• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.79-97
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• 2005

With the proliferation of EC, many customers have been participating into online auction or group-buying market over searching internet shopping-malls to purchase goods. To support the customer's convenient transaction, lots of agent systems are developed to facilitate the customer's product brokering, merchant brokering, and negotiation of transaction. However, many of these systems have focused upon supporting transaction at only one type of marketplace. Since these marketplaces have different transaction settlement mechanism, it is necessary to develop the system that utilizes the customer's transaction including the selection of the type of marketplace to buy. Then we classify the kinds of B2C electronic marketplace according to the protocol by which the market operated. The structure of negotiation message is developed using XML schema and RDFS under the characteristics and message example of each marketplace in this research.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.49-70
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• 2020

Purpose - The UCP is recognized as the governing law for L/C transactions, but it covers only the general details of the transaction and does not cover all complex practices. In view of this limitation, this paper examines a negotiation transaction which is most actively utilized in L/C transactions via a thorough review of the UCP provisions, analyzes the problems of the negotiation clause in the UCP, and suggests appropriate countermeasures to deal with unnecessary litigation costs. By doing so, the parties involved in the negotiation transaction would be able to avoid financial costs such as having to pay for lawsuits. Design/methodology - The present study first differentiates the general types of L/Cs (e.g., sight payment L/C, deferred payment L/C, acceptance L/C, and negotiation L/C), explains and the Article 2 and Article 12(b) of the UCP 600 where the term 'negotiation' is used, digs into the drawbacks of 'negotiation' occurring under the UCP 600, and discusses solutions to the problems found by analyzing the drawbacks descriptively. Findings - After a review of the UCP provisions on negotiation in detail, several possible problems which may occur in practice were discovered. First, as the UCP stipulates, the negotiating bank will want to delay payment to the maximum extent possible and make payment on the banking day on which the issuing bank reimburses the amount. This may lead the beneficiary towards bankruptcy or put it in financial crisis. Second, when a fraudulent transaction occurs, the negotiating bank can neither request the issuing bank to reimburse nor can it exercise its recourse right against the beneficiary because it has obtained all the rights of the beneficiary by purchasing the documents. Third, there is a practice in which the beneficiary sells the documents to its transaction bank which is not the nominated bank if the nominated bank specified in the credit is located in a third country or the exporter has no relationship with the nominated bank in the credit. In this case, whether to accept this and reimburse the non-nominated negotiating bank entirely depends on the issuing bank's decision even though such practice frequently occurs in Korea. Originality/value - There has been little research effort pertaining to negotiation transactions in detail even though negotiation L/C transactions account for around 70% in world trade notwithstanding deferred payment L/Cs and acceptance L/Cs that are also negotiated in practice. Thus, if the negotiations clause under the UCP 600 provisions were reviewed and the drawbacks of the negotiation transactions most actively used in L/C transactions were identified and examined, specific countermeasures could ultimately help smoothen the operation of L/C transactions and prevent financial losses.

• 산업공학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2005

The rapid expansion of the Internet-related technology has changed the current commercial transaction process. In the physical commercial transaction, most deals are accomplished through the negotiation process except a fixed price system. Thus, the negotiation is essential to conclude the business transactions. Especially, under the e-commerce environment, an automated negotiation system is necessary to respond quickly and flexibly to the diverse environmental changes and also to perform negotiations consistently and effectively. To this end, we develop an automated negotiation system using multi-agent technology. This new system includes such functions as creating negotiation proposals automatically, evaluating the counterpart’ proposals, and preparing counter offers.

• 한국정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보시스템학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1-20
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• 2003

In this research, we developed a Multi-Agent based Negotiation Support System to be able to increase the competitive power of a company in dynamic environment and correspond to various orders of customers by diffusion of electronic commerce. The system uses the agent technology that is being embossed as new paradigm in dynamic environment and flexible system framework. The multi-agent technology is used to solve these problem through cooperation of agent. The system consists of six sub agents: mediator, manufacturability analysis agent, process planning agent, scheduling agent, selection agent, negotiation-strategy building agent. In this paper, the proposed Multi-Agent based Negotiation Support System takes aim at the automation of transaction process from ordering to manufacturing plan through the automation of negotiation that is the most important in order-taking transaction.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.79-93
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• 2014

The Act on Distribution and Price Stabilization of Agricultural and Fisheries Product, which specifies rules and regulations on the trading system of fishery products wholesales markets, has been revised several times, mainly in order to improve the trading system. However, there is still a huge gap between the reality and law when it comes to the trading system of the fishery products wholesale market. This study aims to analyze the problems of the trading system of the fishery products wholesale market and to suggest ways to make improvement. The main problem facing the trading system of the fishery products wholesale market is sales on consignment by intermediate wholesalers, and this paper suggests two alternatives to solve the problem. First, intermediate wholesaler can be converted to market wholesalers, but it also entails other problems. The market wholesaler system has never been successfully adopted in the agricultural and fishery products wholesale market, and it is not clear which system is better between the wholesale market corporation and the market wholesaler system. Second, sales on consignment by intermediate wholesalers can be adopted with a positive view toward it. Negotiation transaction can be carried out for sales on consignment as a transaction method under the current Act on Distribution and Price Stabilization of Agricultural and Fisheries Products. However, since the act cannot provide a solution for listing, it is necessary to introduce Japan's negotiated transaction in advance system as a negotiation transaction method.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

