• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
• /
• 2012.03a
• /
• pp.43-43
• /
• 2012

본 연구에서는 대량으로 손쉽게 구 할 수 있는 식물염료를 확보하여 새로운 천연색소자원을 탐색하기 위해서 진행되었으며, 시료의 최적 추출 조건을 확립하고 추출된 색소의 실크에 대한 염색 특성을 살펴 최적 염색조건을 설정하고, 염색견뢰도를 평가하여 수수 등겨 추출물의 천연색소로의 활용에 대한 기초 자료를 마련하고자 하였다. 수수 색소 추출 시 생산성과 편리성을 고려하여 추출은 pH 4, 추출온도 $60^{\circ}C$, 추출시간 24시간이 적정조건으로 제시되었으며, 수수 추출물에 함유되어 있는 탄닌의 최대흡수파장은 282nm로 나타났다. 견직물의 pH에 따른 염색 특성은 pH가 증가할수록 K/S값이 증가하여 염착량이 증가하였으며, 염색온도가 높을수록 염색시간이 길어질수록 염착량이 증가하는 경향을 보여주고 있다, 염색온도가 높을수록 염색시간이 경과될수록 색상은 $Y{\rightarrow}YR$로 변화되는 것을 알 수 있었으며 염색온도가 높을수록 채도가 증가하였다. 욕비가 클수록 염착량은 감소하였으나, 채도는 약간 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 매염제 처리에 의한 색상변화에서는 Al, Ni 매염은 색상변화는 적었지만, Cu와 Fe 매염은 명도와 채도를 크게 감소시키고 아울러 색상도 Cu는 적갈색으로 Fe는 진회색으로 변화되었다. Sn과 Ti 매염에 의해서 명도는 약간 감소하고 채도는 약간 상승하여 연한 주황색으로 색상이 변화하였다. 설정된 조건에서 염색된 염색포의 일광견뢰도는 2~3급, 세탁견뢰도 변퇴색은 2~3급, 오염은 4~5급으로 나타났다. Fe로 매염된 염색포의 일광견뢰도는 증가하여 3~4급으로 나타났으며, 매염제 처리에 의한 세탁 견뢰도는 같거나 약간 증가되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2009

Since heavy metal pollution is a significant global environmental problem and very dangerous to human health, the improved methods for detecting heavy metals are required recently. Colorimetric chemosensors are now considered as one of the most effective analytical method used in the environment monitoring. New direct dyes having the function of colorimetric chemosensors were synthesized. When metal ions such as $Al^{3+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, $Cr^{3+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Fe^{3+}$, $Hg^{2+}$, $Li^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $Ni^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ were added each solution of new direct dyes, the color of solution was changed and can be easily detected with naked eyes without expensive experimental equipment such as atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma?mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The new benzidine analogues were diazotized and reacted with couplers such as H-acid, J-acid, Chromotropic acid, Nevill-winther acid and gamma acid to synthesize new direct dyes. The structures of the new direct dyes were confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometer (FAB ionization) and evaluated with UV-Vis spectroscopy. The UV-VIS spectroscopy was measured for the dye solutions by adding various concentrations of metal ions. It was observed that the absorbance in UV-Vis spectra was changed as the heavy metal ions were added.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.122-130
• /
• 2017

The main purpose of the study was to clarify the properties of individual particles collected at each behavior space of a factory worker. The samplings of size-segregated ($PM_{2.1-1.1}$ and $PM_{4.7-3.3}$) indoor particles were conducted at three different behavior spaces of a factory worker who is engaged in an auto parts manufacturing plant (i.e., his home, his work place in factory, and his favorite restaurant). Elemental specification (i.e., relative elemental content and distribution in and/or on individual particles) was performed by a micro-PIXE system. Every element detected from the coarse particulate matters of home was classified into three groups, i.e., a group of high net-counts (Na, Al, and Si), a group of intermediate net-counts (Mg, S, Cl, K, and Ca), and a group of minor trace elements (P, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb). The results of EF for $PM_{4.7-3.3}$ in home indicated that several heavy metals were generated from the sources within the house itself. An exceptional feature shown in the individual particles in workplace is that Cr, Mn, and Co were clearly detected in both fine and coarse particles. Cluster analysis suggested that the individual coarse particles ($PM_{4.7-3.3}$) collected at the indoor of factory were chemically heterogeneous and they modified with sea-salt, mineral, and artificially derived elements. The principal components in individual coarse particles collected at restaurant were sea-salt and mineral without mixing with harmful trace elements like chromium and manganese. Compared to the indoor fine particles of home and restaurant, many elements, especially, Cl, Na, Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn showed overwhelmingly high net-counts in those of factory.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.309-316
• /
• 2006

