• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.489-493
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine those factors which could contribute to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC) in fullterm. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical record of 20 full-terms with NEC(${\geq}$modified Bell's staging criteria IIa) who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Il Sin Christian hospital from January 1998 through July 2005, and for each case, the next 2 healthy newborns were matched as controls. Results : Mean gestational age and birth weight in the fullterm with NEC group was 38.42 weeks and 2,915 g; in the healthy fullterm without NEC group, it was 38.61 weeks and 3,148 g. When compared with the control group, NEC infants had a significantly higher frequency of chorioamnionitis, protracted diarrhea. As for Apgar score at 1 min <7, respiratory problem, congenital heart disease. there were no differences in frequency of preeclampsia, maternal diabetes, maternal drug abuse, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, polycythemia or exchange transfusion. Conclusion : Most of these full term infants have a predisposing factor before developing NEC. Our study suggested that NEC in fullterm infants was significantly associated with protracted diarrhea, and congenital heart disease.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.467-475
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• 2006

The necessity of adequate pregnancy weight gain for optimal pregnancy outcome has been recognized. However, the specific components of pregnancy weight gain that might be critical for fetal growth and development have not been elucidated clearly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of pregnancy weight gain and birth weight with serum leptin levels in women delivered newborns. The subjects were recruited from K university hospital. The subject's characteristic data (age $32.1\;{\pm}\;4.3\;y$, gestational age $39.5\;{\pm}\;1.1wk$, pre-pregnancy weight $58.0\;{\pm}\;8.6\;kg$, pregnancy weight gain $12.7\;{\pm}\;5.5\;kg$, newborn's birth weight $3.5\;{\pm}\;0.5\;kg$) were gathered. Maternal dietary assessment was carried out at the end of pregnancy. After delivery, blood samples were collected from 20 mother-newborn pairs. Serum levels of various lipids and leptin were analyzed. Maternal daily consumption of iron, zinc, folate were lower than the RDA of each nutrient and index of nutritional quality was less than 1 showing that the quality of maternal diet was low. The levels of serum leptin of mothers and infants were $10.2\;{\pm}\;6.7\;ng/ml$ and $1.7\;{\pm}\;0.6\;ng/ml$, respectively. The serum leptin concentrations of male infants $(1.9\;{\pm}\;0.7\;ng\;ml)$ were not different from that of females $(1.7{\pm}0.5\;ng/ml)$. A negative correlation was found between the maternal pre-pregnant BMI and weight gain during pregnancy (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the pregnancy weight gain and the newborn's birth weight (r=0.59, p < 0.01 There were also positive correlation between newborn's birth weight and newborn's serum leptin levels (r = 0.57, p < 0.01). No correlations were found between maternal serum leptin levels and that of newborn's. Efforts should be made to attain adequate diet and weight gain during the pregnancy to reduce the likelihood of low or over birth weight of newborns.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.484-498
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the home care needs in a rural county as a basic study to develop a Korean home care model. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 1, 352 household which accounted for 8.8% of Youn Cheon County population. A Standard criterias for home care subject were delineated by five nursing professors representing five different areas of nursing specialty. The developed criteria for home care subjects were as below, 1) Patients who had been discharged from hospital during the previous week. 2) Patients with special medical devices 3) Newborns and the mothers. 4) The chronically ill with poor recovery or control of disease. 5) Subjects with poor health care behavior or ability 6) Subjects with poor social support and / or family resources. 7) Subjects with health related educational needs. Three types of questionnaires were developed to screen home care subjects, one for adults, one for infants and one for the elderly. Also different questionnaire items were developed to evaluate the control and self care ability of chronically ill subjects. After training in interview methods for 2 days, 39 interviewers visited individual households for interviews. As the results of the study showed that 14.1％ of adult subjects and 76.5% of infants and child were judged as having at least one criterion related to home care need, 15.69% of adults and 53% of elderly had at least one chronic illness. The most prevalent chronic illnesses were hypertension, skeletal-neurological disease and diabetes. The prevalence of subjects with home care needs were, those with poor health care behavior(8.89%), with health-re-lated educational needs(8.71%), with poor recovery or control of disease (3.52%), and with poor social support and inadequate family resources(3.19%). There were only 0.3%, 0.37%, 0.11% who were discharged patients, patients with medical devices, or newborns respectively. Thus, the largest home care client group were those who need direct health care and health education. Seventy five percent of the subjects responded that they were willing to use and pay for home care service if it is offered in the future. It is suggested that recently discharged patients and patients with special medical devices can be cared for by hospital based home care nurses, but other home care clients can be cared for by com-munity based home care nurses.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.222-229
