• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.265-273
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• 1995

This investigation is carried out to clarify the cycles of nitrogen in the grassland ecosystems of Zoysia japonica and a Miscanthus sinensis on Mt. Kwanak. The hasic differential equation for the rate of change of nitrogen storage is illustrated hy huild-up and turnover of organic nitrogen, particularly in the ecosystems. The turnover velocity fractions of nitrogen for the Z. japonica and M .sinensis grasslands were k= 0. 181 and k=0. 166, respectively. The times required to reach 50, 95 and 99 percent of the steady state levels and turnover values of nitrogen on the grassland floors were 3.85, 16.67 and 27.78 years in the Z japonica grassland and 4.08, 17.65 and 29.41 years in the M sinensis grassland. The amount of annual cycles of nitrogen are 560.2 g /$m^2$ in the Z.japonica grassland and 654.1 g /$m^2$ in the M. sinensis grassland. Key words : Zsysia japonica Alisca nthus sinensis, Mt. Kivanak, Nitrogen cycle.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.6
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• pp.79-87
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• 1965

The contents of insoluble protein nitrogen, water soluble protein nitrogen anti peptides' nitrogen were determined of the samples which were taken in seven and half hours intervals during soybean-koji preparation to study changes of soybean protein, and the contents of total nitrogen and amino nitrogen were measured for the fractions resulting from molecular sieving by using Dowex 50 having various cross linkages for the peptides from soybean-koji extracts. As the results of the studies, The followings were obtained: 1. The contents of insoluble protein nitrogen and peptides' nitrogen are fairy constant at the earlier stage, where the former decreased and the latter increased markedly as mycelia grow, then rate of the decreases and the increases of them become lower at later stage after sporulation. The contents of water soluble protein are also constant at the earlier stage until covering of mycelia over the koji and increased since then until the stage of sporulation and then decreased at the later stage. 2. The amount of peptides nitrogen in each fraction obtained by the molecular sieving was almost constant at the earlier stage and the values in fractions of X-16, X-12, X-8. X-4 and X-2 increased considerably together as mycelia grow. Then the values in the fractions showed almost plateaux, after sporulalion, where the effluent fraction showed markedly increased values throughout mycelia growth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2007

Nitrogen compounds in municipal wastewater can be divided into biodegradable and nonbiodegradable fractions with biodegradability. Biodegradable nitrogen compounds can be removed through biological nitrification and denitrification processes, and nonbiodegradable nitrogen compounds affect the effluent quality of biological nutrient removal processes. The amount of nitrifiable nitrogen compounds, which are the sum of ammonia and biodegradable organic nitrogen, has been estimated by respirometry. Respirometry shows good estimation of the concentration of nitrifiable nitrogen when a synthetic sample of ammonium chloride is dosed. The estimated concentration of nitrifiable nitrogen compounds in municipal wastewater is close to ammonia concentration in municipal wastewater, but it is lower than that for the synthetic sample. If nitrogen assimilated into cell synthesis of nitrifiers and heterotrophs is considered, the total amounts of nitrifiable nitrogen compounds, which are nitrified and assimilated, could be more accurately estimated. The concentration of nitrifiable nitrogen compounds, which are biodegradable, is about 31 mg N/l, and this is 119% of ammonia and 94% of total nitrogen. Ammonia, nitrate, biodegradable organic nitrogen, and nonbiodegradable nitrogen are about 79%, 1%, 15%, and 5% of the total nitrogen in municipal wastewater, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.471-478
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• 2011

