• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.24-30
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• 2002

The deformation and fracture behaviors of both Al2O3 and Ni 4.5wt.%Al plasma thermal spray coating were investigated by an acoustic emission method. Plasma thermal spray coating is formed by a process in which melted particles flying with high speed towards substrate, then crash and spread on the substrate surface cooled and solidified in a very short time, stacking of the particles makes coating. A tensile test is conducted on notch specimens in a stress range below the elastic limit of substrate. A bendind test is done on smooth specimens. The waveforms of AE generated from the both test coating specimens can be classified by FFT analysis into two types which low frequency(type I) and high frequency(type II). The type I waveform is considered to corresponds exfoliation of coating layers and type II waveform corresponds the plastic deformation of notch tip. The fracture of the coating layers can estimate by AE event and amplitude, because AE features increase when the deformation generates.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.80-84
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• 1991

Lignocellulosic biomass including acetosolv ricestraw and spruce lignin were liquefied and converted into liquid hydrocarbons by catalytic hydroliquefaction reaction. These experimental works were carried out in 1-liter-capacity autoclave using 50% tetralin and m-cresol solution respectively as soluble solvent and Ni. Pd. Fe and red mud as catalyst. $H_2$ gas was supplied into the reactor for escaltion of deoxhydroenolysis reaction. Catalyst concentrations were 1 % of raw material based on weight. The ratio between raw materials and soluble solvent are 1g and 10cc. The reaction conditions are 400-$700^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature, 10-50 atms of reaction pressure. The highest yield of hydrocarbon, so called "product oil" showed 32% and 5.5% of lowest char formation when red mud was used as catalyst. The product oil yields from those of other catalysts were in the range of 20-29%. The influence of different initial hydrogen pressures was examined in the range d 30-50 atms. A minimum pressure of 35 atms was necessary to obtain a complete recovery of souble solvent for recycling.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.311-315
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• 2013

The geometry structures of hexa-coordinated [NiLX]X complexes ($X=Cl^-,\;Br^-,\;I^-$) {L = 8,9,18,19-tetrahydro-7H,17H-dibenzo[f,o] [1,5,9,13]dioxadiaza cyclohexadecine-8,18-diol} are optimized by density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP/LANL2DZ. The calculated geometric parameters are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values. Calculation results about these complexes show that dipole moment decreases, and the energy levels of HOMOs descend from iodo-complex to chloro-complex. The energy levels of HOMOs descend gently from iodo-complex to chloro-complex, while the energy levels of LUMOs in the present complexes are almost similar; therefore the energy gapes between HOMOs and LUMOs increased from iodo-complex to chloro-complex.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.10
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• pp.3151-3157
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• 2021

Copper is an important structural material in various nuclear energy applications, therefore the correct knowledge of copper cross sections is crucial. The presented paper deals with a validation of different copper transport libraries by means of activation of selected samples. An intense ²⁵²Cf(sf) source with a reference neutron spectrum was used as a neutron source. After irradiation, the samples were measured using a high purity germanium detector and the dosimeter reaction rates were inferred. These experimental data were compared with MCNP6 calculations using CENDL-3.1, JENDL-4.0, ENDF/B-VII.1, ENDF/B-VIII.0, JEFF-3.2 and JEFF-3.3 evaluated Cu transport libraries. The experiment specifically focuses on ⁵⁸Ni(n,p)⁵⁸Co, ⁹³Nb(n,2n)^92mNb, ¹⁹⁷Au(n,g)¹⁹⁸Au and ⁵⁵Mn(n,g)⁵⁶Mn dosimetry reactions. Evaluated activation cross sections of these dosimetric reactions were taken from the IRDFF-II library. The best library performance depends on the energy region of interest.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.4033-4041
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• 2021

To better understand the permeability of uranium sandstone, improve the leaching rate of uranium, and explore the change law of pore structure characteristics and blocking mechanism during leaching, we systematically analyzed the microstructure of acid-leaching uranium sandstone. We investigated the variable rules of pore structure characteristics based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed the following: (1) The uranium concentration change followed the exponential law during uranium deposits acid leaching. After 24 h, the uranium leaching rate reached 50%. The uranium leaching slowed gradually over the next 4 days. (2) Combined with the regularity of porosity variation, Stages I and II included chemical plugging controlled by surface reaction. Stage I was the major completion phase of uranium displacement with saturation precipitation of calcium sulfate. Stage II mainly precipitated iron (III) oxide-hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide. Stage III involved physical clogging controlled by diffusion. (3) In the three stages of leaching, the permeability of the leaching solution changed with the pore structure, which first decreased, then increased, and then decreased.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.66-85
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• 2002

