• Journal of the Korean Society of Floral Art and Design
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• no.41
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• pp.3-12
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of forest play activities on children's emotional vocabulary change. Forest play activities were conducted for 498 children aged 4 to 5 years old who visited the environmental training in G city for forest play activity for 1 hour. As a result, positive vocabulary was significantly improved from 0.95±0.78 before forest play to 1.15±1.21 after forest play(p=.003) and negative vocabulary was significantly decreased from 1.27±1.58 to 0.41±1.10(p=.000). In the case of male children, positive vocabulary was increased significantly from 0.96±0.82 to 1.36±1.24(p=.000), in the case of negative vocabulary, it decreased significantly from 1.42±1.74 to 0.55±1.30(p=.000). In the case of female children, negative vocabulary was significantly decreased from 1.12±1.37 to 0.26±0.26(p=.000), but the positive vocabulary increase was not significant(p=.851). As a result of age, for a 4-year-old children, positive vocabulary did not show significant difference between before and after forest play(p=.471), and negative vocabulary was significantly increased from 1.04 ± 1.42 before forest play to 0.41±1.16 after forest play(p=.000). For a 5-year-old children, positive vocabulary was increased significantly from 0.96±0.85 to 1.23±1.21(p=.001) and negative vocabulary was decreased significantly from 1.41±1.65 to 0.41±1.06(p=.000). As a result of this study, it was found that play activities using various natural objects in the forest were directly related to nature, resulting in positive vocabulary increase and negative vocabulary decrease.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.385-393
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of forest activities on the cortisol concentrations in the body and emotional vocabulary of kindergarteners. The participants were 36 kindergarten children aged 4-5, 17 in the control group and 19 in the experimental group. Forest activities consisted of six steps according to the level of kindergarteners, and the program was carried out at G City Environment Training Institute. Before and after the experiment, the children's emotional vocabulary was self-reported and salivary cortisol was analyzed to evaluate changes in the body's stress hormones. As a result, in the control group, positive words increased significantly from 0.14 to 1.53 (p=.003), but the decrease in negative words was not significant (p=.059). In the experimental group, positive words increased significantly from 0.47 to 2.84 after forest activities (p=.000). Negative words decreased significantly from 1.94 to 0.00 after forest activities (p=.000). In the analysis of salivary cortisol, the change in salivary cortisol concentrations was not significant (p=.667) in the control group, merely decreasing from 0.179 ㎍/dl to 0.161 ㎍/dl. However, the experimental group showed a significant decrease from 0.202 ㎍/dl to 0.161 ㎍/dl after forest activities (p=.049). These results suggest that forest play activities may be helpful in encouraging young children's emotional development by increasing positive vocabulary and decreasing negative vocabulary and reducing stress in kindergarteners.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.545-555
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• 2015

We investigated the influence of negative emotion such as state-trait anxiety and depression and working memory (WM) on Foreign Language Vocabulary Learning (FLVL) of South Korean university students. Also, its implications for developing contents for FLVL were discerned. To do so, state-trait anxiety and depression inventories as well as four kinds of WM test were performed for 132 undergraduate students. Participants also had two semantic learning sessions for Swahili words. The mean scores of negative emotions were normal level. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that there was no effect of negative emotion on FLVL, while direct effects of the negative emotion on WM and the WM on FLVL were significant. Such results suggested that FLVL would be weakened, with the result that WM had been impaired by negative emotions. These outcomes suggested that when developing FLVL content for university students, it is necessary to consider the negative emotions of foreign language learners and to develop the contents for FLVL in the light of WM load.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2016

The objective of the study is to find out the effects of toddler's temperament and mother's parenting behavior on the development of vocabulary ability. The study was conducted with 299 infants between the ages of 18 and 24 months and their mothers in 47 day care centers in I city, Jeollabukdo. The results of the study are as follows. First, according to the correlation between infant's temperament and vocabulary based on the composition of temperament, approach-avoidance, adaptability, and mood showed a negative correlation with receptive and expressive vocabulary, and response intensity showed a positive correlation with receptive vocabulary. Second, according to the relation between mother's parenting behavior and infant's vocabulary ability based on the sub-factors of mother's parenting behavior, instructional parenting behavior and setting-limits parenting behavior showed a positive correlation with receptive and expressive vocabulary. Third, according to the effects of infant's temperament and mother's parenting behavior on the development of infant's vocabulary ability, as for the understanding of vocabulary, the explanation power of approach-avoidance is the highest, followed by instructional parenting behavior, response intensity, and mood. As for expressive vocabulary, the explanation power of instructional parenting behavior is the highest, followed by mood, response intensity and activity. In the development of infant's vocabulary ability, it was found that receptive vocabulary was affected the most by approach-avoidance, and expressive vocabulary was affected the most by instructional parenting behavior. Mothers will have to have interrelation skills suitable for temperament for the development of infant's receptive vocabulary, and have parenting behavior expressing the traits of things and events for the development of expressive vocabulary.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 2004