The objectives were to compare the ability of various rumen microbial fractions to reduce nitrate and to assess the effect of nitrate on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Physical and chemical methods were used to differentiate the rumen microbial population into the following fractions: whole rumen fluid (WRF), protozoa (Pr), bacteria (Ba), and fungi (Fu). The three nitrogen substrate treatments were as follows: no supplemental nitrogen source, nitrate or urea, with the latter two being isonitrogenous additions. The results showed that during 24 h incubation, WRF, Pr and Ba fractions had an ability to reduce nitrate, and the rate of nitrate disappearance for the Pr fraction was similar to the WRF fraction, while the Ba fraction needed an adaptation period of 12 h before rapid nitrate disappearance. The WRF fraction had the greatest methane ($CH_4$) production and the Pr fraction had the greatest prevailing $H_2$ concentration (p<0.05). Compared to the urea treatment, nitrate diminished net gas and $CH_4$ production during incubation (p<0.05), and ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) concentration (p<0.01). Nitrate also increased acetate, decreased propionate and decreased butyrate molar proportions (p<0.05). The Pr fraction had the highest acetate to propionate ratio (p<0.05). The Pr fraction as well as the Ba fraction appears to have an important role in nitrate reduction. Nitrate did not consistently alter total VFA concentration, but it did shift the VFA profile to higher acetate, lower propionate and lower butyrate molar proportions, consistent with less $CH_4$ production by all microbial fractions.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.197-200
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• 2006

We analyzed total protein (TP), albumin (AL), aspartic aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine (CRE) and serum protein electrophoretic fractions in sera of rural elderly patients to evaluate the health status in rural elderly patients. We observed that the frequencies of patients showed lower level of total protein, albumin, and both total protein and albumin than them of reference range were 20.3%, 22.8% and 19.0%, respectively. The rates of patients showed higher level of AST, ALT, both of AST and ALT, UN, creatinine and both of UN and creatinine than them of reference range were 33.8%, 40.0%, 30.0%, 17.7%, 15.2% and 7.9%, respectively. Comparison of protein fractions of each patient to reference range showed that 77.2% of patients showed normal in all of patterns. Few of patients showed abnormal pattern in albumin (13.6%), ${\alpha}1-globulin (0.0%),\;{\alpha}_2-g10bulin(1.1%),\;{\beta}-globulin(1.9%)\;and\;{\gamma}-globulin(6.2%)$. These data suggest that many of rural elderly patients may suffer from heart, liver and kidney diseases. The serum protein fractions are not typical criterion to evaluate the disease, but production of proteins in rural elderly patients may be affected by liver disease and kidney disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.719-723
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• 2010

Ingestion of forage containing a large quantity of soluble oxalate can result in calcium deficiency and even death of livestock. Fertilization is one of the most practical and effective ways to improve yield and nutritional quality of forage. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization (150, 300 and 600 kg/ha) across varying levels (150, 300 and 600 kg/ha) of potassium (K) on oxalate accumulation in napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum). Application of N at 300 kg/ha produced higher dry matter yield than at 150 or 600 kg/ha, while K fertilization had no effect on yield. In general, N fertilization did not affect the soluble and total oxalate contents, but slightly affected the insoluble oxalate content. Soluble oxalate content showed an increasing trend and insoluble oxalate content showed a decreasing trend with increasing K level, but total oxalate content remained relatively constant. There were significant interactions between N and K fertilization for the content of soluble and insoluble oxalate fractions. The greatest increase in soluble oxalate content with N level at 300 kg/ha was found at the high level (600 kg/ha) of K application. The greatest increase in insoluble oxalate content with N level at 600 kg/ha was found at the low level (150 kg/ha) of K application. These results indicated the possibility of controlling the content of soluble and insoluble oxalate fractions in forage by fertilization.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.406-414
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• 1995

