• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.687-693
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• 1992

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of soybean meal (SBM) supplementation on the voluntary intake of rice straw and ruminal fermentation characteristics. Balance trials were conducted with three Hapanese Corriedale wethers fed a rice straw alone (control), rice straw supplemented with 75 and 150 g of SBM/day in a $3{\times}3$ latin square design. Voluntary intake of rice straw in sheep fed both levels of SBM supplemented diets was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in sheep fed control diet. Crude protein digestibility was significantly increased (p<0.05), but organic matter, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were not affected by SBM supplementation. Nitrogen balance was positive in sheep on both levels of SBM supplemented diets, but negative in animals on the control diet. Rumen ammonia and blood urea-nitrogen concentrations increased (p<0.05) as increasing level of SBM. Total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate concentrations in rumen fluid were also significantly increased (p<0.01), but ruminal pH was decreased (p<0.05) by SBM supplementation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1858-1864
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• 2007

Influence of varying level of sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation on milk yield and its composition was examined in a randomized complete block design in early lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes during summer. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were formulated. The diet 0B contained 0 while LB, MB and HB diets contained 0.50, 1.0 and 1.50% SB levels, respectively. The diets were randomly allotted to twenty buffaloes, five in each group. A linear increase in nutrient and water intake was recorded with increasing SB level. Buffaloes fed MB and HB diets showed higher nitrogen balance than those fed 0B and LB diets. A significant increase in blood pH and serum bicarbonate was noticed with increasing SB level. Urine pH increased significantly with increased SB level. A linear increase in milk yield was also noticed with increasing SB level. Milk fat% increased significantly in buffaloes fed MB and HB diets compared with those fed 0B and LB diets. Buffaloes fed HB diet had higher conception rate and less services per conception than those fed 0B diet. This study indicated that a high SB diet not only increased dry matter and water intake, milk yield, milk fat% but also increased conception rate in early lactating buffaloes during summer.

• 농촌계획
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2002

The study was carried out to investigate the water balance and losses of nutrients from paddy fields during cropping period. The size of paddy fields was 95 ha and the fields were irrigated from a pumping station. The runoff loading was the highest in June because of the high concentrations of nutrients due to applied fertilizer, When the runoff Bosses of nutrients were compared to applied chemical fertilizer, it was found that 39.1 % to 42.5 % of nitrogen lost via runoff while runoff losses of phosphorus account for 14.5 % to 17 % of the total applied amount during cropping period. When the ratio was calculated between nutrients losses by infiltration and the applied of chemical fertilizer, two year results showed 9.1% to 10.8% for nitrogen and 0.5% for phosphorus, respectively.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2002

육림지에서 생산되는 육림부산물 전체 혼합 물과 개별 수엽류의 사슴용 사료화 가능성을 검토하기 위해 육림부산물 혼합 사일리지, 칡사일리지, 졸참나무 사일리지 및 갈참나무 사일리지를 급여한 꽃사슴에 있어서 건물 채식량, 영양소 소화율 및 질소출납을 비교하였다. 건물섭취량은 WOS가 가장 높았고 ARS가 가장 낮았으나, 그 차이에 대한 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 가소화 건물섭취량의 경우는 건물 소화율이 높았던 FBS와 ARS가 건물소화율이 낮은 BOS와 WOS에 비해 높은 경향을 나타냈다(p＞0.05). 건물소화율은 ARS가 가장 높았고 BOS가 가장 낮았으며(P＜0.05), 조단백질 소화율도 건물소화율과 동일한 결과를 나타냈다. 조섬유 소화율은 FBS와 ARS가 BOS와 WOS에 비해 높았다(P＞0.05). 실험사료별 일당증체량은 WOS가 나머지 세 처리구에 비해 약간 많았으나 모든 처리구가 거의 비슷한 수준을 유지하였다(P＞0.05). 질소섭취량은 ARS가 가장 많았고 BOS가 가장 낮았으며(P＜0.05), 분 중 질소의 배출량은 질소섭취량과는 반대로 BOS가 가장 많았고 ARS가 가장 적었다(P＜0.05). 뇨 중질소의 배출량은 질소섭취량이 많았던 ARS가 가장 높았고 BOS가 가장 낮아 처리간에 유의성(P＜0.05)이 인정되었다. 체내 축적된 질소의 양은 FBS가 많았고 BOS가 가장 적었다(P＞0.05). 질소섭취량에 대한 체내 축적질소량의 비율은 처리간에 유의적 차이가 인정되지는 않았으나 FBS가 43.9%로 이용효율이 가장 높았고 BOS는 24.7%로 이용효율이 가장 낮았다. 이상에서 육림지에서 배출되는 부산물들은 높은 채식성과 체내이용성을 나타내어 사슴용 사료자원으로서 충분한 가치가 인정된다고 평가되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.236-244
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of quantitative feed restriction on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, efficiency and feeding behavior, and productive performance in F1 Holstein/Zebu cows during the middle third of their lactation. Methods: Sixty F1 Holstein/Zebu cows with 111.5±11.75 days of lactation and an initial body weight (BW) of 499±30 kg (mean±standard error of the mean) were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with the following diet levels of feed restriction: 3.39%, 2.75%, 2.50%, 2.25%, and 2.00% of BW, with 12 replications for each level. The experiment lasted for 63 days, of which each period lasted 21 days with the first 16 days for diet adaptation followed by 5 days for collection of data and samples. Results: For each 1% of BW diet restriction, there was a decrease in dry matter intake of 5.26 kg/d (p<0.01). There was no difference in daily milk production (p = 0.09) under the restriction levels of 3.39% to 2.0% of BW. When corrected for 3.5% fat, milk production declined (p = 0.05) 3.46 kg/d for each percentage unit of feed restriction. Conclusion: Restricting the feed supply for F1 Holstein/Zebu cows in the middle third of their lactation period altered nutrient intake, nitrogen balance and ingestive behavior but did not affect milk production or feed efficiency. However, considering the observed BW loss and decrease in milk production corrected for 3.5% fat, restriction of no less than 2.5% BW is recommended.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.133-138
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• 1988

