• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.59-81
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• 2021

This paper aims to analyze Korea's trade and investment performance in Spain and the business environment of Spain, and to find efficient strategies for entering into the Spanish market. This study is organized into five chapters. To begin with, it explains an overview of the Spanish economy and the current status of its major industries. Then, it analyzes Korea's trade and investment performance in Spain, the structure of comparative advantage and the trade trends of major import and export items, since 2011 when the Korea-EU FTA went into effect. Lastly, based on the results of this analysis, Korea's strategies for entering into the Spanish market are derived. The strategies derived from the analysis are as follows: (1) entering startups in the Spanish market through CVC cooperation and participation in large tech forums, (2) linking the Spanish interest in K-Culture to consumer goods exports, (3) promoting cooperation in the IT industry in response to the Spanish government's 'Connected Industry 4.0', (4) building a new Korean-Spanish value chain in response to the mobility revolution, (5) advancing jointly into a third country by combining the strengths of both Korea and Spain, (6) cooperating with the Spanish government to establish a sustainable energy policy, (7) promoting jointly with the Spanish government through smart city strategies and project exchanges, and (8) building a European logistics hub in Spain in preparation for post-Brexit.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.291-311
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• 2005

The great estate system of the Old World crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the 1500s along with the Spanish Royal Army, mission, merchants, crops and domestic arrivals, landing at the end of the journey in the Middle and South Americas. The latifundio of Spain's Middle Age combined with the environment of the New World to be regenerated in the name of hacienda which bad became tightly roared in the countryside landscape of New Spain by fin-de-colonial period of 1820s. The haciendas were distributed mainly over the central part of the present-dey Mexico, and the presence of water and towns determined the specific location of the large landed estates. Depending on the activities performed, the hacienda can be divided into several types such as grain hacienda, livestock hacienda, mining hacienda, henequen hacienda, and so forth. Consisting of landlords, estate managers and waged labor called peons, the hacienda as a semi-autarkic settlement played various roles as the home of church, the agrarian center and the hearth of cultural diffusion, as well as dwelling. Toward the end of the colonial period the hacienda experienced internal transformations driven by capitalism.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.29
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• pp.177-199
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• 2012

Nowadays migrations between the countries are getting each day more active and a mixture of people with different cultural backgrounds strengthens the hybridism, whereupon the point of view on the migration of Koreans has been changed from a diasporan perspective to an transnational one. The expansion of the transnationalism affects the identity of the subsequent generations of the immigration giving way to a psychologically deterritorialized social identity, which is an important consideration in the study of subsequent generations of the immigration. This study examined the Korean immigration history and the current status of the Korean community in Spain since the 1960s. The early immigrants like fishing vessel crew members, instructors of Taekwondo, chicken sexers who, despite the limits of foreigners in Spain, went to find out the source of life with no hesitation, overcame the difficulties of the early settlers and finally managed to achieve local success. Current history of immigration that began in the mid-1960s went through the maturity during the 1970s and 80s and the Koreans in Spain these days, who have undergone differentiation in the occupational structure because of the crisis of pelagic fisheries, face new challenges due to changes in the environment of the country they reside. The Korean community is regarded as an 'exemplary minority group (Model Minority)' even though it is a minority group in number. Now that the interest for overseas Koreans is higher than ever at home and abroad, due to the economic growth of the Republic of Korea, the spread of its cultural influence -the Korean Wave as proof-, and the overseas Koreans suffrage conducted, the research of the Korean residents in Spain will be important as an advanced research of an unexplored field, as well as an opportunity to broaden the horizons of the existing study area that has mainly dealt with major regions only.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.19-39
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• 2022

The aim of this study is to compare and analyze structural characteristics of smart city industry focused on Korea and Spain. Structural characteristics of industries were compared focusing on share, penetration, impact path and network clustering of smart industries. Research data used input-output tables established by Korea and Spain in 1995 and 2015, and industries were reclassified into 8 and 25 industries. The analysis model is the Smart SPIN Model. The key finding as follows: It was analyzed that there are differences in the structure and characteristics of the smart city industry between Korea and Spain. Firstly, It is analyzed that Korea has a larger share and penetration rate of IT manufacturing than Spain. On the other hands, Spain has a higher share and penetration rate in the IT service and knowledge service sectors than Korea. Secondly, Korea had many production paths for the IT service and the knowledge service. On the other hands, Spain included more production paths in the IT manufacturing sector. Thirdly, as a result of network analysis, Korea's smart industry has a characteristic that it is difficult to develop independently because it is dependent on traditional industries. In Spain, most of the smart industries were included in one industrial cluster, and it was analyzed to have an independent form. In conclusion, It was found that Korea has the industrial characteristics of a smart city based on IT manufacturing. Spain has the characteristics of smart city industry based on IT service and knowledge service. The results of this study are expected to provide basic data on the direction of smart city promotion and the establishment of smart city policies in Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.387-393
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• 2014

