• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.379-384
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• 2015

Background : Considerable time and effort is required to develop new Panax ginseng varieties. Ginseng breeders have been developing techniques to shorten the breeding cycle to resolve this problem. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding $GA_3$ and alternating temperature (AT, $2^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}-2^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}2^{\circ}C$) on breaking bud dormancy in the varieties (Chungsun and Sunun) of ginseng root. Methods and Results : The $GA_3$ soaking treatment and AT were applied to one year old roots, which greatly accelerated the emergence of new buds. In one year old roots, new buds emerged from the 4th day post transplanting and after breaking dormancy with $GA_3$ and AT treatments. The emergence of new buds was completed within two weeks. The rate of bud emergence for Chungsun was 60% - 98% over 15 - 60 days after the AT and $GA_3$ treatments. The emergence rate of Sunun was 46% - 92%. Normal growth of the ginseng seedling was observed in spite of the early breaking of bud dormancy by combined $GA_3$ and AT treatments. Conclusions : $GA_3$ and AT treatments shortened the dormancy period and facilitated the stable emergence of ginseng seedlings. However, some plants suffered deformities and early sprouting owing to the combined $GA_3$ and AT treatments. Early sprouting was free from dormancy after leaf fall from the of aerial part of the plant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2006

Busan New Port, under construction aiming for the hub of Northeast Asia and Partly in operation, had damaged up to 48 billion Won due to Typhoon 'maemi' in 2003. The present criteria of domestic harbor design only describes about the critical wave height with respect to the size of vessel for harbor tranquility. The berth operation ratio which represents the annual available berthing days is depending on the efficiency of cargo handling work and this depends on the motion of the moored vessel due to the wave action and the characteristics of cargo gears. The motion of moored vessel might be related not only to the wave height but also to wave period. Furthermore, the berth operation ratio relies on external forces such as currents and winds, including the characteristics of mooring system and the specification of the moored vessel. In this study we only deal with berth operation ratio in normal sea state, considering wave and current by measured data and numerical calculation. Especially we tried to evaluate the berth operation ratio for each berth adopting the variation of dredging and reclamation plan and the change of wave environment during the process of the new port construction. For better understanding and analysis of wave transformation process, we applied the steady state spectral wave model and extended mild-slope wave model to the related site. This study summarizes comparisons of harbor responses predicted by two numerical predictions obtained at Busan New port site. Field and numerical model analysis was conducted for the original port plan and the final corrected plan.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.55-69
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to perform a clinical test using ez NANOsence II RGP contact lenses for the effects of visual acuity and cornea on subjects with abnormal refraction status. One hundred twenty one adults (twenty nine males, ninety two females, range = 17 to 43, mean = 22.86) were recorded. The subject's history including, the symptoms from previous lens wear, were studied. The subjects were observed, both pre and post lens wear, for any symptoms and signs of change of the eye. The Visual acuity and the binocular status were tested at the far distance using the contact lens. The refraction test was performed on the naked eye using the objective method (Topcon KR-8100, Japan). The Stereopsis test was performed at the near distance after contact lens wear by the Titmus fly (Stereo Optical Co., U.S.A) and TNO (TECH, The netherlands). The contrast sensitivity diagnosis was performed at 1m distance after contact lens wear by the contrast sensitivity chart (pelli-Robertson, USA). The corneal topography was analyzed on the naked eye after lens wear by ORB scan (Bausch Lomb, U.S.A.). The ultra structure of surface on the contact lens was observed using SEM (JMS-5800, Japan). The chemical component's of the contact lens was analyzed by EDS program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The longer of contact lens wear period, The subjects have acquired the most improved visual function. 2. Subjects had experienced few side effects wearing the contact lenses. 3. The lenses were easy to use by the subjects. 4. The longer of contact lens wear period, the power of cornea had more decrease. but the base curve of cornea had more increase and corneal astigmatism was decrease (p<0.01). Also, the thickness of corneal center was few decrease. 5. Longer periods of using the contact lens showed stereopsis and contrast sensitivity at more normal values. 6 The corneal topographical after lens wear showed most subjects with similar morphology for different wear periods. 7. The surface ultrastructure of the new and used contact lens was the similar fine shape. 8. The chemical component's of in the new and used contact appeared to have similar results. In conclusion, this study showed that the surface ultrastructure and chemical component's of the new and used contact lens are similar. In addition, the subjects had improved the quality of vision and few experienced any side effects during long periods of contact lens wear. Also they have decrease of corneal astigmatism during the long period of lens wear. Our test has showed that the chemical composition and fine structure of contact lens have related to the visual function on contact lens wearer. In this paper, we suggested that ez NANOsence II RGP contact lenses had a moderate effect for correcting vision of abnormal refraction eye.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1126-1135
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• 2000