인삼품질에 대한 전통개념을 역사적 경험, 전통적 품질관리방법 및 분석적 방법과 관련하여 조사하였다. 전통개념은 생명과 우주가 하나라는 한국의 기본사상에 근거한 것으로 보인다. 전통품질관리법에서 모양과 크기는 특정한 조직, 세포 및 세포내의 생리적 활성물질을 규정하기 때문에 전통품질관리법은 분석방법이 활성물질을 찾아가는 지도가 될 것이다. 전통법은 생물활성 물질간의 균형이 한 물질의 함량보다 중요하며 인체의 항샹성을 위한 활성물질의 작용양식도 여러 화합물, 여러 목표체계인 것으로 보인다. 인삼이 클 수록 중심부가 더 빨리 크고 중심부에는 질소화합물이 많기 때문에 전통법은 질소 화합물 특히, 수용성 단백질과 열안정단백질들이 활성물질의 균형에 있어 중요함을 강력히 시사한다. 생물활성물질의 균형은 삼속의 종간 사용방법의 차이와 의미있게 관계를 보인다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.270-279
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• 2005

벼농사에 의한 질소가 하천수질에 미치는 영향을 종합적으로 평가하기 위해 공급 질소의 유입량과 유출 및 이용되는 양은 동일하다는 질소 balance 개념 평가기법을 개발하였다. 유입량과 유출량 결정에 영향을 주는 시비량, 관개수 수질, 관개량과 물이용 수지, 토양유기물 함량, 토양질소공급량, 유기물 시용여부, 이앙방법, 물관리 방법, 수확량, 암모니아 휘산 및 탈질량, 토양잔류량 등 관련요인들과 요인상호간의 관계를 자료 분석, 현지포장 및 실내실험을 통해 지수화하였으며 사용된 지수들을 종합하여 벼농사의 수질영향평가법으로 제시하였다. 질소의 총 공급량에서 대기유출, 작물이용, 토양 잔류 부분을 제외한 차이를 벼농사에서 질소의 잠재유출량으로 산정하여 벼농사가 수질에 미치는 영향으로 평가하였으며, 개발된 방법으로 평가한 우리나라의 평균적인 환경 및 재배 조건에서 벼농사는 수계를 통한 질소의 유입량과 유출량이 거의 균형을 이루어 주변수질에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 평가되었다. 하지만 관개수중의 질소농도가 1.0 mg $L^{-1}$ 이하로 깨끗한 지역에서의 벼농사는 수질의 오염원으로 작용하였으며, 관개수중의 질소농도가 2.0 mg $L^{-1}$이고 시비량이 110 kg $ha^{-1}$인 조건에서는 간단관개를 할 경우는 벼농사는 수질을 정화하는 기능이 있었으나 반대로 상시담수를 할 경우는 오염원으로 작용하였다. 질소농도가 3.0 mg $L^{-1}$인 경우는 시비량 110 kg $ha^{-1}$의 조건에서는 벼농사는 수질정화의 기능이 있었지만 시비량이 120 kg $ha^{-1}$로 증가하면 오염원으로 작용하였으며, 관개수중의 질소농도가 6.0 mg $L^{-1}$ 이상으로 비교적 오염된 지역에서는 시비량 120 kg $ha^{-1}$ 까지도 벼농사는 수질을 정화하는 기능을 가지고 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 하지만 이 같은 평가 방법은 앞으로도 지속적인 자료보완과, 요인분석의 세분화를 통해 더욱 정밀한 평가가 가능하도록 추가적인 연구가 추진되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1267-1272
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• 2005