Traditional herbal medicine is used extensively among the Korean populations, and other Asian countries employ similar therapies as well In recent years, extensive focus was laid on adulteration of the herbal medicine with heavy metals. This may be mainly due to a soil contamination by an environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to identify the contents of various heavy metals in the blood from OhJeokSan-Decoction (OD) treated-rats. For this study, 13 kinds of metals including essential and heavy metals, i.e. Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed by a slight modification of EPA methods and the following results are obtained. ; 1. There is no significant difference between the OD-treated groups and control group in liver, kidney, bone, brain, weight, food intake. 2. The amount of each metal analyzed in the liver are as follows; Al ; $0.235{\sim}4.215mg／kg$, As ; $0.103{\sim}0.461mg／kg$, Cd ; $0.005{\sim}0.010mg／kg$, Co ; $0.017{\sim}0.046mg／kg$, Cr ; $0.137{\sim}0.403mg／kg$, Cu ; $1.736{\sim}4.827mg／kg$, Fe ; $54.472{\sim}381.447mg／kg$, Hg ; not detected, Mn ; $1.159{\sim}2.803mg／kg$, Ni ; $0.007{\sim}0.095mg／kg$, Pb ; not detected, Se ; $0.682{\sim}1.887mg／kg$, Zn ; $10.213{\sim}26.119mg／kg$, by groups, respectively. In control and other experimental group, several metal (Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, As, Cr) has a significant difference, but in experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, V groups, there are no significant difference. 3. The amount of each metal analyzed in the kidney are as follows; Al ; $1.712{\sim}31.230mg／kg$, As ; $0.062{\sim}0.439mg／kg$, Cd ; $0.010{\sim}0.062mg／kg$, Co ; $0.000{\sim}0.101mg／kg$, Cr ; $0.125{\sim}0.636mg／kg$, Cu ; $3.385{\sim}12.502mg／kg$, Fe ; $41.148{\sim}99.709mg／kg$, Hg ; $0.000{\sim}0.270mg／kg$, Mn ; $0.433{\sim}2.301mg／kg$, Ni ; $0.000{\sim}0.221mg／kg$, Pb ; $0.000{\sim}0.584mg／kg$, Se ; $0.540{\sim}1.600mg／kg$, Zn ; $8.775{\sim}17.060mg／kg$, by groups, respectively. The concentration of Cu, Se, Cr, and Hg are variated significantly in control and other experimental group, and Cu, Se, Cd, Cr are variated significantly in experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, V groups. 4. The amount of each metal analyzed in the bone(tibia and fibula) are as follows; Al ; $9.557{\sim}119.464mg／kg$, As ; $0.139{\sim}12.250mg／kg$, Cd ; $0.000{\sim}0.295mg／kg$, Co ; $0.022{\sim}0.243mg／kg$, Cr ; $0.239{\sim}1.999mg／kg$, Cu ; $0.000{\sim}2.291mg／kg$, Fe ; $240.249{\sim}841.956mg／kg$, Hg ; $0.000{\sim}0.983mg／kg$, Mn ; $0.214{\sim}7.353mg／kg$, Ni ; $5.473{\sim}11.453mg／kg$, Pb ; $0.000{\sim}8.502mg／kg$, Se ; $0.000{\sim}3.005mg／kg$, Zn ; $61.158{\sim}195.038mg／kg$, by groups, respectively. The concentration of Se, Cd are variated significantly in control and other experimental groups, and Se is variated significantly in experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, V groups. 5. Exceptionally several metal concentration is increased or decreased. but there is no significant harmful difference of metal concentration in the liver, kidney and bone, from the OD-treated-rats compared to those of the control group even if higher dosage($1{\sim}8$ times dosage of person) of OD was administered. Thus, it is expected that the herbal decoction in the traditional herbal medicine would not lay any burden on the body and the heavy metal toxins would not affect our physiological system. However, other kinds of herbal treatment, such as i.v. and i.p. should be considered in terms of metal toxicity in the body since the level of certain metal.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.435-442
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• 2008

