• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.292-300
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• 2020

인공지능 기술이 발전함에 따라 경제, 사회, 과학 분야 등 실세계 다양한 분야의 현상을 가상의 인공 에이전트를 활용한 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 해석하려는 시도가 이어져 왔다. 기존의 인공 에이전트 기반 교섭 게임 해석에서는 실세계의 교섭 게임에서 단계가 진행될 때 발생하는 비용 및 시간이 지남에 따라 교섭 대상이 감가상각 되는 것을 반영하지 않은 문제가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 인공 에이전트 기반 교섭 게임 모델에 교섭 단계에서 발생하는 비용 및 교섭 대상 감가상각을 (교섭 비용)을 반영하여 그 효과를 관찰하였다. 실험 결과 교섭 단계에서 발생하는 비용이 커질수록 게임에 참여하는 두 인공 에이전트는 반반 비율에 가까운 몫을 가졌으며 이른 단계에서 협상을 타결하는 현상을 관찰하였다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.273-288
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• 2022

This study first classifies and organizes provisions on institutional arrangements (or IAs) and dispute settlement mechanism(or DSM) in a digital trade agreement. Then it conducts a case study on seven major digital trade agreements: the CPTPP, the USJDTA, the USMCA, the ASDEA, the RCEP, the KSDPA, and the DEPA. And it finally derives implications for Korea to improve implementation of DTAs by communicating better and resolving disputes efficiently with the help of IAs and DSM-related provisions. IAs of a digital trade agreement can be defined as a set of agreements on the division of the respective responsibilities of agencies involved in implementing and enforcing the agreement, including committees, working groups, or contact points. DSM of a digital trade agreement includes consultation, mediation, arbitration, and establishment of a panel. Comparing six FTAs with an e-commerce chapter, the CPTPP, the USMCA, and the RCEP contain the most advanced type of IA provisions while the CPTPP, the USMCA, the RCEP, and the KSDPA have that of DSM provisions. Korea is its initial stage as it has only signed the KSDPA with Singapore as well as it is about to launch a new digital trade negotiation for the DEPA, the CPTPP, and even the IPEF, it is necessary to engage in negotiations with a clearer position on behalf of Korean digital companies. As provisions on IAs and DSM are important policy tools that can reflect industry concerns and convey proposals in inter-governmental dialogue, a Korean draft of the IAs and DSM-related provision should be prepared in advance.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2000

At the stage of initial design, prototypes are needed for engineering and aesthetic purposes. In order to get a fast and non-expensive prototype, designers prefer rapid prototyping(RP) to any other means. In driving a 3D CAD model into rapid prototyping, sectioning the model is essential and there are two negotiation-needed targets, enhancing accuracy while taking less build-time, which makes adaptive slicing taken into account. In spite of the advantages of adaptive slicing, it is not yet applied to real RP machines because of the limits of hardwares. In this thesis, a new slicing algorithm which (1)uses several values of thickness available in a RP machine. (2)determines total number of layers to make the prototype within the intended time and (3)arranges the layers using orthogonal arrays to minimize the volume error caused by the difference between a given CAD model and a fabricated model is presented. And the algorithm is expected to have possibility of assisting RP machines to take the advantages of adaptive slicing.

• Architectural research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2013

Within residential high-rise market there are many value determining factors. Site condition, view, program, units and structure are important parameters that are directly related to the financial aspect of the project. However, most of the studies of high-rise building design focus on the facade and the shape strategies from an esthetic point of view without considering these factors. The objective of this study is to investigate new design approach that incorporates site, program and structural information at an early stage as a generator of building form and explore a wide range of strategies to negotiate these factors in the process of design/decision making. Not being based on designer's subjective preference or style, architects still can create interesting building design through integration and negotiation of various building information. Since this form is based on real data, not just play of form, we can expect that this form has great potential to be developed into real one at the later design phase.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2019

This paper investigates the effects of TPP on Korean domestic employment. Using data from 1995-2011 obtained from the world input-output database (WIOD) and firm-level data, this paper attempts to identify changes in global value chain (GVC) structures involving Korea and TPP member countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Three stage least squares estimation is employed, and empirical findings show that there exists a statistically positive and significant causal relationship between GVC and domestic manufacturing employment. The positive impacts of TPP on Korean domestic employment suggest that Korea actively encourage TPP negotiation. TPP will bring positive domestic employment effects and opportunities for structural transformation in the manufacturing and services industries in Korea.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.209-222
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• 1997

In this paper, we study a bargaining order problem where one buyer sequentially bargains with two sellers whose reservation prices are unknown to the buyer but correlated. Our main question is who the buyer should bargain first with to maximize his expected payoff. This type of problem is widely applicable to business and political situations where one party negotiates with multiple parties sequentially. One of the most important element in a sequential bargaining is "linkage effect" which exists when the aggreement of the previous bargaining affects the outcome of the following bargaining. To examine "linkage effect", we assume that the sellers'objects are similar so that the sellers' reservation prices are correlated. In addition, to consider incomplete information aspect regarding reservation prices, it is assumed that the sellers' reservation prices are unknown to the buyer. That is, we deal with one sided incomplete information case. In our model, there are two stages in each of which the buyer meets one seller. Since we are concerned with the bargaining order, we consider two different bargaining orders. Using game theory, we find a perfect Bayesian equilibrium and compute the buyer's expected payoff for each bargaining order. Finally we identify the advantageous bargaining order for the buyer by comparing the expected payoffs obtained under two different bargaining orders. Our results are as follows: the advantageous bargaining order depends on the prior probability of the seller type. However, in general, the buyer should bargain first with the seller whose object is less valuable to the buyer. The basic reason for our result is that the buyer wants to experiment in the first stage to find out the sellers' reservation prices and in doing so, to minimize the experimental cost and maximize potential gain in case of negotiation failure in the first stage. in the first stage.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2008년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.13-18
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• 2008