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• 1994

Radiostrontium passes the placental barrier in pregnant rodents very well. Chitosan, a natural nontoxic chelator, was reported to reduce whole body retention of radiostrontium in mice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate water soluble chitosan as a blocking agent of transplacental transfer of radiostrontium in pregnant mice. Twenty pregnant mice were divided into four groups: control and three groups of chitosan treatment (groups 1 to 3). Sr-85(15KBq in 0.2ml saline) was subcutaneously injected into pregnant mice at the 17th day of pregnancy. In control mice, 0.2ml saline was given 5 hours after the injection of Sr-85. In group 1, 1% water soluble chitosan was given subcutanously for two days, twice daily after the injection of Sr-85. In group 2, 10% water soluble chitosan was given orally for 15 days before conception. In group 3, 0.3% water soluble chitosan was injected intravenously for 15 days, once daily before conception. Gamma counting of newborns were done at days 0, 2 and 7 after their births. Whole body retention of Sr-85 in newborns of control mice at days 0, 2, 7 were $3.1{\pm}0.3%,\;2.9{\pm}0.3%,\;2.8{\pm}0.3%$ respectively. In experimental groups, whole body retention of Sr-85 was significantly lower than that of control (p<0.01) and no statistical difference was noted between them. In group 1, the values were $2.1{\pm}0.3%,\;1.4{\pm}0.1%,\;1.4{\pm}0.1%$, respectively. In group 3, they were $2.1{\pm}0.2%,\;1.7{\pm}0.2%,\;1.6{\pm}0.2%$, respectively. In conclusion, the water soluble chitosan reduced transplacental contamination of radiostrontium in pregnant mice.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.119-131
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify the trends and contents of intervention towards children using meta analysis, to support the basis for using in the field and research method about nursing intervention. We used 27 materials which was reported from 1970 to August, 1999 : dissertation study and Korean Nurses' Academic society Journals, the Journal of Korean Academic society of Adult Nursing, The Korea Journal of Maternal and Child Health Nursing. The types of intervention we used came from 3 different researchers. Snyder showed cognitive, movement, social sensory intervention. McCloskey & Bulechek categorized as the following : self-care assistance, acute care management, life-style alteration, health promotion, life support intervention, Craft & Denehy classified psychosocial intervention and biophysiological intervention. Some findings are summarized as follow : Out of the 27 researches sensory intervention had the most in there thesis, recently cognitive intervention research has a tendency to increase. 18 researches has acute care management in there theses, and health promotion was found the least. Out of the 27 thesis 15 thesis was classified as biophysiological intervention and 12 had psychosocial. 27 thesis had 11 types of interventions which originally was categorized by Snyder, therefore sensory intervention thesis had the most. 11 types of intervention which originally was classified by McClosky & Bulechek, teaching and information had the most out of acute care management. Out of 27 thesis, 14 had dealt with newborns, especially newborns with sensory intervention. Therefore school age and above had cognitive intervention which was used for teaching and information. Infants, preschool, schoolage children received acute care management the most, health promotion intervention was used towards adolescences. Depending on the characteristics of dependent variables, it was analysed using meta however 17 thesis are possible except primary experimental research. Mean effect size comparison by Snyder classification, cognitive intervention was the largest mean(1.51), sensory intervention was larger(0.71) also, movement intervention was in the middle(0.56) as shown. Comparison done by McClosky & Bulechek, the intervention leading to life style alteration was the largest mean(1.97), teaching was used the most. Comparison by Craft & Denehy classification, psychosocial intervention was larger(1.15) than biophysiological intervention (0.67). The result of nursing intervention through age classification, the largest weighted mean effect size in the research was towards infants and neonates. The research which was focused on nursing intervention, has important meaning in nursing practice and knowledge development. When we know that children's nursing intervention is necessary and overcome our biased view, efficiency of children's nursing intervention are increased and professionalized. Therefore results will be important basic data to guide a development of child nursing intervention & classification.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.166-171
