent fiber digestibility remained unaltered in buffaloes fed HRUP and MRUP diets, however, it was higher than in those fed LRUP diet. Crude protein digestibility remained unaltered across all treatments. Milk and 4 percent fat corrected milk (4% FCM) yield was higher (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. Linear decrease in milk yield was observed with increased RDP:RUP. Milk protein and fat yields were higher (p<0.05) in animals fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. Milk protein percent in animals fed HRUP diet was higher than in those fed LRUP diet, whereas it did not differ with those fed MRUP diet. Percent of fat, total solids, solid not fat and lactose remained unaltered across all diets. Nitrogen balance was higher in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than in those fed other diets. Increasing the RDP:RUP resulted in a linear decrease in N balance. The blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were lower (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. The blood pH remained unaltered across all treatments. Days open did not differ significantly. Conception rate was higher in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. The findings of the present study indicate that feeding high (50% of the total crude protein) ruminally undegradable protein diet not only increased nutrient intake and milk yield but also improved conception rate in early lactating buffaloes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.325-330
• /
• 1993

The objectives of the present study were to investigate whether or not dietary lysine addition could improve N balance of female Japanese Saanen goats at 15 to 32 months of age, weighing 31 to 40 kg, fed on a wheat bran-hay cube diet supplemented with methionine, and whether or not ruminally protected lysine supplementation could give as good an N balance performance as lysine in the presence of ruminally protected methionine when given orally to the goats. It was considered from changes in N balance and N utilization that the first-and second-limiting amino acids in the diet were methionine and lysine respectively, under the present experimental conditions. The ruminally protected lysine in addition to the ruminally protected methionine gave no improvement in N balance and N utilization compared with the ruminally protected methionine alone, suggesting that the ruminally protected lysine used in the present study was not effectively utilized by the goats.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국작물학회 2001년도 추계 학술대회지
• /
• pp.152-153
• /
• 2001

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.637-644
• /
• 2001

본 연구는 운동 및 식이 조절이 비만 아동의 질소 평형에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 8~12세의 비만한 초등학교 남자 아동을 대상으로 3일간은 대조기간 1주일간은 운동을 부하하되 에너지는 제한하지 않는 운동기간 및 그 후 1주일간은 운동부하와 동시에 에너지를 제한하는 에너지 제한 운동기간으로 나누어 대상자의 체중 및 체성분을 측정하고, 또한 에너지 섭취량, 질소 평형 및 CHI를 측정하여 상호 비교하였다. 1일 평균 총 에너지 섭취량은 대조기간, 운동기간 및 에너지 제한 운동기간별로 각각 평균 2,152 $\pm$ 138kca1, 1,861 $\pm$ 138kca1 및 1,368 $\pm$ 87kca1이었다. 체중은 대조기간에 비하여 운동기간 및 에너지 제한 운동기간 별로 각각 평균 1.2 $\pm$ 0.2kg 및 1.8 $\pm$ 0.3 kg 감소되었데, 이 중 지방 조직은 각각 평균 1.0 : 0.3kg 및 1.5 $\pm$ 0.5kg 감소되었고 무지방 조직은 각각 평균 0.2 $\pm$ 0.4kg 및 0.3 $\pm$ 0.4kg 감소되었다. 1일 질소 섭취량은 대조기간, 운동기간 및 에너지 제한 운동기간별로 각각 평균 9.1 $\pm$ 0.7g, 9.1 $\pm$ 0.8g 및 7.1 $\pm$ 0.5g 이었는데 대변으로의 질소 배설량은 기간별로 각각 평균 1.3 $\pm$ 0.2g, 0.9 $\pm$ 0.1g 0.7 $\pm$ 0.1 이었으며 소변으로의 질소 배설량은 기간별로 각각 평균 6.7 $\pm$ 0.6g, 6.6 $\pm$ 0.5g 및 6.7 $\pm$ 0.6g 이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권10호
• /
• pp.1415-1421
• /
• 2006