최근 우리나라 건설산업에서 BTL과 CM이 대두되고 있다. 특히 CM을 적용한 BTL은 BTL과 CM의 조합이라는 점에서 많은 관심을 가지기에 충분하다. OO문화복지종합타운 건립공사는 국내 첫 문화복지시설의 BTL사업이면서 CM을 도입한 사업이다. 현재 BTL사업의 CM은 초기 단계이기에 주무관청의 BTL에 대한 이해 부족으로 인한 행정적 오류, 지원부서와의 의사소통 미흡 등의 실제 사업진행 중 일어날 수 있는 문제점 및 협상, 공정관리, 원가관리 등 CM의 적용효과에 대해 소개함으로써 차후 발주될 BTL사업의 CM이 더 나은 방향으로 나아갈 수 있게 되길 바란다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.207-228
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• 2005

When closing an international contract, both contract parties endeavor to convey their intentions from the stage of negotiation to the moment of signing the contract. Of the many problems presently related to contract language, the first one to consider is which contract party will run the risk of the language deficiencies occurring as a result of the misunderstanding and misinterpretation between different languages. The second problem to consider is whether the interpretation and translation of the contract language is needed and, if so, which party is going to bear the expenses and assume responsibility of the misinterpretation in the translation of, the contract language. The third problem is related to the obligation of explaining to both contract parties the contents and details of the international contract written in different languages. The fourth issue is which language of both contract parties becomes the standard contract language in the procedure of arbitration. The fifth, but not the last problem, is how to solve the language defects in interpreting and translating the contract languages. These five problems can be easily solved by the approval of the contract parties in scrutinizing and selecting the contract languages. However, this research mainly focuses on which effects of the contract language and as how to define and select the contract language.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.85-98
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• 2014

Purpose - This study primarily aims to represent the current trend of research on CPFR as a promising supply chain collaboration program and proposes a new framework for analyzing any collaboration programs in terms of three key collaborative features. Research design, data, and methodology - This study employs a literature review of selected studies that conduct research on CPFR. CPFR is analyzed based on the proposed framework that characterizes collaboration programs in terms of three key collaborative features. Results - The analysis based on the proposed framework reveals that the current form of CPFR continues to have some collaborative features that are not fully utilized to create an advanced collaboration program. The literature review indicates that most past studies ignore critical issues including the dynamic nature of the multiple-stage supply chain system and negotiation process for collaborative agreement in CPFR implementation. Conclusions - Results indicate that CPFR can become a better supply chain collaboration program by incorporating coordinative cost payment and joint decision making processes. Based on observations on the existing literature of CPFR, this study indicates several important issues to be addressed by future studies.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제73호
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• pp.91-117
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• 2018

전근대 동아시아의 국제관계를 규제하는 조공체제에서 각 국가 간 외교 관계는 왕경에서 거행되는 조정외교를 원칙으로 하였다. 따라서 왕권이 실재하는 왕경은 정치적 중심지인 동시에 외교의 장으로 기능하였다. 그런데 통일신라와 일본의 외교 관계는 왕권 사이의 조정외교 이외에도 쓰쿠시(축자(筑紫))에 위치한 다자이후(대재부(大宰府))를 매개로 하는 실무외교라는 이원적 형태로 운영되고 있어 주목된다. 대체로 7세기 중엽 이래 한반도를 둘러싼 군사적 긴장관계에 대비하기 위해 일본 조정은 외교와 군사적 방어를 주 임무로 하는 관사(官司)로서의 대재부(大宰府)를 정비하였다. 즉 지정학적으로 구주(九州) 서북단에 위치한 축자(筑紫)는 해외의 관문으로 국방상의 요충지였는데, 663년 백강전투라는 동아시아 전란 속에서 외교적 군사적 대응의 필요성에서 일본 조정이 이 곳에 대재부(大宰府)를 설치하였다. 대외교섭의 일환으로 일본의 대화조정이 설치한 대재부(大宰府)는 7세기 후반 이래 관사(官司)로서의 대외적 기능 이외에 신라와 일본의 공적 외교가 이루어지고 기간 동안 외교의 장(場)으로 기능하고 있어 흥미롭다. 특히 대재부(大宰府)를 매개로 하는 신라와 일본의 외교 교섭은 실무 방식을 택하고 있는데, 이것은 외교의례가 중요한 쟁점이 되었던 8세기 중엽 신라와 다자이후 사이에 왕래된 문서외교(文書外交)를 통해서도 확인 할 수 있다.