Type II root canal was defined that two canals leave the chamber and merge to form a single canal at short of the apex. The aim of this study was to analyse the master apical file (MAF) size according to various instrumentation techniques in the type II root canal when each canal was enlarged to working length. Eighty mesial roots of molar with ISO #15 initial apical file (IAF) size in type II root canals were randomly divided into four experimental groups with 20 teeth each. According to enlarging instruments, four groups are: K-$FLEXOFILE^{(R)}$ (KF), engine-driven Ni-Ti $P_{RO}T_{APER}{^{(R)}}$ (PT), HERO $Shaper^{(R)}$ (HS), $K^{3\;TM}$ (K3). All canals were enlarged to each working length with ISO #30 size: #30 in KF, F3 in PT, .04/30 in HS, and .06/30 in K3. The master apical file (MAF) size was confirmed by tactile sensation and universal test- ing machine (EZ test, Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan). The mean MAF size was statistically compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test at the 0.05 probability level. These results show that the MAF size was appeared one or two sizes larger than the final enlarging instrument when all canal in type II configuration were enlarged to each working length. Therefore, the clinician have to confirm the apical stop once more after instrumentation of type II root canal.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1996-2005
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• 2021

Objective: To investigate the multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) features of fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-deficient RCC) with germline or somatic mutations, and compare them with those of papillary type II RCC (pRCC type II). Materials and Methods: A total of 24 patients (mean ± standard deviation, 40.4 ± 14.7 years) with pathologically confirmed FH-deficient RCC (15 with germline and 9 with somatic mutations) and 54 patients (58.6 ± 12.6 years) with pRCC type II were enrolled. The MDCT features were retrospectively reviewed and compared between the two entities and mutation subgroups, and were correlated with the clinicopathological findings. Results: All the lesions were unilateral and single. Compared with pRCC type II, FH-deficient RCC was more prevalent among younger patients (40.4 ± 14.7 vs. 58.6 ± 12.6, p < 0.001) and tended to be larger (8.1 ± 4.1 vs. 5.4 ± 3.2, p = 0.002). Cystic solid patterns were more common in FH-deficient RCC (20/24 vs. 16/54, p < 0.001), with 16 of the 20 (80.0%) cystic solid tumors having showed typical polycystic and thin smooth walls and/or septa, with an eccentric solid component. Lymph node (16/24 vs. 16/54, p = 0.003) and distant (11/24 vs. 3/54, p < 0.001) metastases were more frequent in FH-deficient RCC. FH-deficient RCC and pRCC type II showed similar attenuation in the unenhanced phase. The attenuation in the corticomedullary phase (CMP) (76.3% ± 25.0% vs. 60.2 ± 23.6, p = 0.008) and nephrographic phase (NP) (87.7 ± 20.5, vs. 71.2 ± 23.9, p = 0.004), absolute enhancement in CMP (39.0 ± 24.8 vs. 27.1 ± 22.7, p = 0.001) and NP (50.5 ± 20.5 vs. 38.2 ± 21.9, p = 0.001), and relative enhancement ratio to the renal cortex in CMP (0.35 ± 0.26 vs. 0.24 ± 0.19, p = 0.001) and NP (0.43 ± 0.24 vs. 0.29 ± 0.19, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in FH-deficient RCC. No significant difference was found between the FH germline and somatic mutation subgroups in any of the parameters. Conclusion: The MDCT features of FH-deficient RCC were different from those of pRCC type II, whereas there was no statistical difference between the germline and somatic mutation subgroups. A kidney mass with a cystic solid pattern and metastatic tendency, especially in young patients, should be considered for FH-deficient RCC.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 1985