Proper nutritional management during the dry period is required to prevent metabolic disorders during the time of parturition and for potential increase milk yield during early lactation, especially under the heat of summer. The effect of prepartum diets on partitioning of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) during dry period and early lactation in summer was investigated. Nine cows were assigned to two groups and fed either control (group C: four cows) or high concentrate (group H: five cows) diets to meet 110% of their requirements before parturition. The proportion of concentrate in control diet was 35%, and that in the high concentrate diet was 45%. After parturition, all cows were fed the same diets ad libitum during lactation. Balance trials were conducted at 9, 8 and 7 days before parturition and at 12, 13 and 14 days after parturition. Before parturition, dry matter intake (DMI), DM and NFE digestibility in group C tended to be lower than those in group H. The retention of N (p<0.01) and P (p<0.05) in group C during the dry period was significantly lower than those in group H. The retention of Mg in group C during the dry period tended to be lower than in group H. The concentration of plasma NEFA in group C tended to be higher than in group H during dry period. The prepartum diet did not have an apparent effect on DMI and milk yield at 2 weeks after parturition and N, Ca, P, Mg and K balance after parturition.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 1997

This study was designed to determine the effects of protein sources on the curation of gastric ulceration, protein metabolism, and nitrogen balance in rats with gastric ulcer induce by restraint and water immersion stress. After the rats were fed 10% casein diet for 3 weeks, four groups of the rats were forced in 5$\times$5$\times$15cm plexiglass cage. The restraint and water immersion stress was carried at 20$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ for 8-hour. The other one group(control group) was not exposed to stress. After stress 4 kinds of different diets containing 20% protein were given for 5 days. The protein sources were casein, whey protein, soy protein, gluten. The control group was fed to 10% casein diet. The results were as follows ; the weights of rats were not different among the diet groups During the experiment period follows ; the weights of rats were not different among the diet groups during the experiment period (for 5 days). The ulcer index of rats fed 10% gluten and soy protein diet was significantly higher than those of casein and whey protein diet groups(p<0.05). The level of serum albumin was not significantly different among diet groups. But hematocrit and the level of $\alpha$-amino-N, BU and UUN of plant protein diet groups were higher than animal diet groups, the urinary hydroxyproline of soy protein group was the highest and the whey protein was the lowest. The digestibility and BV of nitrogen of gluten diet group were significantly higher than those of casein and whey protein diet groups(p<0.05). The animal proteins had more curative effects of ulcer than plant animals. The results of this study provide useful information concerning diet therapy for the patients with gastrointestinal diseases and the field of enteral diet materials.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 맹장 결찰계를 이용하여서 [15N]urea의 이용성을 조사하였다. 질소의 balance 및 이용률은 맹장 결찰 수술에 의해서 높아지는 경향이 인정되었다. 이는 맹장 결찰 수술로 인한 요산 배설량의 유의한 감소로 인한 결과였다(사료 및 요소 유래 질소 이용률, P<0.01). 닭에 있어서 맹장 결찰 수술은 사료 유래 ammonia 배설량은 증가(P<0.01), 요소 유래 ammonia배설량은 감소(P<0.01)시켰다. 요소 유래, 요소질소의 배설량은 맹장 결찰 수술에 의해서 유의하게 증가하였지만(P<0.01), 맹장 결찰계도 5% 단백질 사료와 같이 급여한 요소를 51.6%정도 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 닭에 있어서 단백질 수준이 결핍된 사료와 같이 급여된 요소의 이용에 있어서 맹장은 유의한 역할을 한다고 할 수 있다. 하지만 질소의 이용에 있어서는 반드시 긍정적인 역할만을 한다고는 결론내릴 수 없다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권7호
• /
• pp.992-997
• /
• 2002

