• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2023

Acid mine drainage(AMD) treatment is classified as both passive and active treatment. During the treatment, about 5,000 tons of neutralization sludge is generated as a by-product per year in Korea. This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of sludge generated from physico·chemical treatment processes as an active treatment from 5 different sources (D, H, S, T, Y) and the possibility of the sludges being recycled. The sludges have a pH range of 5.86 ~ pH 7.89, and a water content range of 51% ~ 82%. Most of particle sizes were less than 25 ㎛. In analysis of inorganic elements, the concentration of Al, Fe, and Mn were between 1,189 mg/kg ~ 129,344 mg/kg, 106,132 mg/kg ~ 338,011 mg/kg, and 3,472 mg/kg ~ 11,743 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of As and Zn in sludge-T, Cd in sludge-D, Ni in sludge-H, Zn in sludge-S, and Cd in sludge-Y exceeded the soil contamination standards of Korea. The results from 2 separate kinds of leaching test, the Korea Standard Leaching Test(KSLT) and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure(TCLP), showed that all the sludges met the Korea groundwater standards. From the XRD and SEM-EDS analysis, the peaks of calcite and quartz were found in the sludges. The sludge also had a high proportion of Fe and O, and the majority of the composition was amorphous iron hydroxide.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.125-140
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• 2022

The Xiquegou Pb-Zn deposit is located at the Qingchengzi orefield which is one of the largest Pb-Zn mineralized zone in the northeast of China. The geology of this deposit consists of Archean granulite, Paleoproterozoinc migmatitic granite, Paleo-Mesoproterozoic sodic granite, Paleoproterozoic Liaohe group, Mesozoic diorite and Mesozoic monzoritic granite. The Xiquegou deposit which is a Triassic magma-hydrothermal type deposit occurs as vein ore filled fractures along fault zone in unit 3 (dolomitic marble and schist) of Dashiqiao formation of the Paleoproterozoic Liaohe group. Xiquegou Pb-Zn deposit consists of quartz, apatite, calcite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, stannite, galena, tetrahedrite, electrum, argentite, native silver and pyrargyrite. Wallrock alteration of this deposit contains silicification, pyritization, dolomitization, chloritization and sericitization. Based on mineral petrography and paragenesis, dolomites from this deposit are classified two type (1. dolomite (D₀) as wallrock, 2. dolomite (D₁) as wallrock alteration in Pb-Zn mineralization quartz vein ore). The structural formulars of dolomites are determined to be Ca_1.03-1.01Mg_0.95-0.83Fe_0.12-0.02Mn_0.02-0.00(CO₃)₂(D₀) and Ca_1.16-1.00Mg_0.79-0.44Fe_0.53-0.13Mn_0.03-0.00As_0.01-0.00(CO₃)₂(D₁), respectively. It means that dolomites from the Xiquegou deposit have higher content of trace elements compared to the theoretical composition of dolomite. The dolomite (D₁) from quartz vein ore has higher content of these trace elements (FeO, PbO, Sb₂O₅ and As₂O₅) than dolomite (D₀) from wallrock. Dolomites correspond to Ferroan dolomite (D₀), and ankerite and Ferroan dolomite (D₁), respectively. The structural formular of chlorite from quartz vein ore is (Mg_1.65-1.08Fe_2.94-2.50Mn_0.01-0.00Zn_0.01-0.00Ni_0.01-0.00Cr_0.02-0.00V_0.01-0.00Hf_0.01-0.00Pb_0.01-0.00Cu_0.01-0.00As_0.03-0.00Ca_0.02-0.01Al_1.68-1.61)_5.77-5.73(Si_2.84-2.76Al_1.24-1.16)_4.00O₁₀(OH)₈. It indicated that chlorite of quartz vein ore is similar with theoretical chlorite and corresponds to Fe-rich chlorite. Compositional variations in chlorite from quartz vein ore are caused by mainly octahedral Fe²⁺ <-> Mg²⁺ (Mn²⁺) substitution and partly phengitic or Tschermark substitution (Al^3+,VI+Al^3+,IV <-> (Fe²⁺ 또는 Mg²⁺)^VI+(Si⁴⁺)^IV).

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.417-431
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• 1997