Objectives : The goal of surgical management of cerebral arteriovenous malformation(AVM) is elimination of the lesion without development of new neurological deficits. To improve the management results of cerebral AVMs in the future, this article discusses about surgical complications of the AVM and their management. Material and Methods : During the past 18 years, 116 patients with cerebral AVMs were managed by surgery. Among these cases, 7 cases died, 7 cases developed new neurological deficits, 11 cases residual AVM and 5 cases intracerebral hematoma(ICH) after surgery. The author analyzes the causes of those complications and investigates the methods to minimized those complications based on the review of the literatures. Results : One stage removal of AVM and ICH in the poor neurological state were performed in 5 of 7 death cases. Subtotal removal of ICH followed by delayed AVM surgery after recovery is regard as one method to improve the outcome of patient with large ICH. Postoperative new neurological deficits developed owing to normal perfusion pressure breakthrough(NPPB) in 3, judgement error in 2, preoperative embolization in 1 and cortical injury in 1 case(s). Proper management of NPPB, accurate anatomical knowledge and physiological monitoring during operation, and well trained skill for embolization are regard as methods to minimize those complications. Residual AVMs after surgery were noticed in 11 cases, in which unintended 6 cases due to inaccurate dissection of peripheral margin of AVM, and intended 3 cases due to massive brain swelling during operation, 1 cases due to diffuse type and 1 case due to multiple type of AVM. Accurate dissection of peripheral margin of AVM and mild hypotension during operation may help to avoid this complication. Postoperative hemorrhage occurred in 3 cases due to rupture of the residual AVM and in 2 cases due to oozing from the AVM bed. Complete resection of AVM, complete control of bleeding points at AVM bed and mild hypotension during early postoperative period are the methods to avoid this complication. Conclusion : A precise but flexible therapeutic strategy and refined skill for endovascular, radiosurgical and microsurgical techniques are required to successful treatment of cerebral AVM. Adequate timing of AVM resection, accurate anatomical knowledge, proper management of NPPB and accurate dissection of peripheral margin of AVM are the key points for avoiding complications of the AVM surgery.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.120-137
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was to investigate status survey and cost of infertility patients in ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ Korean Medicine Hospital. Methods: From January 2012 to June 2012, 171 new patients were admitted to ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ Korean Medicine Hospital for treatment of infertility. We reviewed their medical records retrospectively and had telephone consultations to find out whether they were pregnant or not. Results: The mean age of outpatients was $32.72{\pm}4.08$ years and mean BMI of outpatients was $20.26{\pm}2.68$. 55.0% of patients who did not have childbirth or miscarriage. 82.5% of patients had normal menstrual period. 93.5% of patients visited OB/GYN, 33.3% were treated with ovulation induction, 18.7% underwent intrauterine insemination, and 18.1% underwent in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. 99.7% were treated with acupuncture and moxibustion, 100% had taken Herbal Medicine. The mean treatment duration of outpatients was $8.84{\pm}8.17$ weeks, and the mean medical expense was $761,994{\pm}586,502$ won. It was found that 32.4% of patients were pregnant after treatment. Conclusions: We investigated status survey and cost of infertility patients. Further study about Korean medical treatments on infertility is required.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.749-754
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• 2001

Objective : The IDET(Intradiscal electrothermal therapy) appears as a new therapeutic modality for intractable discogenic back pain. We carried out a prospective study to analyze and evaluate the therapeutic effects of IDET. Methods & Results : During a six month period, we performed IDET in 39 patients with chronic low back pain using RITA Model 30 Electrosurgical device. The patients included 21 men and 18 women. The mean patient age was 50.2 years(range 21-73 years). All patients underwent preoperative plain radiography and MRI for excluding non-discogenic back pain. We conducted discography-CT to reveal painful discs in all patients. During the study, we measured intradiscal pressure subjectively. The area of annular tear, which identified with post-discography CT scan, was coagulated in $90^{\circ}C$ of temperature for 15 minutes. Of the 17 patients who were followed up more than three months after surgery, the 10 patients(58.8%) experienced clinical improvement. Three patients had high intradiscal pressure on discography, other three patients had loss of disc height more than 30% of normal on plain radiography, and one patient suffered from postoperative epidural abscess. All of these patients were included in the remaining no improvement group(41.2%). Conclusion : The IDET procedure could be an alternative modality for discogenic back pain. It appears that a patient who has low intradiscal pressure on discography and intact disc height on plain radiography is considered a good candidate for IDET.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics and propagation methods of Prunus species as woody landscape plants. Both the flowering time and the survival rate of grafting were investigated. The results are obtained as follows: The total of flowering period of Prunus species in Kyonggi province area lasted for about 26 days. The flowering time of the species overlaps. These observations suggest that the possibility of interspecific pollination among Prunus species is very high in the kyonggi province area. The total number of flowers in the species in area was in as follows decreasing order : (1) Prunus yedoensis >Prunus pendula var. ascendens > Prunus subhitella > Prunus sesrulata for. fugenzo > Prunus leveillenana var. pendula. The number of carpels in each flower ranged from 0.3 for Prunus subhirtella to 1.8 for Prunus serulata for. fugenzo. In the caseof Prunus sesrulata for. fugenzo, the carpels appeared to be degenerated and thus losted their function. However, there exist two tyoes of Prunus subhirtella. While one type had normal carpel, the other had the degenerated one. The survival rate of grafting was investigated on May 19. Eighty there percent of the plants survived when the grafting was made in the greenhouse in January whereas the plants grafted in nursery in March survived less in that Prunus suhirtella showed 64%, Prunus leveilleana var. pendula 47%, Prunus sesrulata for. fugenzo 43%, Prunus yedoensis 62% and Prunus pendula var. ascendens 24%, respectively. Therefore, it suggested that high humidity and optimal temperature appeared to incase the survival rate of the grated plants. We therefore propose here that grafting should be done in the greenhouse that both humidity and temperature could be controlled to enhance the efficiency of grafting. This will enable as to perform grafting in winter as well.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.573-584
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• 2003

