• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1987

An epizootic of calf diarrhea occurred in an extensive dairy farm located in Gangwondo province in December of 1985. The patients showing fever, chills, complete anorexia and watery diarrhea sometimes dysentery were concentrated among the calves ranged from 8 days to 3 months old and many of them died in acute course. The five carcases were examined by pathological and bacteriological means. The predominant gross lesions were edematous swelling of the mesenteric lymph nodes, profuse catarrhal or diphtheritic enteritis and extensive purulent bronchopnenomonia or lobar fibrinous pneumonia. Microscopically the lesions of the liver and spleen were characterized by coagulative necrotic foci and granulomatous nodules. The spleen and lymph node showed also proliferative changes of reticular cells and involution of intestinal lymphatic nodules were noticed. The strains of Salmonella(S) species isolated from the liver, spleen, bile juice, peritoneal fluid and thoracic fluid were identified serologically as S. dublin. These clinical and pathological findings of the disease were those of acute enteritis form of salmonellosis and characterized by high morbidity and mortality among the calf herd. The report also signifies the first description of an epizootic of bovine salmonellosis caused by S. dublin in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-43
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• 1981

The occurrence of inclusion body hepatitis was confirmed for the first time in Korea from chickens submitted for diagnosis to this Institute from a farm located in the vicinity of Anyang. The chickens showed no specific clinical signs except for moderate anemic conditions. At autopsy, livers were swollen and mottled with numerous stellate subcapsular hemorrhages and necrotic foci. Severe nephritis and catarrhal enteritis were also seen. The most notable microscopic changes were seen in the liver. These included eosinophilic intra-nuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocyes, massive hemorrhages and necrosis and fatty changes in the liver parenchema.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2015

Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium (C.) perfringens commonly occurs in domestic broiler farms since antibiotic supplementation in poultry feed has been banned. We evaluated the antibacterial activities of medicinal plant extracts against C. perfringens isolates to select alternative compounds for preventing NE. We compared antibacterial activities using two methods and evaluated susceptibilities of the isolates based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Two (Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance [FRH] and Geranium koreanum Kom. [GKK]) of the 30 plant extracts had potent antibacterial activities against C. perfringens ATCC 13124 in two assays. The MIC values for FRH and GKK against 20 C. perfringens isolates were $128{\sim}256{\mu}g/mL$ and $32{\sim}128{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The geometric MIC mean values for the two extracts were $147.2{\mu}g/mL$ and $68.8{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The MBCs for the two extracts against the same strains were $1,024{\sim}2,048{\mu}g/mL$ and $256{\sim}1,024{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The geometric mean MIC and MBC for GKK were about two-fold lower than those of FRH. The modified spot-on-lawn assay may be useful for measuring primary antibacterial potential. FRH and GKK are expected to be used as feed additives to prevent or treat NE in veterinary practice.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.439-448
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• 2021

DA-9601 is an extract obtained from Artemisia asiatica, which has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects on gastrointestinal lesions; however, its possible anti-inflammatory effects on the small intestine have not been studied yet. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective effects of DA-9601 against the ACF-induced small intestinal inflammation. Inflammation of the small intestine was confirmed by histological studies and the changes in the CD4⁺ T cell fraction induced by the inflammation-related cytokines, and the inflammatory reactions were analyzed. Multifocal discrete small necrotic ulcers with intervening normal mucosa were frequently observed after treatment with ACF. The expression of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α genes was increased in the ACF group; however, it was found to have been significantly decreased in the DA-9601 treated group. In addition, DA-9601 significantly decreased the levels of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α; the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, on the other hand, was observed to have increased. It is known that inflammatory mediators related to T cell imbalance and dysfunction continuously activate the inflammatory response, causing chronic tissue damage. The fractions of IFN-γ⁺ Th1 cells, IL-4⁺ Th2 cells, IL-9⁺ Th9 cells, IL-17⁺ Th17 cells, and Foxp3⁺ Treg cells were significantly decreased upon DA-9601 treatment. These data suggest that the inflammatory response induced by ACF is reduced by DA-9601 via lowering of the expression of genes encoding the inflammatory cytokines and the concentration of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, DA-9601 inhibited the acute inflammatory response mediated by T cells, resulting in an improvement in ACF-induced enteritis.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.199-209
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• 2017

