• Computers and Concrete
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 2018

In order to solve the life prediction problem of damaged coating steel bar in magnesium cement concrete, this study tries to establish the marginal distribution function by using the corrosion current density as a single degradation factor. Representing the degree of steel corrosion, the corrosion current density were tested in electrochemical workstation. Then based on the Copula function, the joint distribution function of the damaged coating was established. Therefore, it is indicated that the corrosion current density of the bare steel and coated steel bar can be used as the boundary element to establish the marginal distribution function. By using the Frank-Copula function of Copula Archimedean function family, the joint distribution function of the damaged coating steel bar was successfully established. Finally, the life of the damaged coating steel bar has been lost in 7320d. As a new method for the corrosion of steel bar under the multi-dimensional factors, the two-dimensional Copula function has certain practical significance by putting forward some new ideas.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-21
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• 2013

This study attempts to explain the mechanism behind the migration from vertically integrated value chain architecture to an innovation ecosystem consisting of horizontally separated layers in value chain. We first present a comprehensive framework based on the theoretical analysis of the drivers for migration to an innovation ecosystem, which are standard (institution), capability distribution, and transaction costs. The theoretical framework suggests that the migration to an innovation ecosystem is explained by the influence of standard on the evolutionary change of capability distribution and transaction costs. In particular, when the new de-jure standard competes with the de-facto standard, the new de-jure standard has the greatest impact on the distribution capabilities and the transaction costs. Based on this theoretical framework, we analyze the latest SDN (Software Defined Networking) case of the network industry. SDN standard has transformed the industry from a vertically integrated value chain architecture to a horizontally separated one with its influence on the distribution capabilities and the transaction costs in the industry.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.137-146
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• 2016

Purpose - Korean agriculture is facing internal and external environmental changes and the need for secure stable outlets. Active participation and mutually beneficial cooperation between enterprises and agricultural is necessary for a win-win situation. This study investigates the case for distribution cooperation and a cooperative system. To respond to the diverse needs of consumers and market reclamation, there is a need to analyze and categorize distribution cooperation. Research design, data, and methodology - A literature study, relevant interviews with enterprises, and meetings with local government practices were conducted. A survey frame was derived through the participation of agricultural enterprises and distribution cooperation models were categorized identifying win-win cooperation and best practices. It was organized on the basis of six best practice examples of distribution cooperation between industry and agricultural sectors, divided into three types: opening distribution channels, exporting cooperation, and developing new products. Results - An innovation management system that can adapt to environmental changes and problems of agriculture is necessary. A company has to supply high-quality agricultural products reliably to meet the preferences of consumers by introducing products that promote domestic market differentiation. In addition, consumers are choosing a variety of products that may include not only high quality products but also local products and safe products. The main areas of cooperation are the direct provision of agrifood raw materials to consumers. Next, would be to help agricultural sectors distribute and pioneer international markets. The ideal step for distribution cooperation is the joint investment in new products by business and agriculture. Conclusions - Agriculture and win-win cooperation with enterprises is in an early stage of social contribution. To implement a distribution cooperation model between business and agricultural sectors, it is crucial to establish a structured support system including joint councils. Additional requirements include strengthening agricultural capacities, creating a legal basis for provision, and producing a win-win cooperation environment. The promotion of win-win cooperation and agricultural enterprises needs to exist in various forms in order to establish a different type of incentive system.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.16 no.6 s.84
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• pp.875-881
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• 2004

The quality of recycled aggregate is affected by original concrete strength and the manufacturing process of recycled aggregates. In this study, the porosity of old and new mortar, and the compressive strength of concrete were investigated to examine the influence of recycled aggregate on the concrete. Six kinds of recycled coarse aggregates were produced from concrete blocks of differing strength levels (A:60. 1MPa, B:41.7MPa, C:25.5MPa). Original concrete strength and the bond mortar of recycled aggregate influences the pore structures of both old and new mortar. The pore size distribution of old mortar was found to be greatly affected by age, and the reduction of the porosity of bond mortar on low strength recycled aggregate increased at a greater rate than that of bond mortar on high strength recycled aggregate. The pore size distribution of new mortar in recycled aggregate concrete changed in comparison with that of new mortar in virgin aggregate concrete. The total porosity of new mortar using B level recycled aggregates was smaller than that of new mortar with A, and C level recycled aggregates. Moreover, the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete was found to have been affected by original concrete strength. The compressive strength of concrete only changed slightly in the porosity of new mortar over $15\%$, but increased rapidly in the porosity of new mortar fewer than $15\%$.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.805-828
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• 2010

Korea also plans to introduce Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) for strengthening market functions after 2012 as United States and several members of EU countries did. Through the introduction of RPS, it requires energy industry to supply new and renewable energy at fixed rate. Therefore, it will contribute to the distribution of new and renewable energy. This paper analyzed the economic effect of the introduction of RPS using CGE. The summary of the paper on the analysis of the economic effect based on endogenous growth theory under imperfect market competition by using CGE is as follows; Since RPS possibly regulates the amount of new and renewable energy, it can achieve the target amount of new and renewable energy without fail. As achieving the target amount accurately, the distribution of more advanced skills can be expected. However, GDP reduction can occur because investment cost increases due to the requirement of new and renewable energy supply. Therefore, in the long run, it is appropriate to introduce RPS because it contributes to the distribution of new and renewable energy and can be utilized as a new growth engine to encourage economic growth.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.29-47
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• 2013

