• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.117-125
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the needling depth of five-phase acupoints by acupuncture and moxibustion literatures. Methods : 7 volumes of acupuncture and moxibustion literatures was used to determine the depth of five-phase acupoints. The depth of needling at 60 five-phase acupoints was compared between well, spring, stream, river, sea acupoints and also yin, yang, hand and foot meridians. Results : The proximal part of the extremities had deeper needling depth than the distal part of the extremities. The order of well, spring, stream, river, sea can be related to the needling depth. Foot meridians had deeper needling depth than hand meridians. Yin meridians had deeper needling depth at Well, spring, stream acupoints and yan meridians had deeper needling depth at river, sea acupoints. Conclusions : The distinct patterns of needling depth of five-phase acupoints is related to which part of the extremities are five-phase acupoints located.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the needling depth of five-phase acupoints and discuss the association with the depth of meridian qi. Methods : DongUiBoGam was used to determine the depth of five-phase acupoints. The depth of needling at 60 five-phase acupoints was compared between well, spring, stream, river, and sea acupoints. Results : The proximal part of the extremities had deeper needling depth than the distal part of the extremities. The targeted deqi sensation can be related to the needling depth. Conclusions : The depth of the meridian qi is related to the distinct patterns of needling depth of five-phase acupoints.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.61-67
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate the safe needling depth of Cheonchu($ST_{25}$) retrospectively by using an abdomen abdomen computed tomography(CT), and to analyze the correlation between needling depth and the characteristics of the subjects. Methods : We marked spots 50 mm away from both sides of the umbilicus in the abdomen CT and measured the vertical distance to the parietal peritoneum from the skin surface as well as waist circumference. Correlations between measured depth of Cheonchu($ST_{25}$) and variables such as age, gender and waist circumference were analyzed. Results : Average depth of the Cheonchu(n = 90) was $3.21{\pm}0.87cm$, the minimum was 1.31 cm and the maximum was 5.63 cm. A definite positive correlation was noted between needling depth and waist circumference and a significant difference was observed in needling depth according to waist circumference groups. Conclusions : Needling depth of Cheonchu($ST_{25}$) varied depending on the patient's waist circumference; safe needling depth of Cheonchu($ST_{25}$) measured by abdomen CT is 1.31~5.63 cm.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2013

Objective : To clarify the features of needling method in the Zhenjiu Jiayijing, the needling depth and needling treatment time were sorted out. Method : According to the analysis, we can identify the crucial factors of the needling features. Result : Compared with the needling related content of Huangdi Neijing(黄帝内经), the historical outline of the needling development could be found and the ancient acupuncturing process was reappeared with a historical perspective. This research will provide guidance for the literature research and clinical application. Conclusion : Zhenjiu Jiayijing, also an important and valuable literature, will provide more evidence or clues for depth and treatment time of needling, which will be helpful and meaningful in clinic.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.11-16
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to determine the safe needling depth of Pungbu($GV_{16}$) retrospectively by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods : We chose 114 Brain or C-spine MRI images from the Sang-Ji hospital picture archiving communication system. We measured the shortest distance from skin to cerebral dura mater passing by posterior edge of the foramen magnum on the sagittal view for the depth of Pungbu. We analyzed the differences between male and female measured values by using a student t-test. Results : The average depth of male insertion was $49.71{\pm}6.32mm$ and the shortest depth of insertion was 36.29 mm. The average depth of female insertion was $39.84{\pm}5.25mm$ and the shortest depth of insertion was 30.02 mm. The results showed a significant difference according to gender (p=0.00). Conclusions : The depth of male insertion is deeper than that of female, and the safe needling depth in the case of males is 36.29-67.35 mm, while the safe needling depth in the of females is 30.02-52.18 mm.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2023