The $SnO_{2}$ thin film sensors were fabricated by a thermal oxidation method. $SnO_{2}$ thin film sensors were treated in $N_{2}$ atmosphere. The sensors with $O_{2}$ treatment after $N_{2}$ treatment showed 70 % sensitivity for 1 ppm $H_{2}S$ gas, which is higher than the sensors with only $O_{2}$ treatment. The Ni metal was evaporated on Sn thin film on the $Al_{2}O_{3}$ substrate. And the sensor was heated to grow the Sn nanowire in the tube furnace with $N_{2}$ atmosphere. Sn nanowire was thermally oxidized in $O_{2}$ environments. The sensitivity of $SnO_{2}$ nanowire sensor was measured at 500 ppb $H_{2}S$ gas. The selectivity of $SnO_{2}$ nanowire sensor compared with thin film and thick film $SnO_{2}$ was measured for $H_{2}S$, CO, and $NH_{3}$ in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.11-23
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to survey chemical distribution of inorganic elements and ions in the submicron particles, to characterize qualitatively emitting sources by factor analysis, and finally to reveal existing patterns in terms of chemical compounds by a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Total of 141 samples were collected by a cascade impactor from 1989 to1996. Fifteen chemical species (Al, Ba, Cd, K, Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, $Cl^-, NO_3^-, SO_4^{2-}, K^+, Mg^{2+}, Ca^{2+}, and Na^+$) were characterized by AAS and IC. The study showed that average seasonal levels of submicron particulate matters $(d_p<0.43 \mum)$ were 18.7 $\mug/m^3$ in spring, 15.5 $\mug/m^3$ in summer, 15.7 $\mug/m^3$ in fall, and 24.5 $\mug/m^3$ in winter, respectively. All of the anion concentrations in the particle were highest in the winter season. By applying a factor analysis, 5 source patterns were qualitatively obtained, such as sulfate related source, nitrate related source, oil burning source, calcium related source, and coal combustion source. Finally, when applying a stepwise multiple regression analysis, the results clearly showed that $Na^+ and Ca^{2+}, K^+ and Ca^{2+}, NO_3^-$ and relative humidity, $Cl^-$ and ambient temperature, $Ca^{2+} and Cl^-, Mg^{2+} and SO_4^{2-}, Na^+ and NO_3^-, and Ca^{2+} and NO_3^-$, respectively, are negatively contributed to each other. As a result of those statistical analysis, we could suggest that some chemical compounds in the submicron particles such as$NaNO_3, MgSO_4, Ca(NO_3)_2, and CaCl_2$ may not exist on the filter as final composing products; however, other compounds may possibly exist in the form of $Mg(NO_3)_2, CaSO_4, Na_2SO_4, K_2SO_4, MgCl_2, NaCl, and KCl$. Thus, it must be necessary to identify differences between the results of above statistical analysis and of the real world by laboratory experiments.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.197-202
• /
• 2015

In this study, porous stainless steel (STS316L) sintered body was fabricated by powder metallurgy method and its properties such as porosity, compressive yield strength, hardness, and permeability were evaluated. 67.5Fe-17Cr- 13Ni-2.5Mo (wt%) powder was produced by a water atomization. The atomized powder was classified into size with under $45{\mu}m$ and over $180{\mu}m$, and then they were compacted with various pressures and sintered at $1210^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in a vacuum atmosphere. The porosities of sintered bodies could be obtained in range of 20~53% by controlling the compaction pressure. Compressive yield strength and hardness were achieved up to 268 MPa and 94 Shore D, respectively. Air permeability was obtained up to $79l/min{\cdot}cm^2$. As a result, mechanical properties and air permeability of the optimized porous body having a porosity of 25~40% were very superior to that of Al alloy.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2014