The degree of The degree of The degree of ${Zn}^{2+}$ effect on the photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphorylation activities in barley chloroplasts has been tested.${Zn}^{2+}$treatment was done in the 2 ways. One was that it was added into the chloroplasts suspensions isolated from the plants grown under the normal ${Zn}^{2+}$level (10$^{-6}$ M). The other was that the different concentrations of ${Zn}^{2+}$was applied in each growth medium. Then, it was not added into the chloroplasts suspensions isolated from the plants. PS II activity in both way of the treatments was more severely inhibited than PS I by the increment of ${Zn}^{2+}$ concentration. The photophosphorylation activity measured by pH measurement was gradually decreased with the increase of ${Zn}^{2+}$concentration in both ways, too. However, it was shown that M $n^{2+}$ could be near fully overcome the inhibitory effect of ${Zn}^{2+}$in PS II, and $Mg^{2+}$ could also reduce the Z $n^{2+}$ inhibition in the photophosphorylation. In the low concentrations of $Mg^{2+}$ (3 to 5$\times$10$^{-3}$ M) in the suspension, ${Zn}^{2+}$(2$\times$10$^{-5}$ M) could increase the activity of photophosphorylation. As compares to other cations, Z $n^{2+}$ caused less inhibitory effect on the photophosphorylation activity than Cu, Cd, but more than Pb and Ni. It may be assumed that a complex from reaction of Z $n^{2+}$ and mercaptoethanol was produced and it could reduce the stability of CPI band during SDS-PAGE.effect on the photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphorylation activities in barley chloroplasts has been tested. Z $n^{2+}$ treatment was done in the 2 ways. One was that it was added into the chloroplasts suspensions isolated from the plants grown under the normal Z $n^{2+}$ level (10$^{-6}$ M). The other was that the different concentrations of Z $n^{2+}$ was applied in each growth medium. Then, it was not added into the chloroplasts suspensions isolated from the plants. PS II activity in both way of the treatments was more severely inhibited than PS I by the increment of Z $n^{2+}$ concentration. The photophosphorylation activity measured by pH measurement was gradually decreased with the increase of Z $n^{2+}$ concentration in both ways, too. However, it was shown that M $n^{2+}$ could be near fully overcome the inhibitory effect of Z $n^{2+}$ in PS II, and $Mg^{2+}$ could also reduce the Z $n^{2+}$ inhibition in the photophosphorylation. In the low concentrations of $Mg^{2+}$ (3 to 5$\times$10$^{-3}$ M) in the suspension, Z $n^{2+}$ (2$\times$10$^{-5}$ M) could increase the activity of photophosphorylation. As compares to other cations, Z $n^{2+}$ caused less inhibitory effect on the photophosphorylation activity than Cu, Cd, but more than Pb and Ni. It may be assumed that a complex from reaction of Z $n^{2+}$ and mercaptoethanol was produced and it could reduce the stability of CPI band during SDS-PAGE.effect on the photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphorylation activities in barley chloroplasts has been tested. Z $n^{2+}$ treatment was done in the 2 ways. One was that it was added into the chloroplasts suspensions isolated from the plants grown under the normal Z $n^{2+}$ level (10$^{-6}$ M). The other was that the different concentrations of Z $n^{2+}$ was applied in each growth medium. Then, it was not added into the chloroplasts suspensions isolated from the plants. PS II activity in both way of the treatments was more severely inhibited than PS I by the increment of Z $n^{2+}$ concentration. The photophosphorylation activity measured by pH measurement was gradually decreased with the increase of Z $n^{2+}$ concentration in both ways, too. However, it was shown that M $n^{2+}$ could be near fully overcome the inhibitory effect of Z $n^{2+}$ in PS II, and $Mg^{2+}$ could also reduce the Z $n^{2+}$ inhibition in the photophosphorylation. In the low concentrations of $Mg^{2+}$ (3 to 5$\times$10$^{-3}$ M) in the suspension, Z $n^{2+}$ (2$\times$10$^{-5}$ M) could increase the activity of photophosphorylation. As compares to other cations, Z $n^{2+}$ caused less inhibitory effect on the photophosphorylation activity than Cu, Cd, but more than Pb and Ni. It may be assumed that a complex from reaction of Z $n^{2+}$ and mercaptoethanol was produced and it could reduce the stability of CPI band during SDS-PAGE.ld reduce the stability of CPI band during SDS-PAGE.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.414-420
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• 2014

The seaweeds with high carbohydrate ratio Gelidium amansii, Saccharina japonica and Enteromorpha intestinalis were used as red, brown, and green seaweeds, respectively. Thermal acid hydrolysis, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation were carried out using those seaweeds to produce ethanol. The ethanol concentrations from red, brown and green seaweed were 14.8 g/L, 11.6 g/L and 9.9 g/L, respectively. After the production of ethanol, the seaweeds were reused to absorb heavy metal. The maximum biosorption ratio was Cu(II) (89.6%), Cr(III) (82.9%), Ni(II) (66.1%). Cu(II) had the highest affinity with 3 waste seaweeds. Red seaweed was verified the most effective substrates to both process.