Nitrogen(N) concentration of preterm(PT) and term (T) milk in various fractions, such as total, protein, nonprotein, whey protein and casein were determined at 2-5 days, 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of postpartum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nitrogen concentration of human milk from mothers delivering at preterm and term, and the propriety of preterm milk for premature infants. The concentration of total N, nonprotein N, protein N, whey protein N and casein N in preterm milk was decreased significantly with time postpartum. Total N was 374mg/이 at colostrum, 232mg/dl at mature milk. Whey protein N was decreased from 42mg/dl at 2-5 days to 32mg/dl at 4-6 weeks. Protein N was 332mg/dl at colostrum, 202mg/dl at mature milk. The proportion of whey protein N and casein N were 39:61 at colostrum, 28:72 at mature milk. No difference were found between T and PT milk for total nitrogen excepted 2 weeks. In this report we show that nitrogen concentration except casetpt casein N is smaller in milk from mothers giving birth prematurely than in milk from mothers giving birth at term, over the first two weeks of lactationl But protein N was higher in preterm milk than term milk, whey protein nitrogen was lower. By comparing predicted nitrogen intakes to estimated requirements of preterm infants fed 150 to 200ml/kg/day of their own mother's milk, we predict that the quantities of protein provided would be adequate to meet the requirements of the prematured infants during the early weeks of life.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.167-172
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• 2009

The protective effects of Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) against oxidative stress in diabetic rats were investigated. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats using alloxan (150 mg/kg i.p). After the administration of PM fractions for two weeks the diabetic symptoms, nephropathy and renal antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. The results showed that the oral PM treatments reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. The PM fractions decreased kidney hypertrophy and diminished blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in diabetic rats. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation marker, was increased in diabetic animals, but was suppressed by the PM treatments. In addition, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and glutathione (GSH) level in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats were significantly decreased compared with those in the normal rats, but were restored by PM treatments. The PM fractions also suppressed the level of MDA in the kidney. In conclusion, the anti hyperglycemic and anti-nephropathy of P. macrocarpa may be correlated to the increased renal antioxidant enzyme activity in the kidney.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.149-155
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• 2003

Objectives of this research were to fractionate heavy metals in soil samples in the upper Okdong River basin and to assess the potential pollution index of each metal fraction. Soil samples were collected from cultivated land soils and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. pH of cultivated soils ranged from 5.2 to 7.6. Contents of total kelhaldal nitrogen and loss on ignition were in the ranges of 0.6∼2.5%, and 1.9∼12.9%, respectively. Heavy metals in the cultivated land soils were higher in the abandoned closed coal mine near field soils than those in the paddy soils. Total concentrations of metals in the cultivated land soils were in the orders of Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd, exceed the corrective action level of the Soil Environment Conservation Law and higher than the naturals were abundance levels reported from uncontaminated cultivated land soils. Mobile fractions of metals were relatively small compared to the total concentrations. Soil Pollution Assesment Index(SPAI) values of each fraction of metals were leveled from Non polluted to Moderately polluted based on total concentrations. SPAI values of mobil fractions were lower than those of immobile fractions. Results on metal fractions and SPAI values of the cultivated land soils indicate that field soils samples were contaminated with heavy metals and had potential to cause a detrimental effects on plants. A prompt countermeasure to prevent field soils in the abandoned closed coal mine near fields are urgently needed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.435-439
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• 2008

Due to the fact that tocopherols and tocotrienols have antioxidant and anticancer properties, the commercial utilization of unsaponifiable fractions in rice bran is increasing. These nutraceutical compounds, however, are fairly unstable and readily break down when exposed to oxygen or lighting conditions. To compare the relative sensitivity of vit E isomers to heat and oxygen, concentrated unsaponifiable fractions extracted from crude rice bran oil were exposed to various temperature, oxygen (nitrogen-balanced), and bathing solvent conditions and resultant concentration changes in ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3) were evaluated. Each isomer exhibited different heat stability. Among them, ${\alpha}$-T3 degraded more rapidly compared to other vit E isomers while ${\alpha}$-T was the most stable isomer. Oxygen level also showed significant impact on each isomer's stability where severe reductions of ${\gamma}$-T (by 20%) and ${\gamma}$-T3 (by 29%) were observed under 2% oxygen conditions, while under 0% oxygen conditions no degradation could be observed even after exposure to $95^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. When various blending solvents were mixed with concentrated unsaponifiable fractions, organic solvents such as isooctane and hexane were more effective in maintaining the stability of ${\gamma}$- T3 compared to edible oils, among which com oil was more efficient than soybean and rice bran oils.