• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.131-152
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the first echo boomer to second in the needs for family strengths and family functions, after controlling the sociodemographic characteristics. Method: For this study, a survey was conducted with 406 never-married young adults, which has 182 first echo boomers and 224 seconds echo boomers as using the same self-report questionnaire. Results: First, the two echo boomer groups exhibited similar patterns in their perception of the three family strengths, positive family values, pursuit of coexistence, and spiritual value, in that order. On the other hand, in regard to family functions, groups' perceived emotion entertainment leisure function as core functions of the family, but the second echo boomers, unlike the first echo boomers, expressed a higher need for economic functions rather than functions for children generation. Second, the analysis of this study indicated that, even in cases where first and second echo boomers had the same social-demographic characteristics, the latter in contrast with the former tended not to regard spiritual values such love for shared ethical values, compassion, and religious beliefs as a family strength, and did not require functions for children generation of the family. Conclusions: From these findings, the differences in the needs for family strengths and functions expressed by the two generations belonging to two different birth cohorts were influenced by various changes in Korean society occurring between the two generations, such as the social divergence in the functions of care and nurture, the increase in one-person and childless households, and the weakening of kinship-centered or communitarian forms of familism.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.3-25
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Helicopter Parenting Scale (HPS) using a sample of Korean young adults aged 19-34. This study is to expand the previous validation studies that exclusively focused on college students. Method: The survey data came from 1,140 young adults (398 19-24 year olds, 376 25-29 year olds, and 366 30-34 year olds) who had never been married and had at least one living parent. The young adults' perceived helicopter parenting was assessed by 10 items of the HPS for the mother and the father separately. All of the analyses including exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted for three age groups (19-24, 25-29, and 30-34 years) and for the mother and the father separately. Results: We found that three items were problematic for all age groups and for both the fathers' and mothers' helicopter parenting. After removing these three items, confirmatory factor analyses showed that the one-factor model fit our data well and the estimated factor loadings were suitable. The results were consistent throughout the age groups and the parent's gender. We also confirmed criterion-related validity using correlations between paternal and maternal helicopter parenting and three dimensions of parental career expectations indicated a reliable. Conclusion: The Korean version of HPS with seven items was found to be a reliable and valid measure for Korean young adults aged 19-34 years old.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.105-130
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• 2018

Objective: In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the Korean Intergenerational Psychological Ambivalence Scale (KIPAS) for young adult children. Method: Data came from 1,140 Korean young adults aged 19-34, who were never married and had at least one living parent. We translated the individual-subjective dimension of Zygowicz's (2006) Intergenerational Ambivalence Scale from English to Korean. The individual-subjective dimension had eight items that directly measured intergenerational psychological ambivalence (D-KIPAS) and 10 items that indirectly measured intergenerational psychological ambivalence (I-KIPAS). Results: The D-KIPAS and I-KIPAS items showed good internal consistency both for the mother and the father. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that D-KIPAS items loaded on one factor after controlling for method effects, which allowed error variances among the four non-reversed items to covary. Both the positive and negative items of I-KIPAS had good reliability and loaded on the same factor. The mean score of D-KIPAS and the calculated score of I-KIPAS were significantly but moderately correlated, which indicates that the D-KIPAS and I-KIPAS assess correlated but distinct aspects of intergenerational ambivalence. Correlations among D-KIPAS, I-KIPAS, and the proxy variables of intergenerational solidarity and conflict supported the discriminant validity of the KIPAS. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that both D-KIPAS and I-KIPAS are reliable and valid tools to measure intergenerational psychological ambivalence among Korean young adults.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.425-436
