• 열처리공학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 1988

The hardenability of alloyed ductile cast irons was studied for 54 different alloy compositions obtained from eight commercial and laboratory foundries. The alloying elements investigated for their effects on hardenability were Si(2.0 to 3.0%), Mn(0.0 to 0.8%), Mo(0.0 to 0.6%), Cu(0.0 to 1.5%), and Ni(0.0 to 1.5%). Two hardenability criteria, a first-pearlite hardenability criterion and a half-hard hardenability criterion, were used to determine hardenability of ductile irons. Prediction models for each hardenability criterion were developed by multiple regression analysis and were well agreed with previous experimental results. Molybdenum was the most potent hardenability promoting element followed by manganese, copper and nickel ; silicon had little effect on hardenability and reduced the hardenability as silicon content increased. When alloying elements were presented in combination, strong synergistic effects on the hardenability were observed especially between molybdenum, copper and nickel. The hardenability of ductile iron was strongly influenced by austenitizing temperature. Increasing austenitizing temperature up to $955^{\circ}C$, hardenability increased gradually but decreasing rate and then decreased as temperature increased above $955^{\circ}C$. Unless reducing segregation by very long-time annealing treatment, the hardenability of ductile iron was not significantly influenced by segregation of alloying elements.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2024

제2세대 단결정 초내열합금 CMSX-4은 1310℃ 이상의 온도로 용체화처리에 의해 수지상 경계와 γ/γ'공정조직이 제거되었으며, γ'상의 크기는 용체화처리 온도와 시간의 증가에 따라 수지상간 영역에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. γ'상의 크기는 수지상 중심과 수지상간 영역에서 큰 차이를 보였다. 모든 열처리 조건에서 수지상간 영역에서 γ'상이 크게 나타났다. 용체화처리 온도와 시간의 증가에 따라 수지상 중심과 수지상간 영역의 γ'합금형성 원소 편석은 크게 감소하였으나, W, Co, Re과 같은 고용 강화원소들의 편석은 모든 열처리 후에도 어느 정도 잔존하였다. 특히, Re은 편석이 완전히 해소되지 않았다. 새로운 유해상의 생성이 없는 상온 인장 특성은 용체화처리 온도와 시간의 증가에 따라 개선되는 경향을 보였다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권11호
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• pp.882-892
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• 2011

The influence of rhenium (Re) and ruthenium (Ru) addition on the solidification and solute redistribution behaviors in advanced experimental Ni-base superalloys has been investigated. A series of model alloys with different levels of Re and Ru were designed based on the composition of Ni-6Al-8Ta and were prepared by vacuum arc melting of pure metallic elements. In order to identify the influence of Re and Ru addition on the thermo-physical properties, differential scanning calorimetry analyses were carried out. The results showed that Re addition marginally increases the liquidus temperature of the alloy. However, the ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ solvus was significantly increased at a rate of $8.2^{\circ}C/wt.%$ by the addition of Re. Ru addition, on the other hand, displayed a much weaker effect on the thermo-physical properties or even no effect at all. The microsegregation behavior of solute elements was also quantitatively estimated by an electron probe microanalysis on a sample quenched during directional solidification of primary ${\gamma}$ with the planar solid/liquid interface. It was found that increasing the Re content gradually increases the microsegregation tendency of Re into the dendritic core and ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ forming elements, such as Al and Ta, into the interdendritic area. The strongest effect of Ru addition was found to be Re segregation. Increasing the Ru content up to 6 wt.% significantly alleviated the microsegregation of Re, which resulted in a decrease of Re accumulation in the dendritic core. The influence of Ru on the microstructural stability toward the topologically close-packed phase formation was discussed based on Scheil type calculations with experimentally determined microsegregation results.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2013

The transition of serrated grain boundary and its effect on liquation behavior in the simulated weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) have been investigated in a wrought Ni-based superalloy Alloy 263. Recently, the present authors have found that grain boundary serration occurs in the absence of adjacent coarse ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ particles or $M_{23}C_6$ carbides when a specimen is direct-aged with a combination of slow cooling from solution treatment temperature to aging temperature. The present study was initiated to determine the interdependence of the serration and HAZ property with a consideration of this serration as a potential for the use of a hot-cracking resistant microstructure. A crystallographic study indicated that the serration led to a change in grain boundary character as special boundary with a lower interfacial energy as those terminated by low-index {111} boundary planes. It was found that the serrated grain boundaries are highly resistant to boron enrichment, and suppress effectively grain coarsening in HAZ. Furthermore, the serrated grain boundaries showed a higher resistance to susceptibility of liquation cracking. These results was discussed in terms of a significant decrease in interfacial energy of grain boundary by the serration.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.649-654
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• 2013

The effect of interstitial elements on the ductile-brittle transition behavior of austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn-2Ni alloys with different nitrogen and carbon contents was investigated in this study. All the alloys exhibited ductile-brittle transition behavior because of unusual low-temperature brittle fracture, even though they have a faced-centered cubic structure. With the same interstitial content, the combined addition of nitrogen and carbon, compared to the sole addition of nitrogen, improved the low-temperature toughness and thus decreased the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) because this combined addition effectively enhances the metallic component of the interatomic bonds and is accompanied by good plasticity and toughness due to the increased free electron concentration. The increase in carbon content or of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, however, could increase the DBTT since either of these causes the occurrence of intergranular fracture that lead to the deterioration of the toughness at low temperatures. The secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis results for the observation of carbon and nitrogen distributions confirms that the carbon and nitrogen atoms were significantly segregated to the austenite grain boundaries and then caused grain boundary embrittlement. In order to successfully develop austenitic Fe-Cr-Mn alloys for low-temperature application, therefore, more systematic study is required to determine the optimum content and ratio of carbon and nitrogen in terms of free electron concentration and grain boundary embrittlement.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.598-607
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• 1997