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was performed to determine the rate of neonatal symptomatic spontaneous pneumothorax, and the corresponding clinical characteristics, co-morbidities, and outcomes. Methods : The demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms and signs, associated abnormalities, methods of treatment, and outcomes were investigated in 22 neonates with symptomatic spontaneous pneumothorax in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Chonnam University Hospital between March 2003 and February 2008. Results : The rate of spontaneous pneumothorax was 0.55%. Among the 22 neonates, the number of outborns was 15 (68.2%) and the number of males was 12 (54.5%). The main symptoms and signs were chest retraction, tachypnea, and cyanosis. The pneumothoraces were more frequent on the right side (59.1%) and all cases were diagnosed within 3 days of life. Four cases (18.2%) had urologic abnormalities and 7 cases (31.8%) had cranial abnormalities by ultrasonography. The treatments included oxygen (81.8%) and oxygen with chest tube drainage (18.2%). All of the infants survived and the overall outcomes were favorable. Conclusion : When respiratory symptoms and signs are develop abruptly in otherwise healthy newborns, the clinician should suspect a spontaneous pneumothorax and check a chest x-ray as soon as possible. Although the outcome of neonatal symptomatic spontaneous pneumothorax is favorable, renal and cranial ultrasonography are needed because of the higher possibility of urologic abnormalities and germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage than in newborns without a pneumothorax.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-48
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• 1993

This study was done to suggest modification in the present hospital policy for Labour and Delivery which separates women in labour from their families. The design for study was a descriptive study. The number of subjects consisted of 82 postpartum women who had delivered within 12 hours and for whom there were no complications either for the mothers or for the newborns. Data collection was done with a structured questionnaire which was analyzed using frequencies and percentiles. The results of this study are as follows : 1. Most of subjects (90.2%) wanted their family to participate in the labour process. Husband were chosen as the primary participant(79.3%). The number of subjects who wanted their family to support them through the whole labour process (35.4%) was the highest, followed by, during labour(32.9%), as contrasted to, during delivery (1.2%). 2. Support from husband during pregnancy ranged from 55.6%-87.6% for all items. Primary support was from husband during the pregnancy. 3. The subjects wanted support from their families in labour by way of encouraging(84.1%), consolidating(81.7%), changing position(43.9%), maintaining relaxation(35.4%) and helping with respiration control (29.3%). The results showed higher support on the emotional level than the physical and informational level (26.8%). 4. The subjects answered that they expected that participation by their family during the labour process would have the effect of increasing security for the women in labour(79.3%), providing a better relationship between the family and the women in labour (57.3%) and the newborns(34.1%), and making for an easier labour courses (23.2%). 5. The priority of family members that the subjects wanted support from was, the husband, mother and mother-in-law in that order. It can be concluded that nurses help to maintain a management policy in the maternity setting which ignores the needs of the women in labour. If consideration is to be given to these subjects, future programs should include participation by the family in the labour process.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.43-52
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• 2018

Purpose - The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of children's age on maternal labor supply in Korea using survival analysis. Specifically, we focus on the career re-interruption of women having children under age 12, which has rarely been studied in the existing literature. Research design, data, and methodology - We use micro data from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) surveyed from 1998 to 2016. Instead of using a pre-school child dummy or the number of young children as an explanatory variable, 9 children's age dummies are included to capture the effect of nurturing 0 to 9 years old children. This study estimates the hazard of a woman's exiting the labor market after her first experience of the career interruption, rather than the hazard of the first career interruption itself. A Cox proportional hazard model is applied to numerically capture the impact of children's age on behavioral changes in maternal labor supply. The sample used in this analysis is women between 15 and 54 years old. Most of all, we restrict the sample to women who had at least a child between 0 and 12 years old at the time of quitting their jobs. Results - The Cox proportional hazard model estimates show a strong negative effect of a 0-year-old child on maternal labor supply. Mothers with newborns have a high hazard ratio of labor force exit after the re-entry. The hazard of women with infants is three times higher than those with children aged 10 to 18. Additionally, the results show that not only newborns, but also children in the age of school-entry have a negative impact on their mother's labor supply. Conclusions - The findings reveal that children's ages need to be properly expanded and included when analyzing the effect of children and their ages on married women's labor supply, especially on women's career re-interruption. A large negative effect of 7-year-old children on maternal labor supply found here indicates that supporting mothers with school age children as well as pre-school children is necessary to prevent mothers from leaving the labor market.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1994

