• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.366-370
• /
• 2004

One hundred and sixty day-old Hainan chicks were randomly allotted into eight pens to investigate the effect of different dietary concentrations of chromium (Cr) in the form of chromium chloride, and different dosages of florfenicol on humoral immune responses by determining antibody titers to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines using the hemagglutination inhibition test. The results indicated that ND antibody titers were significantly higher in chicks receiving Cr at low (5 mg/kg feed) and middle (10 mg/kg feed) dose compared with the control (p<0.01). However, ND antibody titers were significantly decreased in chicks receiving Cr at a high dosage of 500 mg/kg feed (p<0.01), though the ND antibody titers of the early days (d 21 and d 28 of age) were higher than that of the control group. It is suggested that excessive Cr intake has detrimental effects on ND antibody production in chicks. No significantly lower response was measured in chicks that received florfenicol at a low dosage of 50 mg/kg feed (p>0.05), but the ND antibody titers were significantly decreased in chicks receiving 200 and 400 mg/kg feed of the drug (p<0.01). The ND antibody titers of group receiving 200 mg/kg feed of florfenicol plus 10 mg/kg Cr were slightly higher than that of the group receiving single florfenicol of 200 mg/kg although, no significant differences were observed between these two treatments. It is suggested that the humoral immune response impaired by florfenicol (200 mg/kg feed) could not be significantly reversed by Cr (10 mg/kg feed).

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.539-549
• /
• 2004

Mean death time of inoculated embryonated egg is one of the methods to determine the virulence of the Newcastle disease viruses (NDV). Evaluation of tissue tropism of NDV in the host has been proposed as an another way to determine the pathogenicity of NDV based on the principal site of viral replication. To evaluate the tissue tropism among NDV, an immunohistochemistry(IHC) technique using monoclonal antibody was applied in one-day-old SPF chickens inoculated with different ND vaccine strains such as Ulster 2C, VG/GA and B1 viruses by eye drop instillation. The tissues used for this comparison were trachea, intestine, Harderian gland and cecal tonsil, which were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 14 days post inoculation. Among test groups, chickens inoculated with B1 viurs, which is known to replicate in the respiratory system, have IHC positive staining mainly in the trachea and those inoculated with Ulster 2C have IHC positive staining mainly in the intestine. However, chickens inoculated with VG/GA strain have IHC positive staining in both the trachea and intestine. Therefore, a differences in tissue tropism among ND vaccine strains has been proved by the IHC technique. Based on this results, the IHC staining technique could be used to classify the NDV or to study the pathogenesis of NDV in chickens.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.77-89
• /
• 1981

The experimental study was undertaken to confirm the effect of vaccination of birds with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines on the Market by use of th. various vaccination programs. Sixteen groups of birds varying from 2 to f days of age, which were originated from hyper-immunised hens against ND were immunised by three different ways, a live vaccine only, a killed vaccine only, and the combination of a live and killed vaccine according to the each schedule of employed programs. In the administration of a live vaccine only, birds were immunized by one of following methods, the combination of intranasal and intraocular inoculation, intramuscular inoculation, via drinking water and the double inoculation by spray and drinking water application. Except for the double application, all the birds were vaccinated 2,3 or 4 times with two volumes of the virus dose (drinking water application) instructed by the commercial vaccine laboratory, until 21, 28 or 30 days of age, and all the immunized birds 19, 21 or 28 days postvaccination were challenged intramuscularly with 1.0$m\ell$ of 10,000 MLD per $m\ell$ of a virulent ND virus. In the administration of the combination of a live and killed vaccine, birds were immunized 2 or 3 times intranasally at first until 14 or 28 days of age with the same dose of the above experiment of a live vaccine, and then inoculated intramuscularly 1 or 2 times until 60 days of age with 1.0 $m\ell$ of a killed vaccine. And all immunized birds 11 days postvaccination were challenged with the same procedure of the above experiment. In the administration of a killed vaccine only, birds were immunized 3 times intramuscularly until 28 days of age with varied dose (0.2-0.5 $m\ell$) of a killed vaccine and all immunized birds 33 days postvaccination were challenged with the same procedure of the above experiment. The results obtained are summerised as follows: All birds vaccinated by using the combination of a live and killed vaccine program or a killed vaccin only appeared to be refractory. without any sign of illness, to the challenge exposure with 1.0$m\ell$ of 10,000 MLD per $m\ell$ of a virulent ND virus. On the other hand, the survival rates of birds of live vaccine groups immunized by a number of vaccine program such as Salsbury's day old program, 3-3-3 program, the Institute of Veterinary Reserch program and Multiple inoculation program, were 39.58%, 43.7%, 43.75% and 47.80%, respectively. And the survival rates of birds vaccinated with a live vaccine by 4 different ways of administration, i.e., double inoculation by water and aerosol application, intramuscular injection, intranasal instillation and via 4.inking water were 87.50%, 64.06%, 42.18% and 25.00%, respectively.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.163-169
• /
• 2013