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways play a key role in innate immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell death. The main objective of this study was to investigate the expression level of candidate MAPK pathway genes in the intestinal mucosal layer of two genetically disparate chicken lines (Marek's disease-resistant line 6.3 and Marek's disease-susceptible line 7.2) induced with necrotic enteritis (NE). Using high-throughput RNA sequencing, we investigated 178 MAPK signaling pathway related genes that were significantly and differentially expressed between the intestinal mucosal layers of the NE-afflicted and control chickens. In total, 15 MAPK pathway genes were further measured by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR) and the results were consistent with the RNA-sequencing data. All 178 identified genes were annotated through Gene Ontology and mapped onto the KEGG chicken MAPK signaling pathway. Several key genes of the MAPK pathway, ERK1/2, JNK1-3, p38 MAPK, MAP2K1-4, $NF-{\kappa}B1/2$, c-Fos, AP-1, Jun-D, and Jun, were differentially expressed in the two chicken lines. Therefore, we believe that RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR analysis provide resourceful information for future studies on MAPK signaling of genetically disparate chicken lines in response to pathogens.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-71
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• 2012

Rabbits are highly susceptible to colibacillosis, and no treatment is able to control the disease effectively. Rabbits raised in a farm in Chonbuk province presenting persistent diarrhea and death were submitted for diagnosis. Ninety percent of the infected animals died; weanlings suffered the most mortality. Necropsies showed prominent hemorrhagic foci along the intestinal and cecal serosae. In histopathological examination, rod-shaped bacteria were observed in the necrotic areas of the tips of villi in the small intestine and neutrophils infiltration was found around the necrotic villous areas. The affected animals consistently yielded Escherichia coli isolates from the intestines. The isolated organism was atypically indole-negative and was nonserotypable using 62 known O group-typing sera. Further microbiological and epidemiological works to recognize and control colibacillosis infection in farmed rabbits in Korea is therefore critical.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 1997

1993년부터 1995년까지 약 3개년 동안 우리 나라에서 사육하고 있는 가축의 유병율을 조사한 결과, 닭 16,200수 중에서 54수(0.3%)가 괴사성 장염에 이환 되었으며 새끼돼지 620두 중에서 9두(13.8%)가 장독혈증에 이환 되었다. C. perfringens의 분리율을 조사한 결과, 괴사성 장염에 이환 되어있는 닭 54수 중 7수(13.0%)에서 본균이 분리되었으며 장독혈증에 이환 되어있는 새끼돼지 66두 중 14두(21.2%)에서 본균이 분리되었고 장독혈증에 이환 되어있는 소 9두 중 3두(33.3%)에서 본균이 분리되었다. Acriflavine을 이용하여 C. perfringens의 S-R변이를 조사한 결과, S-R변이는 mercuric chloride, nicotine, caffeine, cysteine, glucose 등의 순으로 나타났는데, 이중 mercuric chloride가 가장 감수성이 높았다. C. perfringens의 항균요법제에 대한 감수성은 cepalothin, penicillin, erythromycin, amikacin 등이 높은 감수성을 나타내었는데, S-R변이 후에는 감수성이 일반적으로 저하되는 경향이었다. 중화시험법을 이용하여 C. perfringens의 독소형을 분류한 결과, cd 24균주 중 22균주(91.7%)는 A형이었으며 2균주(8.3%)는 C형이었다.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.507-516
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• 1994

