• 대한화학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 2004

초임계 이산화탄소 용매에서의 (벤질렌)삼페닐 인 일리드 화합물의 카르보닐 화합물과의 Wittig 반응을 연구하였다. 소량의 조용매 (THF, 5%)를 첨가한 이산화탄소 (24 mL 용기)에 녹인 (벤질렌)삼페닐 인 일리드 (약 1 mmol)를 여러 방향족 알데히드와 초임계 조건(80 $^{\circ}C$, 2,000 psi) 에서 2시간 반응시켜 올레핀 화합물을 좋은 수율로 얻을 수 있었다. 새로운 조건에서의 반응은 기존 용매 (THF)에서의 반응보다는 약간 느리게 나타났으나 생성물의 (E)- 와 (Z)-이성체 비율에 차이가 있었다. 두 이성체가 함께 생성되는 반응의 경우 (Z)-이성체의 비율이 증가하였다. 반면 t-butylcyclohexanone과 같은 케톤과의 반응은 두 조건에서 모두 낮은 전환을 보였다. 이 연구를 통하여 이산화탄소에서의 Wittig 반응이 초임계 조건에서 좋은 수율로 이루어지며 이 새로운 용매의 사용으로 반응선택성의 변화가 가능할 수 있다는 초기 결과를 얻었다. 이 결과는 Wittig 반응과 같은 유용한 유기반응을 친환경 용매 (이산화탄소)에서 수행할 수 있도록 전환하는데 좋은 자료가 될 수 있다고 본다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.276-287
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• 2006

Background & Objective : The herbal medicine Sojukgunbihwan granule has been used for the treatment of functional dyspepsia, generally categorized as a gastric dysmotility disease. However, its mechanisms are not yet well known. Therefore, the effects of Sojukgunbihwan granules on gastric motility in rats was investigated. Methods : The myoelectrical activity of the gastric smooth muscle was recorded by a bipolar electrode placed at the gastric antrum of rats. The contractile waves were measured for 30 minutes before and after intragastric administration of each solution(normal saline, Pyungwisan 40mg/kg, Sojukgunbihwan granules 60mg/kg) and expressed as the motility index. Gastric emptying was measured by the number of glass beads expelled from the stomach(containing one hundred 1mm glass beads) within an hour after glass beads and test drugs(normal saline, Pyungwisan 40mg/kg, Pyungwisan 120mg/kg, Sojukgunbihwan granules 60mg/kg, Sojukgunbihwan granules 180mg/kg) were administered. In another series of experiments to evaluate the mechanisms of Sojukgunbihwan granules under delayed conditions, the rats were treated with atropine sulfate(1 mg/kg, s.c.), cisplatin(10mg/kg, i.p.), and NAME($N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 75mg/kg, s.c.) respectively. Results : Intragastric administration of Sojukgunbihwan granules increased the myoelectrical activity significantly, gastric motility index rose 25%, and gastric emptying of glass beads was significantly enhanced over a period of 60minutes. Under the delayed gastric emptying induced by atropine sulfate, cisplatin, and NAME, Sojukgunbihwan granules aggravated gastric emptying in the atropine sulfate($5.71{\pm}3.45\;vs\;3.71{\pm}4.42$) and cisplatin($13.86{\pm}3.53\;vs\;5.14{\pm}5.05$, p<0.01) treated groups, but enhanced gastric emptying in the NAME treated group($5.00{\pm}3.21\;vs\;11.71{\pm}5.65$, p<0.05). Conclusions : Results suggest that Sojukgunbihwan granules stimulate gastric motility through cholinergic and 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptors. Results are indicative of Sojukgunbihwan as an especially effective remedy in dysmotility-like functional dyspepsia with impaired reservoir functions such as gastric adaptive relaxation.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.175-202
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• 2004

