• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.245-257
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• 2001

가축사육이 집단화되면서 가축배설물의 축적은 집중화 현상을 초래하게 되었고 또 계속적인 분뇨 분비물의 유출은 환경공해의 요인이 되고 있으며 이는 공공의 걱정거리로 대두되고 있다. 가축분뇨 중에서 질소와 인이 환경공해요인이 되는 가장 중요한 영양소이지만 가축이나 축산시설물에서 발생되는 냄새 역시 공해의 요인이 되고 있다. 급여되는 사료의 영양소효율을 높이는 길이 환경공해를 감소시키는 방법이다. 가장 많은 실험은 닭과 돼지를 대상으로 하여 이루어졌다. 사료첨가제의 이용, 사양방법의 수정 등으로 사료중의 영양소 이용성을 높임으로서 질소와 인의 배출감소는 물론 냄새와 분의 건물함량을 줄일 수 있었다. 1) 합성아미노산 제제를 사료 중에 첨가하고 단백질 수준을 감소시켰을 때 육계의 경우 10∼27%의 질소배출을 기대할 수 있었으며 산란계의 경우 18∼35%, 돼지의 경우 62%, 돼지에서 생성되는 냄새를 9∼43%까지 감소시키는 효과를 기대 할 수 있었다. 2) 사료 중에 효소제를 첨가하였을 때 육계 분의 건물함량을 12∼15% 감소시킬 수 있었다. 3) phytase를 첨가할 경우 분으로 배설되는 인의 함량은 양계의 경우 25∼35%,돼지의 경우 9∼43%까지 감소가 가능했다. 4) 성장촉진제를 이용할 경우 돼지에서 질소의 배설 양을 5∼30% 감소시킬 수 있었으며 냄새는 53∼55%까지 감소가 가능했다. 5) 사료배합을 요구량에 가깝게 하여 급여하였을 때 양계나 양돈의 경우 질소와 인은 각각 10∼15% 감소를 기대 할 수 있었으며 돼지의 냄새는 28∼79%까지 감소가 가능했다. 6) 기별 사양을 철저히 실시함으로서 양계와 양돈의 경우 질소는 10∼33%, 인산은 10∼13%, 그리고 성장 비육돈의 경우 49∼79% 감소를 기대 할 수 있다. 7) 닭이나 돼지의 사료를 배합시 소화율이 높은 곡류를 이용하면 질소와 인의 배설을 5% 감소시킬 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2017

Objective: Two trials were conducted in order to examine the effects of level of supplemental methionine on productive performance, dietary energetic, plasma amino acid concentration, and digestive function. Methods: Dietary treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn-based diet containing urea as the only source of supplemental nitrogen supplemented with no supplemental amino acid (control), or control plus 1.01% lysine and 0.032%, 0.064%, 0.096%, or 0.128% methionine. In Trial 1, 150 Holstein steer calves ($127{\pm}4.9kg$) were utilized to evaluate the influence of treatments on growth-performance, dietary energetic, plasma amino acid concentration during the first 112 days of growing period. During the initial 56-d period calves received the 5 experimental diets. During the subsequent 56-d period all calves were fed the control diet. Results: During the initial 56-d period, methionine supplementation increased (linear effect, p<0.01) plasma methionine. In the presence of supplemental lysine, increases on level of methionine in diet did not affect average daily gain. However, increased gain efficiency (quadratic effect, p = 0.03) and estimated dietary net energy (NE; linear effect, p = 0.05). Estimated metabolizable methionine supply was closely associated ($R^2=0.95$) with efficiency NE utilization for maintenance and gain. During the subsequent 56-d period, when all calves received the control diet (no amino acid supplementation), plasma amino acid concentrations and growth performance was not different among groups. However, the effects of methionine supplementation during the initial 56-period carried over, so that following a 56-d withdrawal of supplementation, the overall 112-d effects on gain efficiency (quadratic effect, p = 0.05) dietary NE (linear effect, $p{\leq}0.05$) remained appreciable. In Trial 2, 5 cannulated Holstein steers were used to evaluate treatment effects on characteristics of digestion and amino acid supply to the small intestine. There were no treatment effects on flow of dietary and microbial N to the small intestine. Postruminal N digestion increased (p = 0.04) with increasing level of supplemental methionine. Methionine supplementation linearly increased (p<0.01) duodenal flow of methionine. Likewise, lysine supplementation increased an average of 4.6% (p = 0.04) duodenal flow of lysine. In steers that received non-supplemented diet, observed intestinal amino acid supply were in good agreement with expected. Conclusion: We conclude that addition of rumen-protected methionine and lysine to diets may enhance gain efficiency and dietary energetics of growing Holstein calves. Observed amino acid supply to the small intestine were in good agreement with expected, supportive of NRC (2000, Level 1).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.301-312
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• 1982