In this study, the performances of various adsorbents-red mud, zeolite, limestone, and oyster shell-were investigated for the adsorption of multi-metal ions ($Cr^{3+}$, $Ni^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $As^{3+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$) from aqueous solutions. The result of scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated that the some metal ions were adsorbed onto the surface of the media. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the Si(Al)-O bond (red mud and zeolite) and C-O bond (limestone and oyster shell) might be involved in heavy metal adsorption. The changes in the pH of the aqueous solutions upon applying adsorbents were investigated and the adsorption kinetics of the metal ions on different adsorbents were simulated by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The sorption process was relatively fast and equilibrium was reached after about 60 min of contact (except for $As^{3+}$). From the maximum capacity of the adsorption kinetic model, the removal of $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ were higher than for the other metal ions. Meanwhile, the reaction rate constants ($k_{1,2}$) indicated the slowest sorption in $As^{3+}$. The adsorption mechanisms of heavy metal ions were not only surface adsorption and ion exchange, but also surface precipitation. Based on the metal ions' adsorption efficiencies, red mud was found to be the most efficient of all the tested adsorbents. In addition, impurities in seawater did not lead to a significant decrease in the adsorption performance. It is concluded that red mud is a more economic high-performance alternative than the other tested adsorption materials for applying a removal of multi-metal in seawater.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.930-940
• /
• 2013

We evaluated contamination with organic matter and trace metals by analyzing grain size, ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, Hg, and As) in surface sediments at 28 stations around the Geum River estuary in July 2008. The surface sediments in the estuary were mainly composed of coarse sediment (sand and muddy sand), with mean grain size (Mz) ranging between $2-4{\O}$. The high concentrations of IL, COD, and trace metals were mainly found at stations in front of the Gusan outer port and industrial complex, and near the Seocheon coast with relatively fine sediments. In addition, the concentrations of IL and all trace metals, except Pb and As, showed good positive correlations with Mz, indicating that the concentrations of organic matter and trace metals were mainly dependent on sediment grain size. The concentrations of COD, AVS, and trace metals in most sediments did not exceed the sediment quality guideline (SQGs). Although the sediments in the study region are not polluted with organic matter and trace metals, there are many point sources of pollutants, such as Gusan port and industrial complex, Janghang refinery, and a thermoelectric power plant around the Geum River estuary. Thus, the management of coastal environments through periodic monitoring of organic matter and trace metals is required in the future.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.8-16
• /
• 2004

Ground water samples were collected from residential, green" industrial, landfill and mining area and analyzed for 23 inorganics from March to October in 2002. The results are as follows; 1. The detection frequencies of inorganic materials such as As, Ba, B, Mo, Ca, Mg, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na, K were 7.2∼77.1% which showed that these inorganics were detected in many ground waters. 2. The detection frequencies of 7 inorganics(Cd, Cr, Ph, Se, Sb, Be, Tl) were commonly low at ranging from 0.42 to 2.5%. These inorganics were contained in ground water partially. 3. Three inorganics such as Hg, Ni, Ag were not detected in any ground-water samples. 4. Compared to the other areas, ground water samples from landfill area contained greater concentration in many inorgainics and then showed higher levels in industral, residential, mining and green area in order. 5. Compared to noted concentrations of bottled water, inorganic minerals including Ca, Mg, Na, K related to taste were fluent in target samples. The results showed that the average concentrations of Mg, Na, K were 4.0 mg/l, 14.7 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l respectively. 6. The concentrations of inorganics such as Sb, Ba, Mo, Be, Tl, K in some ground water samples exceeded the water quality standards of WHO, the US and UK. Especially, Ba, Mo, K also showed relatively high detection frequencies so these inorganics need to be considered as analytes in Korea Drinking Water Regulation in further study.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.11 no.8
• /
• pp.703-707
• /
• 2001

The effects of chromium addition on the catalytic activity of Raney nickel in alkaline fuel cell (AFC) have been studied. When the catalysts are prepared from various contents of chromium, the electrochemical characteristics shows the highest mass activity of 3.588 A/g. Operating temperature and electrolyte concentration of half cell were $80^{\circ}C$ and 6N KOH, respectively. With the addition of chromium, the particle size is diminished from 12.11 $\mu\textrm{m}$ to 11.07 $\mu\textrm{m}$ and the decrease of particle size contributes to the enlargement of the specific surface area from 0.653 $\m^2$/g to 0.685$\m^2$/g. The residual aluminium contents of Raney nickel surface are considerably influenced by the particle size and chromium acts as sintering inhibitor.