Two in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of novel urease inhibitor hydroquinone (HQ) on ammonia release rate from urea hydrolysis, nitrogen balance, nutrient digestibility and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. In Exp. 1, twelve crossbred cannulated lambs were randomly assigned within initial body weight block to one of four HQ treatments, which included 0 (control), 30, 60 or 80 mg HQ/kg DM intake. Ammonia concentration and pH of ruminal fluid were immediately measured at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after feeding. Increasing the dose of HQ tended (p<0.15) to linearly decrease NH3 formation. The ammonia peak concentration (2 h post-feeding) in animals receiving HQ was approximately one-half of that in animals not receiving HQ (p<0.01), and a relatively sustained ammonia release could be obtained at the dose of 30 or 60 mg HQ/kg DM. In Exp. 2, sixteen intact crossbred lambs (weight $40{\pm}0.8kg$) were used in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design experiment. The four rations consisting of soybean meal-based (SBM) or urea-based (Urea) nitrogen source with or without HQ (S1, S0, U1 and U0) were fed in digestion and N balance trials. Apparent digestibility of major nutrients except that of ADF was not affected by either nitrogen source or addition of HQ. Regardless of nitrogen source, supplementation of HQ significantly improved ADF digestibility (p<0.05). The various ration had no effects on N metabolism in the presence of HQ. There was significant difference between total purine derivatives (PD), estimated efficiency of microbial N synthesis (p<0.05) and urea-N excretion (p<0.01) in the urine for the SBM ration and for the Urea ration. However, HQ had little influence on efficiency of microbial N synthesis as proportion of daily intake of total tract digestible OM (p>0.05). No interactions between main nitrogen source and HQ were measured throughout the trial. Results of this study suggest that addition of HQ to ration may improve ADF digestion with having no negative effect on N metabolism and microbial protein production.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제42권6호
• /
• pp.439-446
• /
• 2009

벼농사가 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 지역별 논의 질소수지를 평가하였다. 질소의 유입량은 비료 시용량, 강우 및 관개에 의한 수계공급량, 토양질소의 무기화량 및 질소 고정량 등을 합하여 추정하였고, 질소의 유출량은 배출수나 지하침투수를 통한 수계유출량, 암모니아 휘산과 탈질에 의한 대기 중으로의 손실량, 무기질소의 유기화 및 작물에 의한 흡수량을 합하여 평가하였다. 지역별 환경 특성은 토양 중 유기물함량, 쌀 수확량, 관개수 중의 질소함량, 토양통 분포면적에 의한 토양침투속도 등을 이용하여 추정하였다. 지역별로 환경특성을 고려하여 벼농사가 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가한 결과 경기도와 충청남도의 질소 수지가 각각 -5.4와 $-8.3kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$으로 이 지역에서의 벼농사는 주변 수계로부터 질소를 흡수하여 농업에 활용하는 수질정화의 기능이 다른 지역에 비해 상대적으로 큰 것으로 평가되었다. 반면 강원도와 경상남도는 각각 4.9와 $14.0kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ 으로 유입량보다 유출량이 오히려 많아 질소를 배출하는 것으로 평가되었다. 시비량이 $110kg\;ha^{-1}$로 동일하다는 조건하에 우리나라 관개수 중의 질소함량이 평균 $1mg\;L^{-1}$ 증가할 경우 벼농사는 $-2.9kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$의 수질 개선효과가 있으며, 전국적으로는 벼논의 질소 흡수량이 연간 2,616 Mg이나 증가하는 것으로 추정되었으며, 농업용수의 오염도가 상대적으로 높은 도시인근 지역이 관개수가 깨끗한 지역보다 벼농사에 의한 수질정화 효과가 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 동일한 수확량 조건에서 시비량을 $110kg\;ha^{-1}$에서 $90kg\;ha^{-1}$으로 줄일 경우 질소정화 기능은 전국적으로 10,600 Mg이 증가하고 수질정화 기능을 수행하는 면적도 확대됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 쌀 수확량 $5,000kg\;ha^{-1}$을 100%로 가정할 경우 질소 시비량은 $110kg\;ha^{-1}$, 수확량이 100%인 경우 질소수지는 $-0.3kg\;ha^{-1}$이었지만 시비량을 $90kg\;ha^{-1}$으로 줄이고 수확량도 100%에서 90%와 85%로 줄이면 질소수지는 각각 -11.7, -2.3 및 $2.4kg \;ha^{-1}$으로 시비량을 줄여도 수확량을 동시에 줄이면 질수수지의 개선효과가 떨어지며, 수량을 85%로 줄이면 수질에 미치는 영향을 나타내는 질소수지는 $110kg\;ha^{-1}$을 시비할 때보다 오히려 더 나빠지는 것으로 평가되었다. 이상의 결과들로 볼 때 벼농사가 수질환경에 미치는 영향은 관개수 수질, 토양물리 및 화학성 등의 자연환경에 따라 달라지므로 지역의 자연환경 특성을 최대로 활용하여, 벼 재배에 의한 수질정화기능을 최대로 활용하는 영농기술도입이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 현재 시비량을 줄이고 이에 따라 수확량도 줄어들 것이라는 전제의 영농방법으로서는 벼농사에 의한 수질오염 방지를 효과적으로 달성할 수 없으며, 시비량은 줄이되 토양과 관개수 중의 영양물질을 최대한으로 활용하여 최고의 수확량을 유지하는 것이 벼농사의 주변 수계에 대한 오염물질 발생을 줄이고 수질정화 기능을 증대시키는 가장 좋은 친환경농업라고 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.667-673
• /
• 2009