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the related variables of the resilience of Korean young adults. The sample was 464 young adults aged 19-34 years who had never been married, both parents alive and living with one or more of their parents in the Seoul metropolitan region. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, factor analysis, t-test, paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS ver.23 and AMOS 23.0. The resilience of young adults was significantly related to the variables of gender, maternal helicopter parenting, bonding social capital, and bridging social capital. As a result, this study showed that the resilience of young adults was formed and promoted by the combined effects of the family-related environment and social-related environment. The results of this study provide meaningful data that should be considered in the counseling and education field when developing programs to build the resilience of young adults. Policy implications for improving the resilience of Korean young adults are discussed.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.369-386
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine which aspects of coresident intergenerational relationships were associated with the life satisfaction of unmarried children in established adulthood and of their parents. In this study, the coresident relationship characteristics included support exchange, emotion, interference-conflict, and perceptions of coresidence. Data were collected from (a) 250 never-married adults who were 35+ years old and lived in Seoul with at least one parent aged 75 years or younger and (b) 250 older adults who were 75 years old or younger and had at least one unmarried child aged 35+ years living in the same household. Our multiple regression analysis of unmarried children showed that the adult child's financial support, the adult child's psychological reliance on parents, the parent's psychological reliance on the child, and relationship quality were significantly related to higher levels of life satisfaction. In contrast, the parent's daily interference, daily conflicts, and anticipation of future care of parents were related to lower levels of life satisfaction. Second, the characteristics that were positively associated with the parent's life satisfaction were the parent's instrumental support, relationship quality, the coresident child's daily interference, positive perceptions of intergenerational coresidence, and expectation of future care of parents. In contrast, the parent's financial support, daily conflicts with the child, and taking intergenerational coresidence for granted were negatively related to the parent's life satisfaction. This study advances our understanding of coresidence between unmarried children in established adulthood and their older parents by focusing on the multiple aspects of intergenerational coresidence.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.5-27
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• 1987

It is widely recognized that primary health care in the community is one of the most important and effective health measures in these days. However, it is reality that unsatisfactory health care system, ineffective utilization of health care by the community people in the rural area are hampering better understanding for primary health care. Therefore promoting health for the rural people and increasing understanding about primary health care, the baseline survey in the community focused in examination for safe community water supply was carried out. The survey was conducted through August 25-31, 1986 in order to find out health problems and relevant factors and to define the demographic characteristics of $^*$Sanpuk village, Kumsa-Myun, Yuju-Gun, Kyunggi-Do, Korea. Household survey was carried out for every home by trained interviewers. The major results are found out as follows : 1) 84.2%(400 houses) of total households were surveyed because 15.8%(75 houses) were unable to survey due to either refusal against interview or absence of family. These 400 households were composed of 1,697 residents(male:830, female 867). Educational level of respondents showed 34.1% as elementary school graduated. Religion distribution showed Buddism(23.8%) as the most dominant. 50.7% of respondents married in the area. 2) Most households(91.5%) have lived in their own house in Sanpuk area. Average family size showed 4.3. More than half of residents(64.2%) have used public supplied water tap. Only 1.5% of the households had a flush toliet. The rest of households have still used primitive insanitary latrines. 3) 32.5% of residents have used gas burner for cooking and for heating in the house, and the coal briquet were used for boiler. Lack of convenient public transportation was the chief complaint for their day life. 4) Each household occupied 1,990 pyungs of rice paddy and 1,170 pyungs of ordinary field in average. Beside farming products, mushroom was the highest product. 5) Sixth percent of households in the survey area regularly participated in community meeting one hand and on the other hand 39.5% never participated. Most of respondents closely contacted with their neighbours and they seemed very friendly each other. 