In cyberspace based on internet, users constitute communities and interact one another. Avatar means not only the other self but also the 'another being' that describes oneself in the cyberspace. If user's avatar shows expressive faces and behaves according to his thinking and emotion, he will have a feel of reality much more in the cyberspace. If avatar's countenances can be animated by just typing characters in avatar-based chat communication, the user is able to express his emotions more effectively. In this study, emotion-expressing vocabulary is analyzed and classified. Emotion-expressing vocabulary is essential to develop self-reactive avatar system in which avatar's countenances are automatically converted according to the words typed by users at chat. The results are as follows; First, emotion-expressing vocabulary selected out of Korean adjectives and intransitive verbs is made up of 209 words and is classified into 25 groups. Second, there are only 2 groups out of the 25 groups for positive expressions and others are for negative expressions. Therefore, negative expressions are more abundant than positive expressions in Korean vocabulary. Third, avatar's countenances are modelled according to the 25 groups by using the Quantification Method 3. The result shows that the emotion-expressing vocabulary has dose relations with avatar's countenances and is useful to communicate users' emotions. However, this study has some limits, in that Korean linguistical structure - the whole meaning of context - cannot be interpreted quantitatively.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.197-225
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare the difference in the interactions between beginning language learners and heritage learners on their forms based on the interaction hypothesis. In this study, three types of information gap activities were used to analyze Language Related Episodes (LREs) while investigating the interaction patterns in language use between four pairs (eight learners) of foreign learners and four pairs (eight learners) of English-speaking heritage learners. The result indicated that foreign learners had a high focus on form during interaction. In particular, they had a tendency to focus on vocabulary rather than grammar, and they conducted self-repair by examining and mostly adjusting their speech to postposition and tense. However, in the problem-solving process, they showed a limited ability in interaction, and thus directly asked others to settle the problem or resorted to using English due to their lack of ability to employ various communication strategies. However, heritage learners had a relatively low focus on form compared to foreign learners. Yet, they also focused more on vocabulary rather than grammar and conducted self-repair in interaction, especially for vocabulary. In addition, they were skillful at using various communication strategies such as indirect expressions, use of alternative words, evasion, and delaying, to expand speech and prevent communication breakdown. They focused less on grammar and mostly did not provide negative feedback in interaction.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.29
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• pp.341-366
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• 2012

'Headline Database of Newspaper Articles' is a database which contains about 141,500 newspaper articles from 1949 to March, 2009. They are collected from two perspectives; 'language' and 'language life' by KOKKEN. There were 3312 newspaper articles (about 2.34%) which included the word ONNA at 'Headline Database of Newspaper Articles'. The number of newspaper articles related to ONNA started to increase in 1975 but they decreased afterwards. They increased rapidly in 1980 and maintained the condition. However, they started to decrease rapidly in 1990 and maintained the decreased condition. They increased rapidly again in 2004 and 2007. The main causes of rapid increase were the commercial message of instant noodles "I am the one who is making. I am the one who is eating." in 1975, newspaper articles related to "Starting of full-scale studies on female language" in 1980, comments of "active women" and "men's crime" related to a murder case of an elementary school student in Sasebo City and mixed attendance books in 2004, a comment of "Women are machines which give birth to babies" in 2007. Those six causes of rapid increase suggested that the perception of gender such as 'Men need to work outside and Women need to do housework and take care of child' which was fixed until then was changing and becoming a stereotype of virtual reality rather than reality. The vocabulary related to ONNA appeared 3411 times among 3312 newspaper articles which included ONNA. Typical forms of the vocabulary related to ONNA were and . They appeared 2390 times and occupied 70% of the whole data. (3411 times) The form of ONNANOKO among the vocabulary related to ONNA appeared 113 times and occupied a high rate. ONNANOKO(113) and other words such as SHOJO(115), JOJI(28), YOJO(9) (152 in total) implied that appearing of young women at newspaper articles were increasing. Also, the vocabulary related to 'female language' such as ONNAKOTOBA(28) ONNANOKOTOBA(10) and a woman's heart such as ONNAGOKORO(35) and ONNANOKIMOCHI(34) appeared frequently. The vocabulary related to JOSEI were divided into <$JOSEI^{**}$> and <$^{**}JOSEI$>. <$JOSEI^{**}$> were mainly related to an occupation. <$^{**}JOSEI$> were mainly used to express women by regional groups such as or combined with modifiers to express women such as . In case with modifiers, WAKAIJOSEI appeared 35 times and showed the highest frequency. It had negative evaluations in many cases. The vocabulary related to JOSI appeared on the form of <$JOSI^{**}$> and mainly associated with 'a girl's school' and 'a female student'.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2000

