• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.59-73
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• 2015

Previous research has revealed that people feel past target events are more distant when they recall more intervening events, event markers, that are both accessible in memory and perceived to be related to that target event (Zauberman, Levav, Diehl, and Bhargave 2010). This phenomenon was called the systematic effect of event markers (SEEM). In this research, we explore the moderating effect of the valence of the target event on SEEM and suggest the difficulty of recalling event markers as the possible mechanism. Study 1 shows that SEEM mainly occur when the valence of the target event is negative rather than positive. Study 2 showed that even though people have more difficulty recalling four event markers than one regardless of event valence, the difficulty of recalling event markers only mediates SEEM when the target event valence is negative. Furthermore, when the target event is positive, SEEM does not exist, confirming that the mediating role of the difficulty of recalling event markers on SEEM is moderated by the valence of the target event.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.56-67
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• 2012

This research investigates the effect of the antecedents (i.e. specific investment, opportunistic behavior, communications, uncertainty, interdependence, power imbalance, shared value, and flexibility) that influence the trust and commitment of domestic apparel manufacturers toward contractors as well as the effect of trust and commitment on firm performance and relationship satisfaction. A total of 128 apparel manufactures participated in this study. Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and path analysis were conducted for the statistical analysis. Specific investment, communication, shared value, and flexibility had a positive effect on trust; however, opportunistic behavior had a negative effect. Interdependence, shared value, and flexibility had a positive effect on commitment; however, power imbalance and uncertainty had a negative effect. Trust did not exert an effect on commitment in this research; however, trust and commitment had a positive effect on firm performance; in addition, trust and commitment had a positive effect on relationship satisfaction. The findings offer insight on how to better manage apparel manufacturer-contractor relationships to ensure success.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1150-1160
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• 2011

This study investigates i) the effect of salesperson's self efficacy and work overload on emotional labor and ii) the mediating role of emotion. A survey questionnaire is developed and implemented on salespersons working in the fashion retail stores of department stores. The measurement scales are composed of emotional labor, self efficacy, work overload and emotion. A total of 112 responses are analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis and a structural equation model with AMOS18.0. The results are as follows. Firstly, self efficacy has direct effect on both deep acting and surface acting of emotional labor without the mediating effect of emotion. Self efficacy has a positive effect on deep acting. Secondly, work overload has a negative effect on emotion. Job emotion has positive effect on deep acting and it has a negative effect on surface acting. Thirdly, emotion has a significant mediating effect between work overload and emotional labor. Finally, implications for personal management and job design in the fashion retail organizations are suggested.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2023

Purpose: Most people are worried about contracting COVID-19, which in turn increases anxiety that they may have contracted COVID-19. Therefore, this study examines the effect of restaurant safety consisting of hygiene, store management, and countermeasure on trust, anxiety, satisfaction, and revisit intention. Research design, data and methodology: The data were collected from 537 consumers who had experiences of visiting a restaurant within the last 2 months and analyzed with SPSS 28.0 and SmartPLS 4.0 programs. Result: The hygiene, management, and countermeasure had a significant positive (+) effect on trust. Restaurant hygiene was found to have a significant negative (-) effect on anxiety, but countermeasure had a significant positive (+) effect on anxiety. Meanwhile, management did not appear to have a significant effect on anxiety. Trust was found to have a significant positive (+) effect on satisfaction and revisit intention. Anxiety was found to have a significant negative (-) effect on satisfaction but had no significant effect on revisit intention. Finally, satisfaction was found to have a significant positive (+) effect on revisit intention. Conclusions: As a result of the study, this study explained the safety of restaurants in the COVID-19 pandemic environment through the protective motivation theory.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.39-59
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• 2018

To elucidate the effect of working memory (WM) load on negative facial emotion processing, we examined ERP components (P1 and N170) elicited by fearful and neutral expressions each of which was presented during 0-back (low-WM load) or 2-back (high-WM load) tasks. During N-back tasks, visual objects were presented one by one as targets and each of facial expressions was presented as a passively observed stimulus during intervals between targets. Behavioral results showed more accurate and fast responses at low-WM load condition compared to high-WM load condition. Analysis of mean amplitudes of P1 on the occipital region showed significant WM load effect (high-WM load > low-WM load) but showed nonsignificant facial emotion effect. Analysis of mean amplitudes of N170 on the posterior occipito-temporal region showed significant overall facial emotion effect (fearful > neutral), but, in detail, significant facial emotion effect was observed only at low-WM load condition on the left hemisphere, but was observed at high-WM load condition as well as low-WM load condition on the right hemisphere. To summarize, facial emotion effect observed by N170 amplitudes was modulated by WM load only on the left hemisphere. These results show that early emotional processing of negative facial expression could be eliminated or reduced by high load of WM on the left hemisphere, but could not be eliminated by high load on the right hemisphere, and suggest right hemispheric lateralization of negative facial emotion processing.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1640-1647
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• 2012