Both of avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) can cause mild to severe diease in poultry. In this study, clinical signs, macro, and micro lesions were studied. Eighteen six-week-old SPF chicks were divided into 4 groups (E1, E2, E3 and C1) and housed in different rooms of the isolation facility at CAVAC (Daejeon, Korea). The control group (C1) of 3 chicks was housed separately as uninoculated. Experimental groups (E1, E2 and E3) challenged with H9N2 and/or NDV. E1 group was challenged with 0.1 mL A/Kr/Ck/01310/01 (H9N2) $10^{5.6}$ $EID_{50}$ by intranasal, E2 group was challenged with 0.5 mL Kyojeongwon (KJW) $10^{5.0}{\sim}10^{6.0}$ $ELD_{50}$ by intramuscular, and E3 group was challenged with 0.1 mL A/Kr/Ck/01310/01 $10^{5.6}$ $EID_{50}$ by intranasal and 0.5 mL KJW $10^{5.0}{\sim}10^{6.0}$ $ELD_{50}$ by intramuscular 7 days after H9N2 challenge. In clinical signs and gross findings, E1 group showed 0% mortality, anorexia, and hemorrhage of proventriculus and thymus, E2 group showed 100% mortality within 3~5 days after challenge, anorexia, green diarrhea, hemorrhage of proventriculus, proximal esophagus and thymus, enlargement of kidney, and bronze liver, and E3 group showed 100% mortality within 24~36 hours after NDV challenge, depression, anorexia, green diarrhea, hemorrhage of proventriculus, spleen, and lung, enlargement of kidney, and reduction of thymus size and number. In histopathological examination, E1 group showed depletion and necrosis in bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, and E2 and E3 group showed severe lymphocyte depletion and necrosis with destruction of lymphoid organ structures. In conclusion, co-infection of H9N2 with ND virus causes acute disease with high mortality than single infection and the pathologic lesions were more severe.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.225-232
• /
• 1990

실용 산란계 병아리에 대해서 시중에서 유통되고 있는 B$_1$생독 뉴캣슬병백신의 효능을 접종방법과 접종횟수를 달리하여 비교하였다. 실용산란계 372수를 93수씩 4군으로 나눈 후 3군에 대해서는 각각 음수. 점안, 분무방법으로 28일령까지 3회에 걸쳐 백신을 접종하였고 나머지 1군은 백신을 접종하지 않은 대조군으로 하였다. 매회 백신접종 2준 4주 후에 강독 바이러스로 공격접종하여 방어율을 조사하고 2주 간격으로 채혈하여, 혈구응집억제(HI) 항체가를 조차하였다. 방어율은 1일령에 1회 접종하는 것보다 2회 또는 3회 접종하는 것이 높았으나 2회. 3회간에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 접종방법간에는 분무방법이 2회 이상 접종할 경우 방어율이 높았으며 다음은 점안, 음수 순이었다. 백신을 2회 또는 3회 접종하여도 HI항체가는 대조군에 비해 크게 상승하지 않았다. 전반적으로 방어율이 낮은 것은 백신의 역가가 낮기 때문으로 생각되었다. 공격접종 후 뉴캣슬병 임상증상은 84% 이상에서 원기 및 식욕저하와 기면을 보였고 27%에서 설사, 15%에서 호홉곤란, 10%에서는 사경을 보였다. 부견소견상 출혈반은 십이지장(51%), 기관(36%), 회장(13%), 맹장편도(11%), 선위(10%) 순으로 관찰되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.93-102
• /
• 2017

본 연구에서 NDV의 L유전자와 F유전자를 표적 부위로 각각 제작한 primer 세트를 사용함으로써 하나의 PCR 튜브에서 NDV 검출(386 bp의 증폭 크기)과 함께 병원성 NDV(229 bp의 증폭 크기)를 동시에 감별 증폭할 수 있는 dRT-PCR 검사법을 개발하였다. 개발된 dRT-PCR검사법은 NDV를 특이적으로 검출하고, 병원성을 감별하였다. 특히 국내 병성감정 실시기관에서 적용 중인 기존의 RT-PCR 상용키트에서는 검출하지 못하는 class I NDV과 PPMV(class II 유전형 VI형)을 NDV를 검출함과 동시에 병원성 NDV도 감별가능하였다. 개발된 dRT-PCR 검사법의 검출 민감도는 약 $10^{3.0}EID_{50}/0.1mL$로 평가되었다. 또한 ND발생국의 야외 시료에 적용했을 때, NDV 공통항원 검출율은 94.4%였으며, 병원성 NDV 검출율은 100%이었다. 그러므로 본 연구에서 개발한 dRT-PCR 검사법은 의심축 사례에서 ND를 신속 정확하게 진단하는 데 유용할 진단 방법을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.69-75
• /
• 1981