Nitric oxide(NO) play an important role in normal and pathophysiological cells including as a messenger molecule, neurotransmitter, microbiocidal agent, or dilator of blood vessels and artheriosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, respectively. To investigate that Ondamtang in the potential contribution of the levels of nitric oxide generated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the mechanisms of protection against L-NAME, human ECV304 cells, which normally do not express eNOS, were expressed by L-NAME. L-NAME stimulated rat or cells were found to be resistant to injury and delayed death following the Ondam-tang. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis abolished the protective effect against L-NAME, thrombin and collagen exposure. Interestingly, such effects have bee observed during stimulation with agents such as KCl on L-NAME mediate rats, were damaged by the NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Cardiovascular diseases is one of the blood vessels and renin-angiotensin system dynfunction. So we studied on herbal medicine that have a relation of vessels endothelium necrosis. In Oriental Medicine, Ondam-tang has been used for disease in relation to cardiovascular system. We studied on the protection and inhibitory effects of cardiovascular diseases in L-NAME induced rat or ECV304 cell lines through the Cell morphological pattern, Tunel assay, LDH activity, heart rate, blood pressure and immunohistochemistric analysis by Ondam-tang. As the result of this study, In group, the anti-apoptosis and necrosis in the cardiovascular system have a potential capacity for prevented, protected and treating the diseases of cardiovascular system, against the necrosis of rat and ECV304 cells with eNOS and calpain expression by L-NAME is promoted.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2010

본 연구는 맥주제조공장에서 발생하는 주정오니의 영양염류 용출특성 및 폐수중 존재하는 카드뮴(Cd)이온에 대한 흡착특성을 알아보고 이를 통하여 생물흡착제의 적용가능성을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 흡착실험에 사용된 흡착제는 회화를 하지 않은 원시료(M-Raw)와 $300^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$로 회화된 시료를 준비하여 증류수를 이용하여 용출실험을 하였으며 그 결과 원시료(M-Raw)의 경우 수중에 용출된 인 질소의 양은 $400^{\circ}C$로 회화시킨 시료(M-400)에 비해 각각 7배, 11배 이상의 용출량을 나타내었으며 이는 회화로 인하여 시료를 구성하고 있는 관능기가 대기중으로 방출되어 수중에 용출되는 양이 감소한 결과로 생각된다. TGA를 이용한 회화 실험결과 $260^{\circ}C\sim380^{\circ}C$범위에서는 급격한 무게감량이 일어 났으며, $380^{\circ}C$ 이후에는 완만한 무게감량이 일어나는 것을 볼 수 있는데 이는 생물흡착제를 구성하고 있는 성분들(cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin)의 서로 다른 분해온도로 인한 결과 로 생각된다. 또한, 회화 전 후의 표면변화를 관찰한 결과 회화를 거치지 않은 시료는 표면이 거칠고 불순물이 존재하는 반면, 회화를 끝낸 시료의 경우 표면의 불순물이 제거되고, 동시에 표면의 갈라짐을 관찰할 수 있었다. 회화 전 후의 생물흡착제 표면변화 및 특성을 알아보기 위하여 미세영상장비와 FT-IR을 사용한 결과, 회화온도가 올라갈수록 흡착제표면의 갈라짐이 관찰되었으며 관능기의 개수는 점차로 줄어드는 결과를 나타내었다. 회화 전 후 시료의 FT-IR 분석결과 회화전 시료의 경우 3300 $cm^{-1}$ 부근에서 hydroxyl group 이 나타났으며 1080~1730 $cm^{-1}$ 범위에서는 여려종류의 관능기를 관찰할 수 있었다. 회화 전 1600~1080 $cm^{-1}$ 부근에서 관찰된 primary amine, secondary amine, aliphatic nitro compounds, aromatic phosphate 등의 작용기는 회화 온도가 증가할수록 spectrum이 점차로 줄어드는 결과를 나타내었다. 중금속 흡착 실험결과 본 실험에서 사용된 생물흡착제의 카드뮴이온 제거율은 농도위 20 mg/L 이하에서 60~91%로 나타났으며, 흡착 평형을 이루는 시간은 3시간이 소요되었다. 실험결과를 Freundlich 및 Langmuir 모델에 적용시킨 결과 Langmuir 모델에 더 잘 부합되는 결과를 나타내었으며, 최대흡착량($Q_{max}$)은 회화를 시키지 않은 시료(M-Raw)의 경우 28.17 mg/g으로 매우 높은 수준을 나타내었다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2008