We propose Cryptonemia asiatica sp. nov. from Korea and Japan. We used molecular analyses of plastid-encoded rbcL and morphological observations to resolve the taxonomic identities of C. lactuca from Korea, C. luxurians from Japan, and C. seminervis from Spain. Specimens of C. lactuca and C. luxurians fell within the same molecular phylogenetic clade (with 100% bootstrap support) and were clearly separated from specimens of C. luxurians collected from the type locality in Brazil. Our analyses demonstrated identical molecular sequences between C. seminervis specimens from Spain and C. lomation specimens from France. Morphological characteristics of the new species, C. asiatica include prominent midribs through the mid thallus, a cortex 4-6 cells thick, and a blade with undulate margins. Molecular evidence indicates that specimens from Korea and Japan previously assigned to C. lactuca and C. luxurians, respectively, should be reassigned to Cryptonemia asiatica. Binomial C. luxurians from Brazil should be resurrected as the independent species of Cryptonemia.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.26
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• pp.43-71
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• 2012

In this article, we recognize the cross-cultural communication between Greece and Spain through El Greco's pictures. The Greeks of Crete kept to their culture and continued to look to the declining Byzantine Empire for spiritual and political guidance. For two centuries after the conquest, the strength of the Byzantine tradition had become the moral and spiritual sustenance of the conquered in Crete. The basic contribution of Cretan intellectuals or artists such as El Greco of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was the forging of connecting links between the Hellenism of the old Byzantine East and the rising, youthful Hellenism of the Renaissance West. In this way, Crete served as an important halfway point between East and West. The saint Mary Magdalene was symbol of Christian penitence, which represents the penitential life personified and became widespread during the Counter Reformation, when new emphasis was put on the value of prayer and repentance in the forgiveness of sin. In Spain, the Penitent Magdalene was popular and El Greco painted many versions, which at the first time, were reflected by Tiziano, on the contrary, at the time of Toledo, were recreated by his own style. Although El Greco was converted to Catholic in Spain, his faith in Greek Orthodox Church influenced on his original painting world. El Greco had never painted a picture whose subject treat with the emphasis of identification between Mary Magdalene and Mary, younger sister of Martha.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.15-30
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• 2005

The increasing amount of structures presenting distress due to reinforcement corrosion is urging the establishment of more accurate calculation methods for the service life of concrete structures. In the present paper, a summary of the different approaches is presented that are able to calculate the expected life of new structures, in certain aggressive environments or the residual life of already corroding structures. The methods for the initiation period are based on the proper calculation of the carbonation front or chloride penetration and on the steel corrosion rate. The methods for the residual load-bearing capacity calculations are based in the use of ' indicators ' or in the evaluation of the reduced section and a structural recalculation.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.52-55
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• 2002

The development of environment-friendly Energy Resources (New Renewable Energy Resources) is one of the global topics these days, considering CO2 Reduction Agreement by Kyoto Protect and the limit of Conventional Energy Resources in near future. Among the New Renewable Energy, Wind Energy is the most feasible Renewable Energy in view of economical and technical aspect at this moment. Last 10 years the Wind Energy Development was really dramatical in Europe. especially in Germany, Denmark and Spain. In this circumstance World Wind Energy Conference was held in Berlin Germany, in order to review the present status and future development of the Wind Energy. This report is a brief report of the Conference .

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.173-194
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• 2016

This paper consists in a study of a new contructive sequence of road viaducts with Movable Scaffolding System (MSS) using numerical tools based on finite element method (FEM). Traditional and new sequences are being used in Spain to build viaducts with MSS. The new sequence permits an easier construction of one span per week but implies some other issues related to the need of two prestressing stages per span. In order to improve the efficiency of the new sequence by reducing the number of prestressing stages per span, two solutions are suggested in this study. Results show that the best solution is to introduce the 100% of the prestressing force at the self-supporting core in order to improve the road viaduct construction with movable scaffolding system by reducing execution time without increasing economic costs.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.493-502
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• 2007

The oil consuming country, Korea is spending amount to 220bn barrel per day. It is higher-ranked as 8th country among oil consuming country. France, Brazil, Italia, Spain have recorded GDP than it of Korea. But, the oil consuming of Korea is more than it of them. The GDP of Korea is ranked 11th country, based on 2005. But Korea is higher-ranked as 8th country among oil consuming country. The new and renewable energy as alternative of oil is first measurement. But, the supply of new and renewable energy is inactive 2.13% among total energies. The economist prospects about 1bn job creation during the ten years through new and renewable energy. The merit of new and renewable energy is capital intensive and higher valuable industry.