Bone remodeling results from the combined process of bone resorption and new bone formation which is regulated in part by some of Dexamethasone related proliferation & mineralization of cultured bone cell and polypeptide growth factors such as platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), which has been known to be an important local regulator of bone cell activity and participate in normal bone remodeling. To evaluate the effects of Dex and PDGF on bony healing of calvarial defect in rats, 10 ng/ml PDGF were applied on P group and 10 ng/ml PDGF and $10^7$ M Dex were applied PD group. 4 rats in each group were sacrificed at 7, 14. 21 days after operation respectively, and the tissue blocks were prepared for light microscope with H-E for evaluation of overall healing, with TRAP(tartrate resistant acid phosphatase) for evaluation of osteoclastic activity and with immunohistochemical staining for macrophages. The results were as follows : 1. In all group, healing aspects were progressed from 7 days to 21 days in soft and bony tissue, but complete repair were not observed in bony defect 2. PDGF and control group were showed similar bony healing aspect , but bony healing in combination of PDGF-BB and Dex were observed slower aspect compared to PDGF and control group from early healing times. 3. There were no significant difference on activities of osteoclast and macrophages in bony healing between control and experimental group In conclusion, PDGF were not influenced on bony healing of defect and combination of PDGF-BB and Dex were showed slower healing through early healing times. it was considered that Dex compared to PDGF did influenced on early hone formation factors in healing period

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2007

Conductive rubber material was molded in a belt shape to measure respiration. Its resistivity was approximately $0.03{\;}{\Omega}m$ and the resistance-displacement relationship showed a negative exponent. The temperature coefficient was approximately $0.006{\;}k{\Omega}/^{\circ}C$ negligible when practically applied on the abdomen. The conductive rubber belt was applied on a normal male's abdomen with the dimensional change measured during resting breathing. The abdominal signal was differentiated ($F_{m}$) and compared with the accurate standard air flow rate signal ($F_{s}$) obtained by pneumotachometry. $F_{m}$ and $F_{s}$ differed in waveform, but the start and end timings of each breaths were clearly synchronized, demonstrating that the respiratory frequency could be accurately estimated before further processing of $F_{m}$. $F_{m}-F_{s}$ loop showed a nonlinear hysteresis within each breath period, thus 6 piecewise linear approximation was performed, leading to a mean relative error of 14 %. This error level was relatively large for clinical application, though customized calibration seemed feasible for monitoring general variation of ventilation. The present technique would be of convenient and practical application as a new wearable respiratory transducer.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2010

The effects of grape seeds extract and grape peels extract prepared from grape pomace on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, degree of lipid peroxidation in serum and liver tissue were investigated in rabbits fed on high cholesterol diet. New Zealand white rabbits were divided as follows ; 1) NOR (normal group); 2) CHOL (cholesterol group); 3) GSH (cholesterol + grape seed extract group); 4) GPE (cholesterol + grape peel extract); 5) GSP (cholesterol + grape seed powder); 6) GPP (cholesterol + grape peel powder); 7) GE (cholesterol + grape seed and peel extract); 8) GP (cholesterol + grape seed and peel powder). Eight groups of rabbits were studied for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, rabbits were sacrificed and the liver tissue were removed. Then, GSH, GPx, GST, CAT and MDA in the liver were measured. In liver tissues, total glutathione contents (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activity, which was significantly higher by grape seed extract supplementation. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in the serum of rabbits fed grape seed extract or grape peel powder plus cholesterol than in the serum of rabbits fed cholesterol alone. It is therefore likely that grape seed extract prepared from grape pomace functioned as antioxidants in vivo, negating the effects of the oxidative stress induced by 1% cholesterol diet. The grape seed extract was found effective in converting the oxidized glutathione into reduced glutathione, and in removing $H_2O_2$ that is created by oxidative stress. The grape peel powder was found to have small influence on reduced glutathione content, CAT and GPX activity, but it increased GST activity in liver tissues, resulting in promoting the combination of lipid peroxide and glutathione (GSH), and further, lowering the formation of lipid peroxide in the serum. Therefore, grape pomace (grape seed extract and grape peel powder) supplementation is considered to activate the antioxidant enzyme system and prevent damage with hypercholesterolemia.