Characteristics of sedimentary rocks and enrichment of toxic elements in shale and coal from the Chungnam coal field were investigated based upon geochemistry of major, trace and rare earth elements. Shale and coal of the area are interbedded along the Traissic to the Jurassic Daedong Supergroup, which can be subdivided into grey shale, black shale and coal. The coal had been mined, however all the mines are abandonded due to the economic problems. The shale and coal are characterized by relatively low contents of $SiO_2$, and $Al_2O_3$ and high levels of loss-on-ignition (LOI), CaO and $Na_2O$ in comparison with the North American Shale Composite (NASC). Light rare earth elements (La, Ce, Yb and Lu) are highly enriched with the coal. Ratios of $Al_2O_3/Na_2O$ and $K_2O/Na_2O$ in shale and coal range from 30.0 to 351.8 and from 4.2 to 106.8, which have partly negative correlations against $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ (1.24 to 6.06), respectively. Those are suggested that controls of mineral compositions in shale and coal can be due to substitution and migration of those elements by diagenesis and metamorphism. Shale and coal of the area may be deposited in terrestrial basin deduced from high C/S (39 to 895) and variable composition of organic carbon (0.39 to 18.40 wt.%) and low contents of reduced sulfur (0.01 to 0.05 wt.%). These shale and coal were originated from the high grade metamorphic and/or igneous rocks, and the rare earth elements of those rocks are slightly influenced with diagenesis and metamorphism on the basis of $Al_2O_3$ versus La, La against Ce, Zr versus Yb, the ratios of La/Ce (0.38 to 0.85) and Th/U (3.6 to 14.6). Characteristics of trace and rare earth elements as Co/Th (0.07 to 0.86), La/Sc (0.31 to 11.05), Se/Th (0.28 to 1.06), V/Ni (1.14 to 3.97), Cr/V (1.4 to 28.3), Ni/Co (2.12 to 8.00) and Zr/Hf (22.6~45.1) in the shale and coal argue for inefficient mixing of the simple source lithologies during sedimentation. These rocks also show much variation in $La_N/Yb_N$ (1.36 to 21.68), Th/Yb (3.5 to 20.0) and La/Th (0.31 to 7.89), and their origin is explained by derivation from a mixture of mainly acidic igneous and metamorphic rocks. Average concentrations in the shale and coal are As=7.2 and 7.5, Ba=913 and 974, Cr=500 and 145, Cu=20 and 26, Ni=38 and 35, Pb=30 and 36, and Zn=77 and 92 ppm, respectively, which are similar to those in the NASC. Average enrichment indices for major elements in the shale (0.79) and coal (0.77) are lower than those in the NASC. In addition, average enrichment index for rare earth elements in coal (2.39) is enriched rather than the shale (1.55). On the basis of the NASC, concentrations of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the shale and coal were depleted of all the elements examined, excepting Cr, Pb, Rb and Th. Average enrichment indices of trace and/or potentially toxic elements (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, U and Zn) are 1.23 to 1.24 for shale and 1.06 to 1.22 for coal, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.253-253
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• 2007

압전 액츄에이터 및 초음파진동자의 응용범위가 넒어짐에 따라 변위량, 응력 등을 개선시키기 위해 전기기계결합계수 kp 및 압전 d상수가 종전보다 큰 재료가 요구되고 있으며, 초음파진동자나 압전 모터와 같이 마찰에 의한 열손실이 많이 발생하는 액츄에이터에 적용할 큰 기계적품질계수롤 가지는 저손실 압전 액츄에이터 및 초음파진동자용 재료가 필요한 실정이다. PZT계 세라믹스는 높은 유전상수와 압전특성으로 전자세라믹스분야에서 가장 널리 사용되어지고 있지만, $1200^{\circ}C$이상의 높은 소결온도 때문에 $1000^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 급격히 휘발되는 PbO로 인한 환경오염과 기본조성의 변화로 인한 압전특성의 저하가 문제시 되고 있다. $Pb(Ni_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3$는 약 $-120^{\circ}C$정도의 큐리온도룰 가지는 강유전체로 Pb(Zr, Ti)$O_3$계 세라믹스에 치환 시 유전상수와 전기기계결합계수를 개선시키는 대표적인 성분이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 저온소결 저손실의 적층형 압전 액츄에이터를 개발하기 위해 PMS-PMN-PZT계 세라믹스에 $Pb(Ni_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3$ 세라믹스를 치환하고 $Li_2CO_3$와 $Na_2CO_3$ ZnO를 소결조재로 사용하여 저온소결 하였으며 PNN 치환량에 따른 결과를 관찰 하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.651-656
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• 2005

Toluene, which is emitted from textile process, is considered as an important hazardous air pollutant. In this study, the catalytic activity of transition metal oxides(Cu, Mn, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ce, Sn, Fe, Sr, Cs, Mo, La, W, Zn)/${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ catalysts was investigated to carry out the complete oxidation of toluene. The metal catalysts were characterized by XRD-ray diffraction), FE-SEM(Field Emission Scanning Electron Micrograph), BET(Brunauer Emmett Teller) method and TPR(Temperature Programmed Reduction). Among the catalysts, Cu/${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ was highly promising catalyst for the oxidation of toluene. From the BET results, it seems that the catalytic activity is not correlated to the specific surface area. XRD results indicated that most of catalysts exist as amorphous phase. From the FE-SEM results, it was observed that copper on ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ surface was well dispersed among catalysts. The catalytic activity for the toluene oxidation could be explained with that metal oxide catalyst was dispersed well over supports and was attributed to reduction activity in surface of catalysts.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 1991