Objectives : This study aimed to examine a correlation between the somatic complaints, emotion, vocabulary and alexithymia as a component of personality in normal persons. Methods : 204 subjects were collected by age-based systematic sampling from the 662 persons without confirmed medical illness. We used the Korean version of 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS-20K) to measure alexithymia. The somatic complaints were checked by the list of somatic symptoms on the diagnostic criteria of somatization disorder and major depressive episode in DSM-IV. The vocabulary was evaluated by the total number of associating-words from the spontaneous association of word and the secondary association to given words. The anxiety and depression were evaluated using 5-point self-report scale. Results : 1) The degree of alexithymia was significantly correlated with the somatic complaints, anxiety, depression. 2) The somatic complaints were significantly correlated with the anxiety and depression. 3) The number of associating-words showed negative correlation with the age. 4) The degree of alexithymia was not correlated with the number of associating-words. Conclusion : The more degree of alexithymia increased, the more somatic complaints appeared. There was a significant correlation between the degree of alexithymia, anxiety and depression. But the degree of alexithymia was not correlated with the amount of vocabulary.

• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.17-27
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• 2019

Purpose: This study is to conduct usability evaluations from the perspective of developing comfort-shoes for the middle-aged and elderly to identify key factors and derive implications for optimal comfort-shoes production. Research design, data, and methodology: A total of 10 middle-aged and elderly women in their 50s and 60s were selected as eligible for the rescue. For data collection, the study was conducted in a Gang Survey, where pre-explanations, shoes test, and interviews were conducted. The collected data were analyzed in a total of four stages. In step 1, the contents obtained through interviews with the subjects were recorded in text, organized and analyzed systematically, and in step 2, unnecessary vocabulary, sentences, and overlapping opinions were eliminated. In step 3, we classified areas around key functions and carried out categorization tasks. Finally, in Step 4, the results and implications of the study were derived by classifying each usability evaluation shoe as positive and negative text around categorized data. Results: There are a total of seven factors for comfort-shoes usability evaluation, which are categorized as cushion, fitting, stability, flexibility, lightweight, comfort, and pressure. Positive/negative factors for the derived usability evaluation factors were shown in the form of a positive-centered, negative-centered, and positive-mixed mix for each of the four products. Positive-focused products are VA products, which are seven times more positive than negative factors. Negative-centered products are CL and SA products, which are five times more negative than positive factors. Positive mixing was a CA product with a ratio of 1:1. Text-based usability evaluations allow us to proceed with analysis based on more scientific data rather than simply listening to opinions and judging by comments. Conclusions: The study discussed implications of developing comfort-shoes for middle-aged consumers and future directions were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 1999

The clinical assessment for preschool children who are known to have problems in selfreporting tends to be dependent on outsiders' reporting. Thus, the direct assessment of children's inner experience, thoughts and feelings is difficult. MacArthur Story-Stem Battery(MSSB) developed to learn more about preschool children's mental representation in play is used in this study to help assess clinical preschool children through developmental study of normal children's mental representation. Fifty five children(32boys and 23girls) who performed MSSB, IQ Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised(PPVT) were videotaped and were analyzed. The results of this study were as follows：1) Children frequently displayed negative mental representation such as atypical negative response, reparation/guilt, punishment, personal injury and so on during emotionally laden play situation. 2) Mental representation of parent appeared positive, disciplinary, and negative in respective. 3) As a result of factor analysis of MSSB content themes, aggressive, prosocial, and oppositional content theme composites were generated. Aggressive content included atypical negative response, aggression, personal injury, and exclusion. Prosocial content included affection, affiliation, and reparation/guilt. Oppositional content included punishment and non-compliance. 4) Mental representation of parent and content themes showed significant correlation. Positive, negative, and disciplinary representation were significantly correlated for prosocial(r=0.40), aggressive (r=0.52), and oppositional(r=0.75) content theme respectively. 5) Among the correlations between parental mental representations and emotional responses, positive parental representation and anxiety showed significant negative correlation(r=-0.43). 6) Among the correlations between content themes and emotional responses, there were significant positive correlations between aggressive(r=0.28) and oppositional content themes(r=0.29) and distress, and were significant negative correlations between prosocial content theme and concern(r=-0.29) and anxiety(r=-0.43). According to the above results, preschool children frequently displayed negative mental representation in emotionally conflictual play situation. Children with more prosocial themes in their stories exhibit more positive parental mental representation. Also, children with more aggressive themes tend to display more negative parental representation and negative emotional responses.