본 연구는 오늘날 뉴캣슬병(ND) 예방접종 목적에 널러 쓰여지는 Adjuvant가 불활화예방약과 약독주 생독예방약(LV)의 두가지 중 특히 논의가 많은 LV의 접종경로에 따르는 면역효과를 밝혀. 그 결과를 일반에게 명확히 제시하여 본병방과에 도움을 주는 목적으로 시행하였다. 이 연구를 위해서 먼저 LV생산재료로 사용되는 $B_1$ 접종 발육계묘에서 얻은 장요막질액의 접종경로별 면역력가를 30일영추를 공시하여 측정한 후, 그 유효량을 사용하여 분무, 비강내적하 근육주사, 음수투여의 4가지 경로를 통해서 상기시험일때와 동일하게 30일추에 각각 접종, 접종경로별로 면역효과를 비교 검토하였다. 그리하여 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. $10^{8.5}$ EI $D_{50}$$m\ell$의 역가를 가진 $B_1$독주장요막강액재료의 10진희척 각단계액을 30일추에 대하여 업종경로별 각소정량을 분무, 비강내적하, 근육주사하였을 때 상기재료의 $10^{-2}$ 희척($10^{6.5}$ EI $D_{50}$$m\ell$) 응용은 만족한 면역성을 부여하였으나 $10^{-3}$희척($10^{5.5}$ EI $D_{50}$$m\ell$)에서는 만족스럽지 못하였으며 I $D_{50}$(-log)는 근육주사=2.8, 분묘＞4.1, 비강내적하＞4.2이었다. 2. $10^{-2}$ 희포장요막강($10^{6.5}$ EI $D_{50}$$m\ell$)의 접종경로별 각소정량을 30일령 공시추에 접종경로를 달리하여 접종하였을 때 10,000MLD/$m\ell$ ND 병독/$m\ell$의 근육내접종공격에 대한 내과율은 분무가 93.75%, 비강내적하가 95.3%, 근육내접종이 92.6%의 좋은 성적이었는데 반하여 식수투여는 47.18%로 극히 불량하고, 시험한 4가지 접종경로 중 가장 낮은 성적이었다. 낮은 성적이었다.은 성적이었다.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.193-198
• /
• 1988

모체이행항체가 있는 병아리에 생독과 사독 ND 백신을 동시접종 했을때 면역효과를 시험하기 위하여 국내에서 유통되고 있는 $B_1$과 LaSota의 2가지 생독백신과 Gel, Oil의 2가지 사독백신을 구입 1 일령에 각각 단독접종하거나 생독과 사독을 서로 다르게 조합하여 동시에 접종하였다. 생독백신은 백신제조회사에서 추천하는 1수분을 25${\mu}\ell$ 씩 한쪽눈에 적하 하였으며 사독은 0.3$m\ell$씩 경부피하에 접종하였다. HI 가를 주별로 8주까지 조사하였으며 방어율을 측정하기 위하여 4주와 8주에 강독으로 수당 $10^{5.3}$$ELD_{50}$씩 공격 접종하였다. 8개 시험군 중에서 .사독Oil백신과 생독을 동시에 접종한 군이 항체가와 방어율이 가장 높았다. 생독백신이나 Gel백신만 단독접종한 군은 방어율이 50%이하로 낮았으며 항체가도 4~5주 때 $2^2$이하로 하강하였다. 사독 Oil과 동시 접종한 생독백신으로서 $B_1$과 LaSota간에 는 방어율이나 항체가에서 차이를 인정할 수 없었다. 2가지 생독이 모두 Oil백신과 동시 접종했을 때 4주에서 방어율이 100%였으며 8주 때는 90-100%이었고 항체가도 $2^4$ 이상 8적까지 지적되었다. 동시접종해도 호흡기증상등의 부작용이나 증체율 저하 등의 현상은 볼 수 없었다.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.235-247
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 국내 산란계의 주요 질병에 대한 면역상태 및 역가수준을 파악하기 위해 2015년부터 2017년까지 3년간 충북대 수의과대학 조류질병학 실험실에 의뢰된 산란계의 혈청을 성장기와 산란기를 고려하여 주령별로 구분하여 분석하였고, 계절에 따른 검사결과를 분석하였다. 검사대상 질병은 검사 의뢰건 수가 많고, 혈청검사 결과가 유의미한 질병인 LPAI, ND, IB, aMPV, EDS'76, IBD, CIA, MS로 한정하였다. AI와 ND의 경우 전체적인 GMT, CV의 양상은 비슷하게 진행되었다. 반면 LPAI의 경우 주령별 계군양성율이 불균일하고 편차가 최대 약 50%의 큰 차이를 보였지만 ND의 경우 균일한 양성률을 보이며 편차는 2% 미만으로 낮게 확인되었다. 또한, 전체적인 GMT 역시 LPAI가 ND에 비하여 낮게 형성됨을 확인하였다. 이는 각 질병의 특성과 백신접종의 차이에 따른 결과로 판단된다. IB는 음성계군과 전체계군을 비교할 때 전체 계군의 역가수준이 전반적으로 높았고, CV값은 낮은 경향을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이를 통해 야외 IB virus의 노출을 추정할 수 있었다. aMPV는 2011년에 백신 출시 이후 과거에 비해 높은 항체양성률과 GMT역가 상승을 확인할 수 있었다. EDS'76은 전주령 구간 균일한 역가분포를 나타내었고, 백신에 의한 역가형성을 확인할 수 있었다. IBD는 0~1.5주령의 어린 일령에서 전반적인 IBD 모체이행항체가 높은 수준의 양성률을 보였고 3주령 이후 높게 형성되는 양성률이 모체이행항체수준을 높이는 것으로 추정되고, 향후 지속적인 혈청학적 모니터링이 진행되어야 하겠다. MS는 2017년 백신 출시 이후 양성률과 역가가 높게 나타나는 결과를 보였지만 의뢰건 수가 적고 백신 도입 초기이기 때문에 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.121-146
• /
• 2005

Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB), low pathogenic avian Influenza (LPAI) and fowl typhoid (FT) have been known as egg drop laying diseases because of the serious layer damage from mass zone layer. In this study, such egg drop laying diseases were investigated. To access this study, we peformed to evaluate antibody titers in serum and isolated bacteria and virus from organs and feces on May, July and September in 2003. The distribution of ND from January to May, IB and LPAI from October to February of the next year, and FT from March to September were inspected by the question survey in 21 farms. ND revealed to be positive rates of 490 to 474 $(96.7\%)$ in May, 510 to 506 $(99.2\%)$ in July and 510 to 510 $(100\%)$ in September with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The mean antibody titers were 10.2, 9.9 and 10.2, respectively. With regard to IB, 484 out of 490 samples $(98.7\%)$ in May, 508 of 510 $(99.6\%)$ in July and 509 of 510 $(99.8\%)$ in September showed positive results and the mean antibody titers were gradually increased with 8.2, 9.0 and 9.4, respectively. According to HI test of LPAI, the positive results were shown in 442 of 480 $(92.1\%)$, 394 of 494 $(79.8\%)$ and 402 of 483 $(83.2\%)$ in May, July and September, respectively The mean antibody titers were decreased with 4.6, 4.3 and 4.0. The distribution of LPAI also elicited the positive rates of 480 to 475 $(99.0\%)$ in May, 494 to 485$(98.2\%)$ in July, 483 to 472 $(97.7\%)$ in September as determined by ELISA and the mean S/P ratio were 2.319, 2.557 and 2.380, respectively. Compared ELISA results with HI test of LPAI the positive results were 480 to 422 $(92.1\%),\;475(99.0\%),\;494\;to\;394 (79.8\%),\;485 (98.2\%)\;and\;483\;to\;402(83.2\%),\;472(97.7\%)$. Therefore, the positive rate determined by ELISA was higher than that of HI test with 6.9, 18.4 and $14.5\%$, respectively. When performed RT-PCR for ND using organ and feces samples, the pathotypes were detected $5(15.6\%)\;in\;May,\; 2(5.3\%) in\;July,\;2(7.1\%)$ in September but there is no samples showing positive band for LPAI. In attempt to isolate Salmonella gallinarum, bacteria were obtained from 4 cases (12.5%) in May, 9 (23.6%) in July, 5 (17.8%) in September. Thus the highest rate for isolation revealed to be shown in July When evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility to 18 isolated strains of 5. gallinarum, bacteria were sensitive to trimethoprim/sulfamethox$(61.1\%),\;kanamycin\;(55.5\%),\;ampicillin\;(55.5\%)$ and amoxacillin/clavulanic acid $(55.5\%)$, cephalothin $(50.0\%)$, but resistant to penicillin $(88.9\%)$, streptomycin $(88.9\%)$, erythromycin $(83_4\%)$ and tetracycline $(61.1\%)$. According to HI test of ND and LPAI using captured 164 wild Korean tree sparrows (Passer nontanus), the positive rates were $47.6\%\;and\;57.3\%$, and the mean HI titers were 5.32 and 4.02, respectively. 71 $(43.2\%)\;and\;58(35.3\%)$ in captured sparrows also showed more than 4 titers for HI test to ND and LPAI, respectively However, the attempt for isolation of viruses failed in all samples.