섭취한 식품이나 에너지를 체내에 보유하는데에 효율적인 것으로 알려진 meal feeding급식형태를 이용하여 단백질의 종류와 수준을 달리했을 때 쥐의 성장, 단백질 및 에너지 대사, 체조성에 미치는 영향을 파악코저 하였다. Casein과 ISP를 10, 20 및 30% 수준으로 달리하고 에너지수준을 3600 kcal ME/kg으로 동일하게구성된 실험사료를 82-100 g되는 숫쥐에게 ad libitum feeding및 1 일 2회 2시간씩 meal feeding으로 4주간의 성장시험과 대사시험을 실시하였던 바 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Meal fed 시켰을때 사료섭취량은 ad libitum보다 $66{\sim}86%$로 저하되었으며, 증체량 역시 저하되었다. 그러나 casein 20%와 30% 수준에서는 ad libitum 사료섭취량의 85%에 불과했으나 동일한 증체량을 보였다. 2) 사료효율 및 에너지효율은 급식형태에 의한 통계적 유의차를 인정할 수 없었으며, 특히 casein 20%와 30% 수준에서는 사료및 에너지효율이 ad libitum 보다 me fed시켰을 때에 더 높았다. 3) 총에너지 섭취량, 가소화에너지 및 대사에너지는 ad libitum보다 meal fed시켰을 때에 약간 감소되는 경향이었고 에너지의 소화율이나 이용율은 동일했다. 4) 질소섭취량은 ad libitum보다 meal fed시켰을 때에 통계적으로 유의성 (P<0.05) 있게 적었음에도 불구하고, 질소균형과 질소보유율의 차이에는 유의성을 보이지 않았다. 질소균형 및 보유율은 단백질 10% 수준에서는 ad libitum에서 더 높은 경향이었으나 20%와 30% 수준에서는 오히려 meal fed 시켰을때에 더 높은 경향이었다. 5 ) 7주간의 시험완료 후 도체분석에 의한 체조성은 급식형태에 의한 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 체지방량과 체수분량과는 음의 상관관계 (r = -0 .77)를 보였다. 이상의 결과에 의하면, casein의 경우, 20 % 와 30 % 수준에서 meal feeding에 의한 효과를 확인하였으며 이는 증체의 효과, 사료및 에너지의 이용을 증진의 효과, 질소보유율 증가의 효과, 체지방 축적의 경향을 보였다. 이 같은 경향은 casein군이 ISP군보다 더 효과적이었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.83-90
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• 1979