Objectives : To review the needling depth, therapeutic and adverse effects of intraperitoneal acupuncture and related acupoints. Methods : Studies and reports from the literature, Korean medical health insurance data and databases were searched and selected. Results : The depth of needle insertion for acupoints related to intraperitoneal acupuncture has been documented to range from 0.9 to 10.5 cm depending on the acupoints and literature. In studies of safe needling depth, the justice of safe needling depth varied from study to study, but was generally based on the peritoneum, and the depth varies by patient age, sex, body type, and weight. Clinical studies in China have shown good efficacy and no side effects of abdominal long needle acupuncture, but there have been case reports of adverse events following abdominal acupuncture. Conclusions : To ensure both therapeutic effectiveness and safety of intraperitoneal acupuncture, It is necessary to utilize the ultrasound in clinical practice and conduct related research.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate the needling depth of Hwangmun (BL51) and Jisil (BL52) retrospectively using an L-spine MRI. Methods : We measured the shortest distance from the skin to transversalis fascia at both sides of Hwangmun and Jisil, and analyzed the difference between male and female using a student t-test, and between the left and right sides with a paired t-test. Results : In the case of males, the average depth of left Hwangmun was $48.24{\pm}10.16mm$, and that of right was $47.23{\pm}9.59mm$ ; left Jisil was $56.91{\pm}9.00mm$ and right was $55.74{\pm}8.75mm$. In the case of females, the average depth of left Hwangmun was $42.26{\pm}9.29mm$, and that of right was $41.63{\pm}9.32mm$ ; left Jisil was $49.21{\pm}10.77mm$ and right was $48.41{\pm}11.38mm$. The depth of male insertion was deeper than that of female in Jisil, but there was no significant difference according to gender in Hwangmun. Conclusion : For males, the needling depth of left Hwangmun is 37.21 ~ 68.23 mm and right is 36.91 ~ 70.50 mm, while left Jisil is 42.97 ~ 70.84 mm and right is 43.75 ~ 72.00 mm. For females, the needling depth of left Hwangmun is 26.80 ~ 68.28 mm and right is 25.70 ~ 65.59 mm, while left Jisil is 30.94 ~ 79.06 mm and right is 28.13 ~ 77.27 mm.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2020

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to review needling depth and location of LU7, BL62 and KI6 by the medical classics' records. Methods : 1. We researched the medical classics describing LU7, KI6 and BL62, and reorganized data about the location and needling depth. 2. We compared the medical classics' records on LU7, KI6 and BL62 with description of WHO standard acupuncture point location. 3. We reviewed different location and needling depth of LU7, BL62, and KI6 recorded in the medical classics with the anatomical structure. Results : 1. The common needling depth of LU7 is about 0.2 chon. But in some medical classics, the depth of LU7 is 0.8 chon. Needling depth of LU7 varied depending on the patient's hand posture. In the 'half-up' position with the thumb upward, it is possible to stimulate acupuncture on LU7 by 0.8 chon because there is a space between the tendons. 2. In WHO standard acupuncture point location, the locations of BL62 and KI6 are just below the lateral and medial malleolus. But in some medical classics, the locations of BL62 and KI6 are between the bones and muscles below the malleolus. In the locations between the bones and muscles below the malleolus, it is possible to stimulate acupuncture on BL62 and KI6 by penetrating acupuncture because there is no bone structure. Conclusions : 1. By the 'half-up' position with the thumb upward, it is possible to stimulate vertically acupuncture on LU7 by 0.8 chon. 2. By the locations of BL62 and KI6 between the bones and muscles below the malleolus, it is possible to stimulate on BL62 and KI6 by penetrating acupuncture.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.191-202
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• 2009

Purpose: This research is to investigate the needling Depth for Deqi based onone's age, weight, and the level of obesity and the different Deqi sensation in Chung-wan and Kwan-wan. Methods: We took a research on Deqi for the 123 patients who visited a local Korean Medicine clinic at random. The variants were the age, the weight, thetotal fat rate, the waist-hip rate, BMI, the weight size, and the Sasang constitution. Result: Older patients need more depth of Deqi in Chung-wan and Kwan-wan compared to the younger ones. The higher the level of obesity(weight, total body fat rate, the waist-hip rate, BMI) goes up, the more Deqi in Chung-wan and Kwan-wan goes deeply. As the level of obesity goes down in the order of Taeeum-in, Soyang-in, Soeum-in, the depth of Deqi also decreases in Chung-wan and Kwan-wan. Deqi in Chung-wan is the feeling of pressure around the acu-point, and Deqi in Kwan-wan is the feeling that it spreads out to the upper, lower, the right, and the left side of the acu-point. Conclusion: In case of Needling Depth for Deqi on Chung-wan and Kwan-wan, that increases or decreases as the age, the level of obesity(the physique), and the Sasang constitution changes.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.71-85
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• 2008

Objective : Acupuncture, one of the Oriental medical treatment techniques in East Asia, is growing in popularity all over the world. Based on bibliographical and clinical data, the depth of needling, i.e. superficial or deep needling, has been considered to be a variable as potential modifiers of needling effects, such as localization, manipulation of the needle, or elicitation of DeQi. The purpose of this review is to summarize clinical trials using minimal acupuncture and to evaluate its appropriateness as a control. Methods : A survey of computerized literature searches for randomized controlled trials using minimal acupuncture revealed that a total of 10 studies were published until April 2008. Results : Results obtained from clinical trials showed that acupuncture were more effective than minimal acupuncture in 3 out of 10 trials, while others were no more effective than control. However, minimal acupuncture might neither be a inert placebo nor be indiscriminable. Conclusion : Minimal acupuncture as 'placebo' controls seems misleading and scientifically unacceptable.