Presently there is an increasing demand for home health care services due to changes in the demographic structure as a result of an increasing elderly population, socio-economic improvements, and changes in the family structure, as well as the growing number of people with degenerative diseases. In addition to these reasons, rising medical costs and there a shortage of patient beds space in the hospital, particularly since introduction of national medical insurance. There has been an increasing demand for health care health care services. This study was done to identify the basic data for home health care management. It focused on developing client selection criteria, assessment tools, and recording methods. This was accomplished by the researchers visiting the patients in their homes. The research process included preparation investigation, tool development, training of the project researcher, and visiting the clients in their homes. The research tools are as follows : 1. Record development : a) The selection criteria tool for home health care of postpartum women was a structured tool and consisted of four parts. b) The structured assessment tool consisted of a general items, obstetric history, past medical history, methods of feeding, medications taken before admission, laboratory test results, discharge instructions, discharge medications, family tree, economic status, environmental status, a map, health assessment of postpartum women and their newborns. c) The visit note I consisted of the frequency of visits. Visit note II consisted of the date ; nursing problems ; nursing process including the initial assessment ; nursing goal ; visit plan ; postpartum women and their neonate health status, diagnosis, goal, implementation, evaluation, summary, next plan, for visit revision. d) Problem note consisted of the date, problem numbers, nursing diagnosis, problem appearance date problem resolution date. The research results are as follows : 1. Nursing problems : The nursing problems of the postpartum women and their neonates were evaluated by the number of nursing diagnoses and the change in the pattern of nursing diagnosis related to the number of visits. a) Nursing diagnosis The nursing diagnosis was classified according to physical function, psychosocial function, family system maintained function. b) The changes of nursing diagnosis related to the number of visits. As the type of nursing diagnosis changed related to the number of visits the number of nursing diagnoses decreased. 2. Contents of home health care : The content was categorized according to assessment, direct care, counseling, education, family care, reporting to with the attending doctor. The recommendations based on the research results are as follows : 1. Tool development Replication of this study is needed to test the validity of the assessment tools used. 2. Home visit a) Home health care nurses should be licensed and qualified. A referral form from the attending doctor is needed for legal protection of nurses. b) The first home visit need to be within 24 hours of discharge from the hospital to decrease the anxiety of frightened postpartum women. c) When the changes occur in the newborn's status, home health care nurses should consult a pediatrician. Communication within the home healthcare team is essential and needs to consistent and done smoothly. 3. Home health care A Study is required to develop protocols for education of staff and for operation of all aspects of this program.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.287-292
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• 2001

Background: To determine mean clitoral and glans size of Korean female newborn. Materials and Methods: The size of glans and clitoris of 68 Korean female newborns born at Yeungnam University Medical Center were measured from May in 1999 to August in 1999. Results: The mean size of the 68 newborns were $2.38{\pm}1.14$ mm in glans length, $2.55{\pm}1.48$ mm in glans width and $4.66{\pm}1.93$ mm in clitoral length. In the premature infants the mean clitoral size was $1.92{\pm}1.58$ mm in glans length, $1.78{\pm}1.24$ mm in glans width and $3.86{\pm}2.16$ mm in clitoral length. In the full term infants $2.53{\pm}1.12$ mm in glans length, $2.75{\pm}1.58$ mm in glans width and $4.94{\pm}1.89$ mm in clitoral length. In low birth weight infants clitoral size was measured $1.55{\pm}1.10$ mm in glans length, $2.04{\pm}2.03$ mm in glans width and $3.29{\pm}1.87$ mm in clitoral length. In normal birth weight infants $2.53{\pm}1.13$ mm in glans length, $2.68{\pm}1.48$ mm in glans width and $4.92{\pm}1.91$ mm in clitoral length. In high birth weight infants $1.54{\pm}0.50$ mm in glans length, $1.63{\pm}0.53$ mm in glans width and $3.18{\pm}1.04$ mm in clitoral length. Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between gestational age and clitoral size or glans size, but significant negative correlation was found between birth weight and clitoral size or glans size.