Ninety six intact male sheep (12 months old with mean live weight of about 35 kg) were used to assess the effects of restricted feeding on intake, digestion, nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy (ME). The animals were selected from two known Iranian small and large body size breeds: 48 Sangsari (S) and 48 Afshari (A), and were divided into two equal groups: restricted (R) and a control (C). Each group had 48 sheep (24 each breed). The experiment had a duration of 15 and 75 days adaptation and treatment periods, respectively. The animals were individually placed in metabolism cages and fed a diet based on pelleted concentrate mixture consisting of alfalfa, barley grain, cottonseed meal and barley straw. The animals in group C were fed ad libitum, while animals in group R were fed at maintenance level and maintained a relatively constant live weight. During the experiment, the average daily weight gain (ADG) of S and A animals in R group was 0.34 and -0.25 g/d (0.02 and -0.02 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$), respectively. While that of S and A animals in C group was 174.4 and 194.4 g/d (10.16 and 11.48 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$), respectively. Nitrogen (N) was determined by both measured and regression methods. Animals of R group stayed at about zero N balance (0.01 and -0.00 g $N/kg^{0.75}/d$ for S and A animals, respectively). The N retention of animals of both S and A breeds in C group were similar (0.45 and 0.46 g $N/kg^{0.75}/d$, respectively). Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) and ME requirement for maintenance (MEm) were measured by both constant weight technique and regression method by regressing N balance on DOMI and ME intake on ADG. The measured DOMI during constant weight was 24.61 and 24.27 g $DOMI/kg^{0.75}/d$ and the calculated DOMI from regression equation was 24.24 and 24.22 g $DOMI/kg^{0.75}/d$, for S and A animals, respectively. The measured MEm was 402 and 401 kJ $ME/kg^{0.75}/d$ and the calculated MEm from regression analysis was 398 and 400 kJ $ME/kg^{0.75}/d$ for S and A breeds, respectively. There were no significant differences between both measured and regression techniques. There was no significant difference between S and A breeds for DOMI, N retention, MEm, digestibility and metabolizability values. Digestibility values for OM, GE and CP and metabolizability were significantly (p<0.05) higher in restricted feeding sheep compared with that of sheep fed ad libitum.