• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.19-40
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• 2018

This paper aims to quantify the determinants of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries' exports by using an augmented gravity model. The gravity model was applied to the six members of the GCC (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman) with datasets that consist of their major 55 trading partners. The findings of this paper reveal that the product of the exporter's GDP and its trading partner's GDP had a significantly positive effect on the exports of five GCC members, except for Qatar. Distance had a significant and negative effect on the exports of the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Oman, while it had a significantly positive effect on those of Bahrain and Qatar. The exporter's GDP per capita had a significantly positive effect on the exports of Bahrain, the UAE and Oman, while a negative effect on Saudi Arabia's exports. The exporter's population had a significantly positive effect on the exports of all six GCC members, while the importer's population had a significantly positive effect on the exports of Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar, yet, a significantly negative effect on Saudi Arabia's exports. Borders had an insignificant effect on the exports of the six members. The common language had a significant and positive effect on the exports of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Oman. FTAs had a significantly positive effect on the exports of Bahrain and a significantly negative effect on Qatar's and Oman's exports. The membership of the GCC had a significantly positive effect on the exports of Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar, while it had a negative effect on Saudi Arabia's exports.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

This study was carried out in order to investigate of effects of environmental conditions which influence negative ions development. Negative ions are nature' most powerful air-cleaning agents, are created by nature, and found at their most optimal levels where the air is most pure and healthy. Negative ions are regarded as one of the important factors which indicate the quality of the air. Therefore, the focus of this study was to clear relationship among negative ions development induced by plant cultivar and environmental conditions such as air temperature, light intensity and relative humidity. As the results of this study, it was found that negative ions development was promoted during the period with plants compared to the period without plants. In Particular, negative ions development was high under air temperature $20^{\circ}C$, relative humidity 90% and dark condition. Temperature and humidity factors on this experiment was strongly affected on negative ions development, but light intensity had almost slight effect. It was shown that these results can contribute to the application of environmental control techniques to negative ions. Among plant cultivar of Spathiphyllum spp. Mentha spicata, and Cupressu arizonica, Mentha spicata was higher negative ions than the other plants, and also the leaves were higher than the stems and roots. The effect of plants on the perception of the inte끼r air quality may, therefore, be one explanation of this results about negative ions. on the other hand, it seems that a green indoor environment might be an increase in general well-being due to the plants.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.313-329
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• 2020

Social Network Services (SNS) have become a vital means of shopping, significantly influencing consumers' purchases of fashion products. The aim of this study was to identify bandwagon consumption among fashion consumers and to analyze the effects of bandwagon consumption on negative emotions, purchase discontinuation, and switching intention. A survey questionnaire was developed, and data were obtained from 285 female consumers in Korea aged in their 20s and 30s who had experienced guilt, regret, or disappointment after purchasing fashion products using SNS during the previous six months. The survey results indicated four different types of band- wagon consumption: intentional, impulsive, unintentional, and planned. The presence of negative emotions such as guilt, disappointment, and regret were affected by different types of bandwagon consumption. Intentional bandwagon consumption only affected guilt, while unintentional bandwagon consumption affected both guilt and disappointment. Impulsive bandwagon consumption affected guilt and regret; however, planned bandwagon consumption only affected regret. Furthermore, negative emotions affected purchase discontinuation and switching intention. Planned bandwagon con- sumption had an effect on both purchase discontinuation and switching intention, while both impulsive and unintentional bandwagon consumption influenced switching intention only. Intentional bandwagon consumption had no effect on either purchase discontinuation or switching intention. The results of this study indicate that SNS consumers' bandwagon consumption causes different negative emotions, purchase discontinuation, and switching intention.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2010

This study focused on the links between emotionality, interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence, and behavior problems in a sample of 185 four- to five-year-old children in kindergarten and daycare centers in Seoul. All variables were measured by the teachers of surveyed children. Collected data were analyzed by Simple Regression and Hierarchical Multiple Regression. The main results of this study were as follows: Firstly, children's positive and negative emotionality each exerted negative and positive effects on their interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. Secondly, children's positive emotionality had a negative influence on internalizing behavior problems. On the other hand, children's negative emotionality had a positive influence on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Finally, effect of children's positive emotionality on their internalizing behavior problems was totally mediated by interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. On the other hand, effect of children's negative emotionality on their internalizing and externalizing behavior problems was partially mediated by their interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence.