The allocation to third parties in increase of capital is increasing in KOSDAQ firms. With this trend, they cause many problems which involves stock price manipulation. Under this condition, this study analyzes stock price reaction by event study to 197 cases of 81 KOSDAQ companies that allocated to third parties in increase of capital between the year of 2007 and 2009. And we find determinants of cumulative abnormal return by using multiple regression. Results of this research are as follows. First, in case of excess return of (-5, +5), it reveals positive excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 4 days before payment day(event day). But it reveals negative excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 5 days after payment day. Second, in case of excess return of (-40, +40), it reveals positive excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 40 days before payment day(event day). But it reveals negative excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 40 days after payment day. Third, in case of excess return of (0, 1 year), it reveals negative excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 1 year after payment day. Fourth, significant determinant of cumulative abnormal return to (-5, +5) was firm size with positive effect. Significant determinants of cumulative abnormal return to (-40, +40) were reserve ratio and debt ratio. Reserve ratio has positive effect But debt ratio has negative effect. Significant determinants of cumulative abnormal return to (0, 1 year) were firm size, debt ratio, reserve ratio. equity ratio to large shareholder. Firm size, debt ratio, equity ratio to large shareholder have negative effect. But reserve ratio has positive effect.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.307-344
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• 2014

Political parties would normally claim that their campaign and communication materials have effects on voters, be it on their supporters or their opponents during election campaigns. However, such effects are assumed effects by the parties unless voters are themselves assessed about the effects of such materials on themselves. The supporters of the parties are likely to regard such campaign materials as congenial to them but this may not be so with the opposition supporters who would regard such materials as negative. Taking the third-person effect to analyze effects on the audience as the theoretical framework, this study posited that opposition members would regard the materials as negative and thus would claim that they would not have any effect on them but they would likely say that such campaign materials would have effects on own party supporters. Davison (1983) posited that individuals will perceive that negative mediated messages would have their greatest impact not "on me" or "you" but on "them,"- the third person. Research suggests that people judge others to be more influenced than they are by media, advertising, libelous messages, media violence, pornography, and television drama. The theory referred to as the Third-person effect developed on the postulation that audience members would not admit that media had any direct effect on them, but would instead believe that the media influenced others, the third person (Tewksbury, Moy, & Weis, 2004; Price, Tewksbury, & Huang, 1998). On the other hand, while people would discount the effects of negative or biased messages on themselves, they would, under the notion of the First Person Effect, readily admit to being influenced by such messages. This study was based on studying the effects of political literature on party and opposition party supporters taking the messages to be positive to one group and biased and partisan to another group. The study focuses on the assumed effects of political literature on own party and opposition party supporters. It traces the degree of influence of Malaysia's largest political party, Barisan Nasional (BN) political communication literature on its own supporters and on non-BN party supporters. While the third-person effect assumes a null or minimal effect on one's self and some or strong effect on others, the question that arises are on welcoming favorable media effects on oneself and assuming unfavorable effects on others.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.4
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• pp.121-130
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• 1993

For the One-way random effects model with unbalanced data, the AOV and MINQUE estimates of variance components are frequently found to be negative. The primary objective of present study is placed on the computation of the probability of the main effect variance component, being negative. The probability of negative estimators from AOV and MINQUE can be obtained by theoretical computation under the normality assumption. It is, however, difficult to compute the probability of negative estimates for these estimators under arbitrary distributions, and hence their probabilities of being negative were computed by simulation experiment in this study. It was shown that there was no significant difference between the theoretical probability under normality and calculated probability by simulation experiment, and that probability of negative estimates decreases as sample size, number of levels and the value of increase.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.195-221
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• 2013

A centrifuge model study is carried out to investigate the behavior of pile subject to negative skin friction induced by pile installation, ground water drawdown and surcharge loading. A single end-bearing pile is examined as the induced negative skin friction would induce the most severe stress on the pile structural material as compared to friction piles. In addition, the behavior of the pile under simultaneous negative skin friction and dead/live loads is examined. To facilitate detailed interpretations of the test results, the model setup is extensively instrumented and involves elaborate test control schemes. To further examine the phenomenon of negative skin friction on an end-bearing pile, finite element analyses were conducted. The numerical analysis is first validated against the centrifuge test data and subsequently extended to examine the effects of pile slenderness ratio, surcharge intensity and pile-soil stiffness ratio on the degree of mobilization of negative skin friction induced on the pile. Finally experimental and numerical studies are conducted to examine the effect of applied transient live load on pile subject to negative skin friction.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.197-201
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• 1987

Negative induced polarization (IP) responses are examined for a three-layered earth using a digital linear filter method. The negative IP response can occur when the geoelectric section is of type K or Q. The section of type K creates a more pronounced negative effect than that of type Q. For such sections, IP coefficients are determined as a function of the resistivity distribution and the electrode configuration, and only the IP coefficient of the first layer can be negative. As a result, the negative IP response can occur when the first layer is polarizable in the section of type K or Q. and the polarizabilities of the other layers can act to depress the negative response.