The development of IT and explosively growing number of Internet users are rapidly spreading and developing e-commerce, while creating diverse on-line transaction methods such as a negotiation, a reverse auction, and a bid. Among these transaction methods, the transactions by means of a negotiation are being made for goods that have no posted price. In particular, the transactions by means of a negotiation are expected to be widely used in the B2B. In order to determine their transportation costs, shippers usually make negotiations with many transporters and logistics companies. And before long, these negotiations are expected to be made on an on-line automated negotiation system. Because of this, this study has tried to develop an automated negotiation methodology that is absolutely necessary for an on-line automated negotiation. This study has estimated and selected the evaluation functions for multi-lateral negotiators' proposals, thus developing an automated negotiation methodology. As a result of this study, a new direction for an automated negotiation has been suggested. Also we expect that this study will be widely used in the automated negotiation of diverse fields.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2009

Negotiation is a process of reaching an agreement on the terms of a transaction. such as price, quantity, for two or more parties. Negotiation tries to maximize the benefits for all parties concerned. instead of using human-based negotiation. the e-commerce environment provides such an environment as adopting automated negotiation. Thus. choosing agent technology is appropriate for an automatic electronic negotiation platform. since autonomous software agents strive for the best deal on behalf of the human participants. Negotiation agents need a clear-cut definition of negotiation models or strategies. In reality, most bargaining systems embody nearly one negotiation model. In this article. we present a mobile agent negotiation system with reusable negotiation strategies that allows agents to dynamically embody a user's favorite negotiation strategy which can be preinstalled as a component in the system. We develop a prototype system, which is fully implemented in compliance with FIPA specifications, and then. describe the benefits of using the system.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2003

전자상거래의 확산에 따른 환경변화 속에서 다품종소량 생산하는 주문제조업체들이 다양한 고객들의 주문에 대응하고, 동적으로 변화하는 내 외적 기업환경 속에서 경쟁력을 제고시키기 위해 본 연구에서는 멀티에이전트 기반 협상지원시스템을 개발하였다. 이 시스템은 동적으로 변하는 환경과 고객들의 주문에 대응하고, 유연한 시스템구조를 이루는데 있어 새로운 패러다임으로 부각되고 있는 에이전트 기술을 사용하였다. 또한, 에이전트간의 협업을 통해 문제를 해결할 수 있는 멀티에이전트 기술을 사용하였다 본 연구에서 제시한 멀티에이전트 기반 협상지원시스템은 주문제조업체에서 가장 중요한 거래활동인 협상의 자동화를 통해 주문에서부터 생산에 이르는 일련의 모든 거래활동을 자동화하는 것을 목적으로 한다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.287-309
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• 2009

There were many changes regarding Negotiation of document under UCP 600. First of all, the definition of Negotiation was changed. The UCP 500 stated "Negotiation means the giving of value for drafts and documents by the bank authorized to negotiation", but the UCP 600 defines "negotiation" as following "negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts and/or documents under a complying presentation". Under the UCP 600 the meaning of negotiation was more clear than UCP 500. Second UCP 600 permits all deferred payment credits be discountable or negotiable. This amended rule equated the deferred payment credit with banker's acceptance credit which was contrary with the nature and the practice of former deferred payment credit transaction. Third, UCP 600 has also provided for reimbursement rights for nominated banks and a conceptual basis for protecting nominated banks against beneficiary fraud. In this paper, the problems regarding negotiation of document under UCP600 was studied and the solutions for the problems occurring in appling UCP 600 in practical field was provided.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.73-89
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• 2004

인터넷의 발전과 더불어 사람들이 더 많은 상품 정보에 접근할 수 있게 됨에 따라, 소비자 간(C2C) 전자시장의 거래 규모도 더욱 빨리 성장하고 있다. 시장 경제의 활성화를 위한 소비자 간 전자상거래의 역할이 더욱 강조됨에 따라 소비자 간 전자상거래를 효율적으로 지원할 수 있는 지능형 에이전트 시스템을 개발하기 위해 많은 연구들이 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 대부분의 이러한 연구들은 단순히 시간 흐름에 따라 동일한 상품의 가격만을 협상하는 것에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 협상의 대상을 서로 다른 유사한 상품으로 확장하기 위하여 고객은 가격 외에도 배송 시간이나 결제 방법 등 거래 행위와 관련된 속성까지 포함한 상품의 다양한 속성들에 대하여 협상할 수 있어야 한다. 이 요건을 만족시키기 위해, 본 연구에서는 고객을 대행하는 에이전트가 판매자 및 구매자 양측의 효용을 높이기 위해 가격 외에도 상품 및 거래의 다양한 속성들에 대해 협상할 수 있는 자동협상 방법론과 이러한 방법론을 적용하는데 기반이 되는 에이전트 마켓플레이스를 제안한다. 제안된 e-마켓플레이스와 에이전트를 지원하기 위한 프로토콜과 관련된 시스템 구조들도 동시에 개발하였다.