Background & Objective : Naeso-san(NSS) has been used for the treatment of functional dyspepsia, regarded as a gastric dysmotility disease. A main cause of gastric dysmotility is antral dilatation or antroduodenal uncoordination. Therefore, we investigated the effect of NSS on gastric motility and its mechanism of action, as well as the morphologic changes in antral dilatated rats. Methods : Antral dilatated rats were induced by wrapping a nonabsorbable rubber ring(D:6mm, W:4mm, T:1mm) around the 1st portion of the duodenum for 8 weeks. Then morphologic changes were investigated and compared with normal intact rats before and after 8 weeks. Gastric emptying was measured by administration of normal saline(NS) or NSS in normal intact and antral dilatated rats. In another series of experiments to evaluate the mechanism of NSS under delayed conditions, normal intact rats were treated with atropine sulfate(1mg/kg, s.c.), quinpirole HCl(0.3mg/kg, i.p.), $NAME(N^{G}-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester, 75mg/kg, s.c.) and cisplatin(10mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. The myoelectrical activity of the gastric smooth muscle was recorded in normal intact and antral dilatated rats. The contractile waves were measured for 30 minutes before and after administration of each solution(NS, NSS). Results : Body weight gain of antral dilatated rats was significantly lower than that of the controls. Futhermore, we found the thickness of the mucosal and muscular layers and surface area of the stomach increased significantly compared with controls. NSS 278㎎/㎏ improved gastric emptying more than normal saline or NSS 93mg/kg in normal intact(p=0.026) and antral dilatated rats(p=0.03). NSS enhanced gastric emptying significantly in the NAME treated group(p=0.002). NSS 278mg/kg increased the significant postprandial dominant power than that of NS in normal intact rats, whereas there was no statistical significance in antral dilatated rats. Conclusions : NSS stimulates gastric motility through the cholinergic pathway. We expect that pathologic model with antral dilatation can be used as an exprimental tool which is similar to dyspepsia and NSS would be effective especially in dysmotility-like functional dyspepsia with antral dilatation or impaired reservoir functions such as gastric adaptive relaxation.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.182-198
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• 2005

Object : This study was designed to research whether the protection and inhibitory effects of cardiovascular diseases in L-NAME induced rat or ECV 304 cell lines through the Cell morphological pattern, Tunel assay, LDH activity, heart rate, blood pressure and immunohistochemistric analysis by Boonsimgieum water extract Methods : Nitric oxide(NO) play an important role in normal and pathophysiological cells including as a messenger molecule, neurotransmitter, microbiocidal agent, or dilator of blood vessels and artheriosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, respectively. Endothelial cell products can modulate the magnitude of a response to a vasoconstrictor, as evinced by the greater constriction after endothelium removal or NO synthesis blockade. To investigate that Boonsimgieum in the potential contribution of the levels of nitric oxide generated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the mechanisms of protection against NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), human ECV 304 cells, which normally do not express eNOS, were expressed by L-NAME. L-NAME stimulated rat or cells were found to be resistant to injury and delayed death following the Boonsimgieum. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis abolished the protective effect against L-NAME, thrombin and collagen exposure. Interestingly, such effects have been observed during stimulation with agents such as phenylephrine and KCl on L-NAME mediate rats, were damaged by the NOS inhibitor L-NAME. Result : As the result of this study, In group, the anti-apoptosis and necrosis in the cardiovascular system have a potential capacity for prevented, protected and treating the diseases of cardiovascular system, against the necrosis of rat and ECV 304 cells with Caspase 3 and calpain expression by L-NAME is promoted. Conclusion : these results demonstrate neuroprotective and memory enhancing effects of ZIBU, suggesting its beneficial actions for the treatment of AD.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1996