• Fashion, Industry and Education
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.19-35
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• 2018

This study explores the effect of information direction and order of cosmetics power bloggers on consumer responses. A total of 488 undergraduate students participated in experiments with mock-up stimuli of sunscreen product reviews by power bloggers. The study was conducted with four stimuli of product review posts (i.e., positive reviews only, positive-negative reviews in order, negative-positive reviews in order, negative reviews only) of the power bloggers. The results showed a significant difference in consumer responses according to information direction and order of product reviews of the power bloggers. Specifically, negative reviews were considered more objective and more useful than positive reviews were. However, positivity of reviews is crucial in generating more positive attitudes toward products, greater purchase intention, and greater word-of-mouth intention. In regard to information order, the negative-positive reviews generated more positive attitudes toward the product and greater purchase intention than did the positive-negative reviews, emphasizing the importance of ending product reviews with positive information so as to create positive responses. Referring to the findings, power bloggers and marketers using bloggers as a promotional tool would benefit by carefully designing information content in consideration of an appropriate direction and order of information to better fit their purpose.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.137-146
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• 2014

The aims of this study were to investigate the relationships among mothers' emotion expression, preschool children's temperament, and preschool children's emotion regulation. The participants in this study were 75 5-year-old children from five child-care centers located in Seoul. The collected data were analyzed using simple regression and hierarchical multiple regression. The major findings were as follows. First, mothers' positive emotion expression had a positive influence on children's effortful control, and mothers' negative emotion expression had a positive influence on children's negative affect. Second, mothers' positive emotion expression had a positive influence on children's emotion regulation, while mothers' negative emotion expression had a negative influence on children's emotion regulation. Last, the effect of mothers' positive emotion expression on children's emotion regulation was fully mediated by children's effortful control. Also, the effect of mothers' negative emotion expression on children's emotion regulation was partially mediated by children's negative affect. These results suggest that mothers' emotion expression and children's temperament may predict children's emotion regulation.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

Objective: This study examined the effects of mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions on the children's social power through children's emotional regulation ability. Methods: A total of 339 four-year and five- year old preschoolers, and their mother and teachers in Seoul and Gyeongi participated in the study. Data were analyzed by path analysis using AMOS 21.0 program. Results: The results were as follows: First, mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions were significantly related to children's emotional regulation ability and social power. Also, children's emotional regulation ability was significantly associated with children's social power. Second, mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions had indirect effects on social power - prosocial leadership and social dominance-through children's emotional regulation ability. Conclusion/Implications: The results of this study revealed the mediating role of children's emotional regulation ability between mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions and children's social power. Also, these findings will be helpful in order to understand children's social power and to develop parent education programs.

• Stress
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.350-355
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of negative problem orientation in the association between intolerance uncertainty and worry. Methods: Participants who were 531 undergraduate students in Chungbuk were administered Intolerance Uncertainty Scale (IUS), Negative Problem Orientation (NPO; SPSI-R), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Results: The results are as follows. Intolerance of uncertainty had statistically significant positive correlation with worry. Negative problem orientation had a partial mediating effect in the association between intolerance uncertainty and worry. Conclusions: This result suggested the importance of intolerance of uncertainty and negative problem orientation in psychological approach to university students who have difficulty in worry.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.133-148
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• 2014

People enthusiastic about human brands eagerly engage in fan communities to share their common interests with others. Although sharing one's enthusiasm towards the same celebrities can give thempositive senses of we-ness (in-group identity, togetherness, camaraderie) and belongingness, negative sides also exist such as schadenfreude and trash talk. Even though the studies addressing the negative sides of fan community are gaining significance, no prior studies formally examined the negative consequences of engaging in a fan community and their effect on one's well-being. Therefore, this current study aims to investigate how engaging in fan community negatively affects members' psychological well-being through schadenfreude and trash talk. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that engaging highly in a fan community leads members to feel malicious pleasure at rivals' misfortunes and share negative opinions of rival human brands and fan communities. These negative consequences of fan community engagement ultimately lead to a lower level of psychological wellbeing, especially in the area of personal growth whereas fan community engagement has a direct positive effect on personal growth. By showing the negative influences of engaging in fan communities on members' well-being through schadenfreude and trash talk, the results of this study are expected to add depth to the existing literature.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2020

This study empirical analysed how student's major satisfaction affected job-seeking stress. It also analysed the mean differences of major satisfaction and job-seeking stress between two groups(IPP experienced, non-experienced groups). 200 data were collected from the field survey questionnaires administered to a quota sample of university students who had IPP experience or non-experience. For hypothesis testing, the IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 was used. As a result of empirical research analysis, first, it was found that major satisfaction had a negative effect on job-seeking stress. Among major satisfaction sub categories, subject satisfaction had negative effects on cognitive and physical stress, and relationship satisfaction also had negative effects on cognitive and physical stress. On the other hand, general satisfaction had a negative effect only on emotional stress. Second, there was a significant difference between major satisfaction and job-seeking stress. Major satisfaction of IPP experience group was high, and the job-seeking stress was low. Third, in the group of students who practiced IPP, subject satisfaction had a negative effect on emotional and physical stress, whereas subject satisfaction in the group of students who did not practice IPP had no significant effect on job-seekingt stress. In the case of relationship satisfaction, only non-practice groups had a negative effect on cognitive stress and physical stress. In the case of general satisfaction, only the IPP group showed negative effects on emotional stress. The results of this study supported the preceding studies that major satisfaction had an effect on job-seeking stress, and the study was meaningful in that it confirmed that there were differences between the IPP experienced, non-experienced groups. Based on this results, academic and practical implications were suggested.