육계사료의 대사에너지 및 단백질이용성에 미치는 양지. 우지 및 레시친첨가의 영향을 조사하기 위하여 옥수수. 대두박 및 어분을 주로 하는 사료에서 상기 유지가 각각 2% 및 5% 함유하는 사료를 단백질함량과 대사에너지함양이 동일하도록 옥수수와 대치하거나 소맥당을 첨가하여 제조하였다. 육계는 처음 1주일간 시판배합사료를 급여하고 전기 4주간 흑은 후기 3주간에 단백질과 대사에너지 함양이 각각 다른 사료로 사육하여 성장 및 사료요구율을 측정하였다. 또한 전기사료를 급여한 3주령의 마지막 3일간은 분요혼합물과 사료섭취량을 24시간 간격으로 측정하여 전기사료의 에너지이용. 실소축적량 및 지방의 소화율을 조사하였다. 육계의 성장. 사료요구율 및 평균일당 증체량과 사료요구율에 있어서 각 유지사료급여간이나 각 유지 2% 혹은 5% 급여구간에 특별한 경향은 없었고 서로 유사하였다. 대사에너지함양은 전기사료 1g당 2,713-3,059Kcal이었고 총에너지의 대사율은 62-70%로 기초사료급여구가 가장 높았으며 유지 2% 첨가시에 비교하여 5% 첨가시에 낮아지는 경향이 있었으나 유지의 종류에 의한 특별한 경향은 발견되지 않았다. 3주령시에 1일1수가 대사하는 에너지량은 132-168Kcal였으며 유지의 첨가량이 5%로 증가할 때 낮아지는 경향이 있었다. 이때 질소 축적량은 0.631-0.738g이었으며 양지와 우지의 첨가량이 5%로 증가할 때 2% 첨가시에 비교하여 증가하는 경향이 있었으나 레시친의 경우는 그 반대였다. 유지의 소비율에 있어서도 48%로부터 76%의 범위에 있었으나 서로 유의차는 없었고 기초사료급여구가 가장 낮고 양지 및 우지의 경우는 2% 급여시보다 5% 급여시가 높았다. 이러한 값들은 어분중에 함유된 지질과산화물에 기인한다고 추측되었으나 레시친급여구의 유지의 소화율은 2% 급여시와 5% 급여시에 유사한 값을 나타내었다. 이상과 같이 단백지 및 에너지이용에 있어서 양지는 우지와 비슷하였으나 레시친과는 경향이 다르다는 것이 추측되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1276-1281
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• 2001

The feeding values of four indigenous Kenyan sorghum cultivars and the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the utilization of high tannin sorghum by broiler chicks were studied in two 3-week feeding trials. In Experiment 1, one hundred and five broiler chicks (initial average weight 97 g) were randomly assigned to each one of the seven grain-soybean meal diets. The diets consisted of maize [diet 1; no assayable tannin], white sorghum [diet 2; 0.59% catechin equivalents (CE)], cream sorghum [diet 3; 0.94% CE], light brown sorghum [diet 4; 2.71% CE] and dark brown sorghum [diet 5; 3.54% CE]. Diets 6 and 7 were included to test the possibility of overcoming the detrimental effects of sorghum tannins by adding PVP at 0.25% and 0.5% to dark brown sorghum, which resulted in dietary tannin levels of 3.46% and 3.38% CE respectively. In Experiment 2, the effects of tannin on dry matter digestibility (DMD) and nitrogen (N) retention were studied in a 3-week substitution assay in which high tannin sorghum (5% CE) was substituted for white maize at different inclusion levels. Ninety broiler chicks aged 7 days (initial average weight 102 g) were randomly assigned to each one of the six diets. The diets consisted of corn gluten meal and fishmeal as protein sources plus maize [diet 1] and high tannin sorghum at different inclusion levels [diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6], resulting in dietary tannin levels of 0, 1.25%, 1.66%, 2.08%, 2.5% and 3.2% CE respectively. Feed intake, feed efficiency and body weight gain were measured weekly. In Experiment 2, tannin absorption, DMD and N retention were measured on days 19, 20 and 21. The results of Experiment 1 showed that feed intake, feed efficiency and body weight gain were all affected by treatment (p<0.05). Diets 1, 2 and 3 gave similar body weight gains and all were better than diets 4 and 5 (i.e. 504, 517, 473 g, vs. 256, 267 g). Similarly, feed efficiencies were higher (p<0.05) for diets 1, 2 and 3 compared to diets 4 and 5 (0.4, 0.42, 0.39 vs. 0.21, 0.23). When 0.25% PVP was added to the dark brown sorghum (diet 6) there was no significant improvement in chick performance (p>0.05). However, addition of 0.5% PVP (diet 7) resulted in significant improvement (p<0.05) in body weight gain compared to the untreated dark brown sorghum. Overall, PVP did not completely overcome the deleterious effects of tannins. The results of Experiment 2 indicate that sorghum inclusion level and subsequent tannin level had no effect on feed intake, feed efficiency, weight gain, DMD and N retention. The above results suggest that tannin level should be limited to below 2.71% CE in broiler chick diets containing 20% CP and 0.4% methionine. However, in diets with 23% CP and 0.8% methionine tannin level of up to 3.2% will not affect performance. Consequently high tannin sorghum (5% CE) can be used to substitute for white maize by up to 100% in broiler chick diets.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.276-285
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• 2006