The present study was aimed to investigate the role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) in the control of renin release and to examine if NO is implicated in the development of two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats $(150{\sim}200\; g)$ were constricted at the left renal artery. They were then supplemented with $N^{G}-nitro-L-arginine\;methyl\;ester\;(L-NAME,\; 5mg/100\;mL)$ or with L-arginine hydrochloride (400 mg/100 mL) in the drinking water. The control group was supplied with normal tap water. The sham-clipped rats were operated as in 2K1C rats except for that no clip was made. The kidneys were taken to examine in vitro release of renin at days 7 and 14 following clipping the renal artery. Northern blot analysis was also done to assess the expression of renin gene in the kidney. In sham-clipped rats, L-NAME caused a sustained increase of the blood pressure, whereas L-arginine was without effect. Neither L-NAME nor L-arginine-supplementation significantly affected the development of hypertension in 2K1C rats. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) measured on day 28 did not significantly differ among the L-NAME, L-arginine and control groups either in 2K1C or in sham-clipped rats. Renin contents (RRC) in the clipped kidney were increased, while those in the contralateral kidney were decreased. The release of renin in vitro from cortical slices was also enhanced in the clipped kidney, whereas it was attenuated in the contralateral. Comparing the RRC and in vitro release, the latter was more rapidly decreased than the former in the contralateral kidney. The renin mRNA levels in the contralateral kidney were almost at their nadir at days 7 and 14 in 2K1C rats. It is suggested that NO does not affect the development of 2K1C hypertension in which the renin-angiotensin system has been activated. The data also confirm that RRC and renin gene expression are increased in the clipped kidney and suppressed in the contralateral kidney in 2K1C rats.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.107-118
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was aimed to investigated the effect of Yijin-tang on gastric motility and its mechanism of action in normal intact and partial pyloric obstructed rats. Methods : Gastric emptying was measured by the number of glass beads expelled from the stomach (containing one hundred of glass beads. ${\phi}1mm$) in 1 hour or 2 hours after glass beads and test drugs (normal saline. Yijin-tang 90mg/kg. Yijin-tang 270mg/kg) administration in normal intact and partial pyloric obstructed rats. In another series of experiments to evaluate the mechanism of Yijin-tang 270mg/kg under delayed conditions, normal intact rats were treated with atropine sulfate (1mg/kg,s.c.), cisplatin (10mg/kg,i.p.), quinpirole HCI (0.3mg/kg,i.p.) and NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. 75mg/ kg,s.c.), respectively. Partial pyloric obstructed rats were modified by wrapping the nonabsorbable rubber ring (D :6mm, W:4mm, T: 1mm) around the 1st portion of the duodenum for 8 weeks. The myoelectrical activity of the gastric smooth muscle was recorded by a bipolar electrode placed at the abdominal surface in normal intact and partial pyloric obstructed rats. The gastric myoelectrical activity was measured for 30 minutes before and after orogastric administration of each solution (normal saline, Yijin-tang 270mg/kg) and expressed as dominant frequency, percent of normogastria and power ratio. Results : Yijin-tang improved gastric emptying more than normal saline in normal intact(p<0.001) and partial pyloric obstructed rats(p=0.002). Under the delayed gastric emptying induced by atropine sulfate, cisplatin, quinpirole HCI and NAME. Yijin-tang enhanced gastric emptying significantly in the cisplatin treated group(p<0.001). but didn't in other treated groups. Administration of Yijin-tang 270mg/kg has no significant effect on the myoelectrical activity of the gastric smooth muscle in both normal intact rats and partial pyloric obstructed rats. Conclusions : Yijin-tang seems to stimulate the gastric motility through suppressing the 5HT3 receptor and promoting the antroduodenal flow. We expect that Yijin-tang would be effective especially in dysmotility-like functional dyspepsia with partial pyloric obstruction or the side effects of cisplatin such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and delay of gastric emptying.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2004