Fractional melting process involves heating an alloy within its liquid-solid region simultaneously ejecting liquid from the solid-liquid mixture. The extent of the purification obtained is comparable to that obtained in multi-pass zone refining. The new fractional melting process in which centrifugal force was used for separating the liquid from the mixture has been developed and applied to the purification of the metallic grade. Refining ratio depends on partition ratio, cake wetness and diffusion in the solid, and it was controlled by various processing parameters such as rotating speed and heating rate. The new parameter called "refining partition coefficient" has been suggested to estimate the effects of processing variables on the refining ratio. Because major impurities in MG-silicon such as Fe, Al, Ni have a low segregation coefficient, good purification effect is expected. The results of refining MG-silicon(98%) showed that 3N-Si was obtained in refined solid of 50% of the original sample.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1996년도 춘계학술발표회논문집(3)
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• pp.347-352
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• 1996

Studies on tile microstructural and compositional changes in sensitized Ni base Alloy 600 by laser surface melting have been carried out using TEM equipped with EDXA. The microstructure of the laser melted zone was mainly consisted of fine cells, and along the cell and grain boundaries, Cr enrichment due to its segregation was observed. Cr carbides having formed along the grain bundaries during the sensitization treatment have been completely dissloved. The cell walls were decorated with dislocations and the very tiny precipitates, found to be Ti(CN) type, were distributed randomly along the cell walls with tangled dislocations around them.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.119-130
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• 1999

$Mg_2Ni_{1-x}{^{57}}Fe_x$(x=0.015, 0.03, 0.06, 0.12 and 0.24)합금을 제작하여 $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$ 공명에 의한 연구를 하였다. x=0.015, 0.03 합금의 $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$ spectrum은 2개의 doublet(doublet 1, 2)을, x=0.06 합금의 spectrum은 2개의 doublet(doublet 1, 2)과 1개의 six-line을, 그리고 x=0.12, 0.24 합금의 spectrum은 six-line만 보인다. x=0.015, 0,03, 0.06 합금의 doublet 1은, 초 상자성 거동을 보여주는 과잉으로 존재하는 일부의 철 때문에 생기는 것으로 판단된다. doublet 2는, $Mg_2Ni$ 상의 Ni에 치환된 철에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. doublet 2의 isomer shift 크기 (0,24 ~ 0.28 mm/s)로 보아 $Fe^{+3}$로 존재함을 추측할 수 있다. 또한 doublet 2의 quadrapole splitting이 영이 아님으로부터 Fe 주위의 전자 배열이 비대칭을 이루고 있음을 알 수 있고, 그 크기 (1.20 ~ 1.38 mm/s)는 산화수 +3의 quadrapole splitting 값에 아주 가까운 값이다. 자기적 초미세 상호 작용을 보여주는 six-line은 합금 속에 들어가지 않는 철 때문에 생긴다. 수소화물화 반웅시킨 x=0.015, 0.03 합금의 $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$ spectrum이 six-line을 보였는데, 이로부터 수소화물화 반응으로 인하여 Fe이 편석되었음을 알 수 있다. 수소화물화 반응후 $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$ spectrum, 자기장의 함수로서 자화의 변화 측정, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron diffraction pattern 분석 결과, Ni의 편석과 MgO의 형성을 보여주었는데, 이는 수소 속에 들어 있는 미량의 산소가 $Mg_2Ni$와 반응하여 야기된 현상으로 생각된다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.158-168
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• 2021

Austenitic 316 stainless steel was irradiated with protons accelerated by an energy of 2 MeV at 360 ℃, the various defects induced by this proton irradiation were characterized with microscopic equipment. In our observations irradiation defects such as dislocations and micro-voids were clearly revealed. The typical irradiation defects observed differed according to depth, indicating the evolution of irradiation defects follows the characteristics of radiation damage profiles that depend on depth. Surface oxidation tests were conducted under the simulated primary water conditions of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) to understand the role irradiation defects play in surface oxidation behavior and also to investigate the resultant irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) susceptibility that occurs after exposure to PWR primary water. We found that Cr and Fe became depleted while Ni was enriched at the grain boundary beneath the surface oxidation layer both in the non-irradiated and proton-irradiated specimens. However, the degree of Cr/Fe depletion and Ni enrichment was much higher in the proton-irradiated sample than in the non-irradiated one owing to radiation-induced segregation and the irradiation defects. The microstructural and microchemical changes induced by proton irradiation all appear to significantly increase the susceptibility of austenitic 316 stainless steel to IASCC.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.2282-2291
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• 2024

In this work we study the effects of different factors of dislocation loop on its obstacle strength when interacting with an edge dislocation. At first, the interaction model for dislocation and dislocation loop is established and the full and partial absorption mechanism is obtained. Then, the effect of temperature, size and burgers vector of dislocation loop are investigated. The relation between the obstacle strength and irradiation dose has been established, which bridges the irradiation source and microscale properties. Except that, the obstacle strength of C, Cr, Ni, Mn, Mo and P decorated dislocation loop is studied. Results show that the obstacle strength for dislocation loop decorated by alloy element decreases in the sequence of Cr, Ni, Mn, C, P and Mo, which could be used to help parameterize and validate crystal plasticity finite element model and therein integrated constitutive laws to enable accounting for irradiation-induced chemical segregation effects.