오염 하천수 수질개선 연구를 위해 pilot plant 규모의 호기성 생물여과 공정을 이용하여 실제원수를 적용한 경우 유입 공기량을 $0.1m^3air/m^2min$으로 고정하고 EBCT를 90, 60, 45, 30 min으로 운전 시 입자성 물질(SS, Turbidity, Chl.-a)의 경우 EBCT와 관계없이 80% 이상의 처리효율을 나타냈으며 암모니아성 질소의 경우 85% 이상의 처리효율을 보였다. BOD의 경우 하천수수질 환경기준 III-IV 급수로 유입되어 I 급수 미만으로 유출되 본 처리 공법 사용 시 생물학적 안정성을 충분히 확보할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. $COD_{Mn}$의 경우 약 60%의 제거효율을 보여 BOD 제거율에 비해 효율이 저하되는 것으로 나타났는데 이러한 원인을 규명한 결과 전체 COD 물질 중 30% 정도가 반응기 내부에 clogging된 조류에 의해서 발생되는 것으로 조사되었으며 이들 조류기원성 유기물들의 기질 비 소비율이 $0.0245mg{\cdot}COD_{Mn}/mg{\cdot}VSS{\cdot}day$로 생물학적 분해가 거의 되지 않는 것으로 나타나 이에 대한 대책으로 부분역세(partial backwashing)에 대한 필요성이 요구되었다. 이에 부분역세(상부 1 m 여재에 대한 1일 1회 역세)를 통해 BOD 5.5%, $COD_{Mn}$ 10% 정도의 제거율 상승을 얻을 수 있었고 이를 통해 생물학적으로 좀더 안정된 원수 확보가 가능해졌으며 역세 기간의 연장으로 역세수 절감 및 유량 확보 효과를 가져 올 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.981-989
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• 2014

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a mixture of functional oils (Essential, Oligo Basics Agroind. Ltda) on performance response of chickens challenged with coccidiosis and the determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), the coefficients of protein and ether extract digestibility and intestinal morphology of broilers fed with diets containing Essential. In Exp. 1, a completely randomized design (CRD) was used, with one control diet without Essential inclusion with coccidiosis (Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella) challenged birds and two different inclusion rates of Essential (1.5 kg/ton and 2 kg/ton) with coccidiosis-challenged and non-challenged birds for each inclusion rate, using 10 replicates and 50 birds per experimental unit. After 7 d of coccidiosis challenge, the livability was approximately 10% lower (p<0.05) for the control group. Intestinal lesion scores were lower (p<0.05) in the anterior intestine and the cecum for the chickens supplemented. Feed efficiency and growth rate were improved in birds supplemented with Essential (p<0.05) before the coccidiosis challenge and during the first 7 d post infection. In Exp. 2, a CRD was used, with one control diet without Essential inclusion and one diet with inclusion of Essential (1.5 kg/ton), using nine replications and 33 chicks per pen. The diets with Essential yielded approximately 4% higher AME (p = 0.003) and $AME_n$ (p = 0.001). Essential supplementation increased villus height in the jejunum on d 14 (p<0.05). Villus height:crypt depth ratio for the supplemented birds was larger (p<0.05) in the jejunum on d 7, larger (p<0.05) in the jejunum and ileum on d 14. In conclusion, these functional oils improved the energy utilization and the livability and decreased lesions caused by coccidiosis in supplemented birds.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