체외수정 후 체외배양48시간에 난구세포의 제거 유ㆍ무에 따라 CR/sub 1aa/ 배양액에 homoglobin을 0, 1, 5 ㎍/㎖를 첨가한 구의 상실배기 이상 체외발육성 적은 난구세포를 제거한 구에서 23.8%, 33.3% 및 26.8% 였으며, 난구세포를 제거하지 않은 구에서는 각각 39.5%, 54.8% 및 48.8%로서 난구세포를 제거하지 않은 구에 Hb를 1 ㎍/㎖를 첨가한 구가 여타구보다 통계적으로 높은 결과를 얻었다(P<0.05). 체외수정 후 체외배양 96시간 후 난구세포를 제거 유ㆍ무에 따라 Hb를 0, 1, 5 ㎍/㎖를 첨가하였을 때, 상실배기 이상 체외발육성적은 난구세포를 제거한 구에서 각각 28.6%, 46.2% 및 39.1%였으며, 난구세포를 제거하지 않은 구에서는 각각 33.9%, 67.2% 및 46.0%로서, 난구세포를 제거하지 않은 구에 Hb를 1 ㎍/㎖를 첨가구가 여타구에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). CR/sub 1aa/ 배양액에 L-NAME를 0, 10, 50 및 100 mM을 첨가한 구에서 상실배 이상 발육된 체외발육성적은 각각 55.6%, 64.9%, 58.8% 및 66.7%로써 L-NAME 첨가구가 무첨가구에 비해 커다란 차이가 나타나지 않았다(P>0.05). 모든 처리구에 배반포까지 발육된 체외수정란의 세포수에는 커다란 차이가 인정되지 않았다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.1295-1301
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• 2009

본 연구는 더덕의 돌연변이원성, 항돌연변이원성, 세포독성, 항종양 효과를 조사하기 위해서 수행되었다. 더덕을 70% 에탄올로 추출하여 추출용매에 따라 핵산, 클로로포름, 에틸아세테이트, 부탄올과 물 층으로 분획하였다. Ames test assay, SRB assay와 sarcoma-180 세포를 이용한 항종양 실험을 실시하였다. Ames test 결과, 더덕 에탄올 추출물은 돌연변이원성을 나타내지 않았다. 더덕 에틸아세테이트분획물은(200 ${\mu}g$/plate) 4NQO에 대하여 S. Typhimurium TA98과 TA100에서 각각 72.1% 및 67.0%의 억제율을 나타내었으며, MNNG에 대한 S. Typhimurium TA100은 69.6%의 억제율을 나타내었다. 더덕 추출물 및 분획물의 암세포성장 억제효과를 살펴보기 위해 인간 자궁경부암세포(HeLa), 인간 간암세포(HepG2), 인간 유방암세포(MCF-7), 인간 폐암세포(A549) 및 인간 신장정상세포(293)를 사용하였다. 더덕 에틸아세테이트 분획물을 1 mg/mL의 농도로 처리하였을 때 각각 74.5%(HeLa), 70.7%(MCF-7) 및 80.3%(A549)의 가장 높은 억제활성을 나타내었다. 반면에 인간 정상 신장세포(293)에서는 2$\sim$31%의 세포독성을 나타내었다. In vivo에서 더덕 추출물 및 분획물의 항암 효과를 검토하기 위하여 Balb/c 마우스에 sarcoma-180 종양세포로 고형암을 유발시켰다. 그 결과 더덕 에틸아세테이트 분획물의 최고농도 50 mg/kg에서 56.4%의 고형암 성장 억제 효과를 나타내었고, 이는 다른 추출물 및 분획물 중에서 가장 높은 억제율이었다.