Inhibitory effects of quercetin and rutin on lipid peroxidation of microsomes caused by iron(II) were investigated with respect to the scavenging action for oxygen radicals produced during oxidation of iron and the chelating action for iron. Lipid peroxidation by $Fe^{2+}$ alone was markedly inhibited by quercetin or rutin in a dose dependent fashion. Lipid peroxidation by ascorbate or NADPH in the presence of $Fe^{2+}$ was almost completely inhibited by both quercetin and rutin. The peroxidative action of $Fe^{2+}$ was inhibited by SOD and DABCO and slightly inhibited by catalase, DMSO and mannitol. Quercetin and rutin inhibited oxidation of $Fe^{2+}$ which is responsible for DETAPAC and they showed a significant initial chelating effect. Quercetin and rutin effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation by $H_{2}O_{2}$ and decomposed $H_{2}O_{2}$. Both $OH{\cdot}$ production in the presence of $Fe^{2+}$ and $^1O_2$ production by U.V. irradiation were inhibited by quercetin and rutin. Lipid peroxidations by $Cd^{2+},\;Cu^{2+},\;Ni^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ were almost completely inhibited by quercetin. Quercetin and rutin significantly prevented the loss of sulfhydryl groups by $Fe^{2+}$. These results suggest that inhibitory effects of quercetin and rutin on the peroxidative action of $Fe^{2+}$ in the presence or absence of ascorbate and NADPH may be attributable to their scavenging action on reactive oxygen species and chelating action on iron.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.85-88
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• 2007

고정층반응기에서 여러 가지 전이금속으로 치환된 하이드로탈사이트($[M_xMg_{6-x}Al_2(OH)_{16}(CO_3)^{2-}]{\cdot}H_2O;$ M: 전이금속(Ni, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn) x: 전이금속 치환비($x=0.5{\sim}6$))를 합성하고 이를 소성한 후 메탄의 부분산화 반응에 사용하였다. 반응 시 도입되는 $CH_4/O_2$비는 2로 하고 $VHSV=120,000cm^3/g$ h, 온도를 $500^{\circ}C$ 부터 $50^{\circ}C$ 간격으로 하여 $800^{\circ}C$까지 수행하였다. 실험결과 다른 전이금속들 중에서 니켈로 치환된 촉매가 대체적으로 부분산화반응을 촉진시키는데 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 실험 결과 니켈의 hydrotalcite 중의 치환비(x)에 따른 차이는 별로 없었다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.810-814
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• 2000

The open-chain hexadentate $N_4$, $O_2$ ligands 1, 15-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-2, 6, 10, 14-tetraazapentadecane (BSATPD. 4HCl) has been synthesized as its tetrahydro-chloride salt and characterized by EA, IR, NMR, and Mass spectrum. Its protonation constants ($logK_n{^H}$) and stability constants ($logK_{ML}$) for $Cu^{2+}$, $Ni^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ ions were determined in aqueous solution by potentiometry and compared with those of analogous $N_4$, $O_2$ ligands contain ethtylenic spacers or propylenic spacers, which make six-membered chelate rings between the aliphatic nitrogen atoms.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.3093-3098
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• 2010

The core-shell $SnO_2$@AO (A=Ni, Cu, Zn and Mg) films were prepared and the effects of coatings on photovoltaic properties were investigated. Studies on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and transmission electron microscopy showed the formation of divalent oxides on the surface of $SnO_2$ nanoparticles. It was commonly observed that all the dye-sensitized core-shell films exhibited higher photovoltage than the bare $SnO_2$ film. Transient photovoltage measurements confirmed that the improved photovoltages were related to the decreased time constants for electron recombination.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.80-93
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• 1993

Jido kaolin deposits developed in the rhyolitic tuff of Cretaceous are located in the western part of Sinan-gun, Jeonranam-do. Jido kaolin deposits is predominantly composed of pyrophyllite, kaolinite and illite. On the basis of mineral assemblage Jido kaolin deposits can be divided into three alteraion zone from the center of alteration to the margin; kaolinite, kaolinite-pyrophyillite and pyrophyillite zones. Discriminant analysis show that $Al_2O_3$, $K_2O$, $Na_2O$, CaO of major elements are discriminant elements classifying kaolinite, kaolinite-pyrophyllite and pyrophyllite zones, while in case of trace elements Cr, Ni, Sc, Zn, and Zr are discriminant elements. Kaolin deposits has been formed by the hydrothermal alterations of the volcano rocks such as rhyolitic tuff and lapilli tuff, in late cretaceous. On the basis of the results of X-ray diffraction analysis, the deposits can be classified into three types of minerals assemblages; kaolinite, kaolinite-pyrophyllite and pyrophyllite zones. All the assemblages contain quartz and muscovite, but the kaolinite zone contains kaolinite, illite and chlorite, the kaolinite-pyrophyllite zone contains kaolinite, pyrophyllite and the pyrophyllite zone contains illite and pyrite.