Distribution channel decisions involve long-term commitments with other firms that are very difficult to change or replace. In particular, marketing channel decisions in emerging markets are much more complicated due to unfamiliar conditions and problems such as lack of market data and distribution systems. Therefore, when a company considers changing or introducing a marketing channel in an area, it is much more difficult to judge its effectiveness in an emerging market than in a developed market. In this study, we investigate the development process of a new direct marketing channel of Hongfu Fertilizer Company (hereafter Hongfu), a medium-sized Chinese fertilizer manufacturer, and propose an approach to test the feasibility of this new marketing channel in the Chinese rural market. We measure the effectiveness of Hongfu's new marketing channel from two perspectives: i) from customers' perspective through direct responses of farmers, which showed that a new channel can increase the convenience and lower the purchasing costs for the farmers, and ii) from the company's perspective, by calculating the incremental profit of the company using the expansion factor (T/Q) method, which suggested that the execution of Hongfu's strategy to expand a new marketing channel will result in an increase in profits. The results of this study contribute to the development of a methodology to test the feasibility of a new direct marketing channel in the emerging markets such as the Chinese rural market. Traditional and indirect distribution channels in emerging markets are generally not very efficient and difficult to change. Especially, in emerging markets, like the Chinese rural market, the methods of testing channel feasibility must be different from that of developed markets. Considering market situations, market experiments can be more effective then systematic market surveys in testing channel feasibility in emerging markets. This study implies that managers must learn to cope with a transition from the traditional marketing channels in emerging markets. With the development in farmers' understanding of marketing concept, the transition from traditional marketing channel is unavoidable for all firms. Farmers in China are generally very conservative, however, their buying behaviors are changing. Therefore, fertilizer companies should try to adjust in accordance with farmers' demand characteristics that the efforts to meet the economic needs of farmers with new marketing channels as well as trust building are critical in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2015

A new distribution of Dalbergia hupeana has been reported at Mt. Yudal in Mokpo-si, Korea. It was previously thought to be restricted to China, but is now recognized as a new addition to Korean flora. Species identification was confirmed according to morphological characteristics and DNA sequences. The genus Dalbergia is clearly distinguished from other leguminous tree species in Korea due to its diadelphous (5+5) stamens. Here, we describe the characteristics of the genus and species and speculate about whether its origins are native or introduced in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.1814-1820
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• 2007

As RFID/USN has appeared as one aspect of the latest trend in Convergence rapidly spreading over the society, the use and the applied service of RFID/USN are expected to be diverse. USN begins by the technological means to providing the new type of service, and provides the customers with the factors in various type of its application to satisfy their desire. This thesis suggests a forecast model of the u-Distribution with expecting the new change of the new generation of distribution by using RFID/USN, which is initiatively introduced into this area. For the suggestion of the forecast model, the way of planning of it will be discussed by examining the necessity of the model. Also, the systematic and technical parts of the new forecast model will be schematized.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.257-265
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• 2021

Many studies have been performed to predict a reliable and accurate stress-range distribution and fatigue damage regarding the Gaussian wide-band stress response due to multi-peak waves and multiple dynamic loads. So far, most of the approximation models provide slightly inaccurate results in comparison with the rain-flow counting method as an exact solution. A step-by-step study was carried out to develop new approximate spectral moments that are close to the rain-flow counting moment, which can be used for the development of a fatigue damage model. Using the special parameters and bandwidth parameters, four kinds of parameter-based combinations were constructed and estimated using the R-squared values from regression analysis. Based on the results, four candidate empirical formulas were determined and compared with the rain-flow counting moment, probability density function, and root mean square (RMS) value for relative distance. The new approximate spectral moments were finally decided through comparison studies of eight response spectra. The new spectral moments presented in this study could play an important role in improving the accuracy of fatigue damage model development. The present study shows that the new approximate moment is a very important variable for the enhancement of Gaussian wide-band fatigue damage assessment.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

Purpose: As China's economic development enters new normal, employee happiness degree of small and micro enterprises will take on new features. The purpose of this paper is to discover the characteristics of changes in employee happiness, and provide reference and management suggestions. Research design, data and methodology: This paper determined the factors affecting employee happiness, established a measure model of happiness, measured and analyzed employee happiness by selecting more than 1,108 employees from 30 domestic small and micro enterprises. Results: First, the overall level of happiness in small and micro enterprises is relatively low. Second, there is no significant difference in happiness perception among employees in terms of the six factors. Third, the employees of small and micro enterprises have the highest happiness in three issues, including work distribution, internal interpersonal relationships, and less institutional constraints, the happiness on the two compensation benefits and a democratic management issue is the lowest. Fourth, gender factor has no significant effect on employee happiness, while age, working years, education, position, and the nature of employment have a significant impact on happiness. Conclusions: Employee happiness of small and micro enterprises will take on new features. Some human resource management suggestions are proposed from different perspectives based on the survey results.