The effect of various moisture contents of fresh forage on the change in nitrogen (N) fractions, in vitro ruminal N degradability, and the subsequent N utilization of silage in sheep were evaluated. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) with high (HM, 76%), medium (MM, 65%) and low (LM, 40%) moisture contents were ensiled into silos of 120 L capacity for 120 days. A nitrogen balance trial was conducted using a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design consisting of four dietary treatments (i.e. fresh forage, HM, MM and LM silages) and four wethers. With respect to N fractions, fraction 1 (buffer solution soluble N), fraction 2 (buffer solution insoluble N-neutral detergent insoluble N), fraction 3 (neutral detergent insoluble N-acid detergent insoluble N), and fraction 4 (acid detergent insoluble N) were determined. The proportion of fraction 1 in silages tended to decrease, while the in vitro ruminal degradability of insoluble N increased (p<0.05) with lower moisture contents at ensiling. Consequently, nitrogen utilization in sheep tended to improve as the moisture content of ensiled grass was decreased, with a negative correlation (p<0.01) between urinary N and the in vitro ruminal degradability of insoluble N. The averaged N retentions for HM, MM, and LM silage treatments were 59, 73 and 79% of that for fresh forage, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1416-1423
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• 2016

This study was designed to investigate the effect of grape pomace powder (GPP), mangosteen peel powder (MPP) and monensin on feed intake, nutrients digestibility, microorganisms, rumen fermentation characteristic, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance in dairy steers. Four, rumen fistulated dairy steers with initial body weight (BW) of $220{\pm}15kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive four treatments. The treatments were as follows: T1 = control, T2 = supplementation with monensin at 33 mg/kg diet, T3 = supplementation with GPP at 2% of dry matter intake, and T4 = supplementation with MPP at 30 g/kg diet. The steers were offered the concentrate diet at 0.2% BW and 3% urea treated rice straw (UTRS) was fed ad libitum. It was found that GPP supplemented group had higher UTRS intake and nutrient digestibility in terms of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber than those in control group (p<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) and blood urea-nitrogen concentration were higher in monensin, GPP and MPP supplemented groups (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acids and propionate in the GPP group were higher than those in the control group (p<0.05) while acetate concentration, and acetate to propionate ratio were decreased (p<0.01) when steers were supplemented with GPP, monensin, and MPP, respectively. Moreover, protozoal populations in GPP, MPP, and monensin supplementation were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05), while cellulolytic bacterial population was significantly higher in the control group (p<0.05). Nitrogen retention, microbial crude protein and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis were found significantly higher in steers that received GPP (p<0.05). Based on this study it could be concluded that the GPP has potential as an alternative feed supplement in concentrate diets which can result in improved rumen fermentation efficiency, digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in steers fed on treated rice straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.689-694
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• 2016

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of either L-methionine (L-Met) or DL-methionine (DL-Met) to diets of starter pigs on nitrogen (N) balance, metabolism, and serum amino acid profile. Eighteen crossbred ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) barrows weighing $15.45{\pm}0.88kg$ were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets with 6 pigs per treatment. The diets included a basal diet (Met-deficient diet) containing 0.24% standardized ileal digestibility Met with all other essential nutrients meeting the pig's requirements. The other two diets were produced by supplementing the basal diet with 0.12% DL-Met or L-Met. The experiment lasted for 18 days, consisting of a 13-day adaptation period to the diets followed by a 5-day experimental period. Pigs were fed ad libitum and free access to water throughout the experiment. Results showed that the supplementation of either L-Met or DL-Met improved N retention, and serum methionine concentration, and decreased N excretion compared with basal diet (p<0.01). The N retention of pigs fed diets supplemented with the same inclusion levels of DL-Met or L-Met were not different (p>0.05). In conclusion, on equimolar basis DL-Met and L-Met are equally bioavailable as Met sources for starter pigs.