The purposes of this investigations were survey of the occurred bacterial diseases, development of new animal health drug, guidance to formers on the treatment and control methods of diseases. Some series of investigations have been carried out by microbiological, pathological and serological examinations. The results could be summarized as follows. 1. A total of 953 cases of outbreaked swine diseases have been diagnosed in Clinical pathology laboratories, Bayer Vet Res Institute during 8 years (from 1986 to 1993). The high incidence diseases were colibacillosis, pleuropneumonia, streptococcal infection and pasteurellosis in decreasing order. 2. Pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was the most important respiratory diseases and pasteurellosis by Pasteurella multocide could be confirmed in several cases. 3. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 50 strains were isolated and identified by biochemical and serological tests. In serotyping test, 22 isolated strains were serotype 5, 21 strains as serotype 2, each 2 strains as serotype 3 and 7 by the coagglutination test. 4. Colibacillosis and edema discase caused by Escherichia coli has been the most predominant outbreaked disease in this investigations. The 100 isolates of E coli strains were sensitive to amikacin, colistin, enrofloxacin, gentamycin and trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole. 5. Swine erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was confirmed 25 cases as acute septicemic forms. Isolates of E rhusiopathiae were highly sensitive to ampicillin, cephalothin, enrofloxcin, penicillin and tetracycline. 6. The 49 cases of hemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis in piglets were observed and 13 strains of Clostridium perfringens could be isolated and confirmed by biological and serological test. Isolates of Clostridium perfringens type C were highly sensitive to ampicillin, cephalothin, enrofloxacin, penicillin and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole. 7. The 14 strains of Streptococcus suis type II could be isolated from meningitis of piplets. 8. Polyserositis caused by Haemophilus parasuis and salmonellosis were observed and confirmed. Also Corynebacterial infections and several parasitosis have been also observed in this investigations.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2016

Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella thyphimurium and S. Montevideo isolated from the intestines of dead broiler chickens in Korea were tested for antibacterial effects to purifed bee venom. Purified bee venom from Apis mellifera L. has been used as natural antimicrobial compounds in pigs, cows, dairy cattle and chicken farms in Korea. To investigate antibacterial effect of purified bee venom was evaluated by agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentraion (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and postantibiotic effect (PAE). Purified bee venom exhibited significant inhibition of bacterial growth of C. perfringens, S. thyphimurium and S. Montevideo with MIC value of 0.85, 0.68 and $0.69{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The MBC value of purified bee venom against C. perfringens, S. thyphimurium and S. Montevideo were 3.33, 2.66 and $2.86{\mu}g/mL$. Furthermore, the results of PAE values against C. perfringens, S. thyphimurium and S. Montevideo showed the bacterial effect with 3.5, 4.0 and 3.5 hr. Stability of pufifed bee venom at acidity from pH 1 to pH 8 for 24 hr was the antibacterial activity for C. perfringens, S. thyphimurium and S. Montevideo and melittin contents. Also purified bee venom processed through the heating for 15 min, there was no signification loss of the antibacterial activity and melittin at below $100^{\circ}C$. These results obtained in this study suggest that purified bee venom might be utilized as a feed additive in poultry diets.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.111-122
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• 2021

Recently, interleukin 34 (IL-34) was identified as the second functional ligand for macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR). IL-34 functions similarly to M-CSF through its binding to the M-CSFR. There is still insufficient information on IL-34 in chickens, which has until now been reported only through predicted sequences and not through experimental research. Thus, to confirm its expression and to determine its potent biological activity, several chicken lines and cell lines were used. Cloning of recombinant chicken IL-34 and M-CSF genes was performed to investigate their modulatory effects on proinflammatory cytokine expression in vitro. The expression levels of IL-34, M-CSF, and M-CSFR genes were upregulated in broiler chickens with leg dysfunction (cause unknown). However, IL-34 was downregulated in most pathogen-stimulated tissues. M-CSFR expression was enhanced by recombinant IL-34 and M-CSF proteins in vitro. IFN-γ expression was enhanced by recombinant IL-34, but not by M-CSF. However, IL-12 expression was not regulated in any of the treated cells, and IL-1β was decreased in all tissues. These results indicate that IL-34 and M-CSF have roles in both the classical and alternative macrophage activation pathways. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the expression of IL-34 in chickens for pathogenic trials, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that the IL-34 protein plays a role in both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions in macrophages. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the cytokines or chemokines that can be induced by IL-34 and to further elucidate the functions of IL-34 in the inflammatory pathway.