6) The prevalence rate of illness and injury during recent 15 days showed 48.3 per 1,000. The prevalence rate of chronic illnesses during the past one year showed 74 per 1,000. Injury and accident lead the higher portion(22.0%) in the former and in the latter pain(arthritis, back-pain) showed 27.0% as the dominant sickness. 87.8% of the ill residents in the former received medical treatment. As the most frequently utilized medical facility, the clinic or hospital were counted. Among the residents suffering from chronic illnesses, 77.3% in Sanpuk area get some kind of medical treatments and they rarely utilized the clinic or hospital. The reason why the patient did not receive any medical care was found out the fact that symptoms of illness was light or mild and economic problems was serious. 7) Average age of marriage showed 21.6 years old in the women and the average duration of marital period was shown for 15.1 years. The married woman in reproductive age in Sanpuk area had experienced pregnancies 4 times in the aver-age including 0.7 time of pregnancy in average were interrupted by induced abortion and 0.3 time by spontaneous abortion respectively. The practicing rate of the family planning of the married woman during reproductive ages showed 70.7% and the tuballigation was found out as the most frequently used contraceptives. 8) Among woman who has children under 2 years old, 70.0% had received the prenatal care for the last pregnancy. However, the average number of prenatal care visitis per woman showed 3.3 times. Fifty-two % of woman who received the postnatal care for the last delivery showed only 37.5%. 9) Immunization rate of the children under 2 years old showed relatively high and looked successful. The breast feeding for these children showed dominantly in the most. Most of the mothers in Sanpuk area had started the supplementary diet during weaning period of their infants of 6th and 7th month after birth. * : Sanpuk area is a demstration area for community development which has been supported by the Community Development Foundation during the part 10 years. The village is relatively closer to urban area such as Seoul, However, it has a similar characteristics shown as a remote village because of geographical location and inconvenient transportation at present.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.139-161
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• 2002

In 1987, the Equal Employment Opportunity Law was enacted, which indicated the institutional regulation against gender-discriminatory labor practices. Until the late 1980s, women were forced to quit upon marriage. It had influenced negatively on women status in the labor market. In this paper, 1 try to examine how the institutional change affects young educated women's work behaviors. The change of the education and family effect on work will be examined. For analysis, data from 2002 Women's Work Survey is employed. The results show the followings. Among women of young generation, negative effect of education has disappeared and turned out to be positive among the never married. But, marriage and the family responsibility still influence negatively on young women's participation into the labor market. In making a decision to work, husband's attitude is more important than wife's own. But, among the single, women's own attitude toward work plays an important role. In overall, women of young generation is also influenced by the family responsibility as much as the previous generation. The negative effect of marriage and the family responsibility on women's working is stronger among the college educated women.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2 s.32
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• pp.318-330
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• 1996

We had been investigated the effect of ear acupuncture in alcoholics, but in Kang won do province never we have been investigated. so then in Sangji university oriental hospital from Mar. 1. 1995 to Feb. 28. 1996. we clinically analized 102 alcoholics treated The results were summarized as follow: 1. In Age distribution, 40s were the top as 28.4% and next 30s, 50s, 60s 70s, below 3Os. In Sex distribution, these were 92 person in male, 10 person in female. 2. Marrige Status revealed in descending order ; married, single, divorced Sibling order distribution in descending order; eldest son, middle son, youngest son, only son 3. Distribution of education in descending order ; high school, middle school, primary school, collage and graduate school, illiterate 4. Distribution of occupation in descending order; farmer, labor, merchent, salaried and inoccupation, service 5. Distribution of religion in descending order ; none, buddism, protestantism, catholicism 6. Distribution of family history of alcoholism; yes(24.5%), no(69.6%) 7. Distribution of onset of drinking in descending order ; 20s, below 20s, 30s and 40s, 50s 8. Distribution of duration of drinking in descending order ; 20-29 years, 10-19 and below years, 40-49 years, 30-39 years 9. Distribution of the reason of drinking in descending order ; habbit, business and reduce of stress, no reason, syndrome of stop drinking 10. Distribution of frequency of drinking in descending order ; daily, four or five times a week, irregularly, once a week, two or three times a week 11. Distribution of amount of drinking in descending order ; two bottles, one bottle, three bottles, half, bottle above four bottles 12. Distribution of Chief Complaint of Alcohol in descending order ; no appetite and anorexia, diarrhrea insomnia, fatigue, vomitting, tremor, drinking water, hallucination, abdominal pain, constipation 13. Distribution of total MAST score in descending order ; 26-48 score, 13-18 score, 19-25 score, 8-12 score, 0-7 score 14. In the treatment effects according to MAST score, these were complete stop drinking 18.0%, improved 53.0%, unchanged 29.0%. 