We experimented on growth in light and production of hydrogen and organic matters in dark fermentation by using C. reinhardtii. In the light, growth rate of C. reinhardtii following $CO_2$ fixation was proportional to consumption rate of nitrogen source. And the starch in cell was accumulated more when the period of culture was lengthened more. But the accumulation rate of starch in cell was decreased when the growth rate of cell become dull. In the dark fermentation, the production volume and production rate of hydrogen were the highest value in the mid exponential state among other states. The utilization efficiency of substrate was better in the early exponential state than other states. In production of organic matters, acetic acid didn't change remarkably and ethanol showed the highest value in early exponential state.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.399-407
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• 2013

Organic grape was generally produced in rainshield or plastic greenhouse culture while most of fruits were produced in open field. But little attention has been given to soil properties with different culture facilities in organic grape cultivation. This study was conducted to investigate soil physico-chemical properties of organic grapes farms with different culture facilities and soil management practices. Organic fertilizer was main resource to manage soil at organic grapes farms. Organic grapes farms were applied with total amount of organic fertilizer at one time, either at basal or additional fertilization, whereas conventional grapes farms applied with split fertilization. Bulk density and penetration resistance of soil were lower at both rainshield and green manure-applied plastic greenhouse cultures than those at clean plastic greenhouse culture. Especially, in plastic greenhouse, sod culture with natural weed after green manure application was more effective than general sod culture in improving physical properties of the rhizosphere. The contents of organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium tended to increase in the soils applied with green manure, and the difference of soil chemical properties were significant between rainshield and plastic greenhouse cultures. The optimum soil management was required in plastic greenhouse because pH, available phosphate and exchangeable cations reached over optimum range. Consequently, the ground cover management is the key factor to affect the chemical properties as well as soil physical properties extensively in plastic greenhouse. It is found that sod culture with natural weed after green manure application resulted in enhancement of utilization efficiency of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium in soil in comparison with general sod culture.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 1969

This experiment was conducted for 4 weeks to compare the feeding values of dried meal of Russian Comfrey and Kale as green feeds with Acacia leaf meal and Ladino clover meal, and to investigate the effects of feeding these on the total cholesterol in blood serum and liver fat content. Seventy-five male chicks of Single Comb White Leghorn were allotted into 5 treatments. Fifteen birds in each treatment were received Russian Comfrey meal, Kale meal, Acasia leaf meal, Ladino clover meal or no dried meal, respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. No significant differences were recognized between the treatments and control in the growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, utilization of nutrients, nitrogen retention and metabolizable energy value. 2. Carotene content in Russian Comfrey and Kale has been decreased as the growing stage advanced, and the leaves of both vegetable contained significantly (p<0.01) more carotene than that in stems. Vitamin C content of leaves was also signifcantly (p<0.01) higher than that in stems, however, vitamin C content has been increased as the growing stage advanced. 3. Toltal cholesterol content in blood serum of the chickens fed the Acacia leaf meal or Russian Comfrey meal was significantly (p<0.05) lower than Ladino clover meal fed group or those received no green feeds. Kale seems to decrease cholesterol content a little. Above results indicated that Acacia leaf and Russian Comfrey might contain certain substances that would depressing the cholesterol content. 4. No significant differences in the liver fat were discovered among the treatment but it was observed that liver fat was decreased as the cholesterol content increased.