15. Distribution of liver function test and treatment effects in descending order ; ALAT, ASAT, GGTP, Trigliceride, Alk-phosphatase and Total bilirubin The treatment effects in ear acupuncture were 70.5% effective ones ; stop drinking 17.6%, improved 52.9%. 17. These were headache, nausea, vomitting sense, weakness in revealing symtoms after treatment, but no severe side effect. 18. Distribution of the times of onset in the change of taste in descending order; 3-5 times, below 2 times and above 6 times.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.31-51
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• 2010

This study investigates changes in family values (attitudes toward marriage, children, and traditional sex roles) and examines how the values influence on their intentions of marriage and expected age at first marriage. A sample consists of 5,984 never married men and women drawn from the 2005 and 2009 National Marriage and Fertility Study. The results show that the endorsement on marriage and children has decreased while endorsement on traditional sex role attitude has increased over the past five years. Those who have higher values on marriage, children, and traditional sex role have a higher likelihood of marriage intention. However, the effects of the family values on marriage intention have weakened during the period. The endorsement on marriage lowers the mean ages of the expected first marriage. Comparing the effects of the family values during the period, this study find that normative aspects of the family values have lower effects, whereas individual aspects of the values have stronger effects over time. These findings suggest that the effects of family values vary across sex, time, and the aspect of the values.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.73-85
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine community residents' knowledge level and related factor on electronic wave in order to provide basic data for development of education and publicity program. 2,000 people, who lived in five big cities and five small and medium cities, were selected ad subjects of this study. The data were collected from May 1, 200 I to August 31, 2001. The results of this study are as follows. According to the average knowledge level of harmful affect of electronic wave on health in general characteristics, female was higher(37.40 ± 5.24 points) than male; ‘forties’ was highest(37.77 ± 5.69 points); ‘married spouse’ was high(36.84 ± 5.59 points); ‘living in small-ta-medium city’ was high(36.84 ± 5.32 points). ‘university graduate’ was highest(37.41 ± 5.32 points) in education level, ‘middle class’ was high(36.61 ± 4.96 points) in economic status, ‘professional technician’ was higher(36.68 ± 6.55 points) than other occupations in occupational type. According to the knowledge level of harmful affect of electronic wave on health in health condition by self-judgment, ‘good health condition’ was highest(36.77 ± 4.99 points). In the case of the knowledge level of those who visited medical institutions for last one year, ‘never visited’ was highest(37.19 ± 5.02 points). In the kind of medical institutions, ‘those who visited general hospital’ was highest(36.58 ± 5.63 points). In the way of knowledge obtainments of electronic wave through education and publicity media, ‘school education’ was highest(37.55 ± 5.19 points). According to the score of awareness level of disease incidence related to electronic wave, allergy and erethism was highest(57.8 points on the basis of 100 points). It appeared in order of leukemia, skin disease or skin cancer, dementia, various cancers, cataract, and brain tumor. The variables which significantly influenced knowledge level of harm of electronic wave were knowledge obtainments of electronic wave, age, economic status, daily TV watching period, sex, period of daily cellular phone use, period of working with computer, and daily VTR watching period. The knowledge of community residents concerning harmful affect of electronic wave on health is needed because people's opportunity of exposing to electronic wave is increasing. Especially, it is the demands of the times to provide information on knowledge of each equipment which generate electronic wave. The government, the product manufacturing companies, related social organizations, and education institutions must make efforts to develop the education program which is needed to make people have right knowledge and attitude.