• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2015

Impaired respiratory function is common in patients with stroke. The purpose of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of exercises and to assess forced vital capacity and peak cough flow after completion of neck stabilizing and respiratory reeducation exercises (combining diaphragmatic breathing and pursed-lip breathing exercises). The 45 participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group 1 ($n_1=15$), experimental group 2 ($n_2=15$), and a control group ($n_3=15$). All subjects performed conservative physical therapy for 30 minutes. Experimental group 1 undertook the neck stabilizing exercise and the respiratory reeducation exercise. Experimental group 2 undertook the respiratory reeducation exercise. Additional exercise did not exceed 30 minutes, five times a week for six weeks. The subjects were assessed for deep neck flexor thickness and breathing function (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, forced expiratory volume at one second/forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, and manual assisted peak cough flow) at pre-post value. The results of this study were as follows. Experimental group 1 showed a significant increase only in deep neck flexor thickness change rate (p<.05). All groups showed significant increases in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, and peak expiratory flow in pre-post measurement (p<.05). Experimental groups 1 and 2 showed an increase in manual assisted peak cough flow in pre-post measurement (p<.05). There was no significant difference between experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, but experimental group 1 improved more than experimental group 2 in respiratory function as a whole. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the neck stabilizing exercise in combination with the respiratory reeducation exercise can improve forced vital capacity and peak cough flow in patients with stroke.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.253-261
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The Purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the thickness of Sternocleidomastoid muscle(SCM) and deep cervical flexor muscle(DCF) through CranioCervical Flexion Exercise(CCFEx) Using Sling. METHODS: Subjects were randomly allocated two group: control group (n=21) without neck pain, experimental group (n=17) with pain. Muscle thickness was measured using CranioCervical Flexion Test(CCFT) and ultrasonography before or after intervention. RESULTS: In experimental group, compared with muscle thickness of exercise before, SCM thickness rate of change was slightly decreased according to pressure increased after exercise(p<.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that CCFEx using sling is effective for SCM and DCF of choric neck pain patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.699-704
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• 2002

The pipe with a long-neck flange is widely used in power plants, chemical plants, and shipbuilding companies. New the pipe with a long-neck flange is manufactured by welding a thick flange to a pipe. But this long-neck flange pipe has some deflects in the welding region such as unfitting and local thermal fatigue, which weaken the strength around the neck of the flange. Moreover, after welding the flange, the contacting surfaces of the flange have to be machined flat. So, that is uneconomical. Therefore, to solve the above problems of the long-neck flange pipe, a new process, which has no defects around the flange neck, is required. In this study, three forming processes are suggested to get an enhanced long-neck flange. First suggested process consists of conical terming and flange forming. Second and third suggested processes consist of the bulging of a long pipe locally heated by induction coils and the flange forming. The differences between second and third suggestions are the thickness and local heating area of the pipe. That is, the thickness of the initial pipe of third suggestion is larger than that of the final product, and the local heating area is smaller than that of second suggestion. These three suggestions fur forming a long-neck flange are simulated by FE analyses with a commercial cede DEFORM 2D. Especially, the theoretical result of FE analysis on the first suggestion fur forming a long-neck flange is verified by the experiment with aluminum 6063 pipes. From the theoretical and experimental results, it is concluded that three suggested processes are very useful in order to manufacture the pipe with a long-neck flange without any deflects.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.212-219
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• 2002

The pipe with a long-neck flange is widely used in power plants, chemical plants, and shipbuilding companies. Now the pipe with a long-neck flange is manufactured by welding a thick flange to a pipe. But this long-neck flange pipe has some defects in the welding region such as unfitting and local thermal fatigue, which weaken the strength around the neck of the flange. Moreover, after welding the flange, the contacting surfaces of the flange have to be machined flat. So, that is uneconomical. Therefore, to solve the above problems of the long-neck flange pipe, a new process, which has no defects around the flange neck, is required. In this study, three forming processes are suggested to get an enhanced long-neck flange. First suggested process consists of conical forming and flange forming. Second and third suggested processes consist of the bulging of a long pipe locally heated by induction coils and the flange forming. The differences between second and third suggestions are the thickness and local heating area of the pipe. That is, the thickness of the initial pipe of third suggestion is larger than that of the final product, and the local heating area is smaller than that of second suggestion. These three suggestions for forming a long-neck flange are simulated by FE analyses with a commercial code DEFORM 2D. Especially, the theoretical result of FE analysis on the first suggestion for forming a long-neck flange is verified by the experiment with aluminum 6063 pipes. From the theoretical and experimental results, it is concluded that three suggested processes are very useful in order to manufacture the pipe with a long-neck flange without any defects.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.277-285
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of wearing Head-Mounted Display (HMD) on the cervical range of motion (CROM), neck muscle thickness, and pain in healthy young adults. The HMD group(male=16, female=7) was asked to perform sitting comfortably in a backless chair with hands on their knees with the HMD was worn on their heads to watch the video for 30 minutes. The control group(male=15, female=8) was asked to sit in the same posture as the HMD group for 30 minutes. CROM, neck muscle thickness, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) of both the upper trapezius and levator scapulae were measured before and after intervention. CROM and PPT of the upper trapezius and levator scapulae in the HMD group were significantly decreased and the thickness of the muscles in the HMD group were significantly increased more than in the pre-test (p<.05). There was no significant difference in CROM, muscle thickness, and PPT in the control group. Wearing HMD for a long time can cause a decrease in CROM and PPT and an increase in muscle thickness, and there is a risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and shoulder. Therefore, this study recommends maintaining the correct posture of the neck and shoulder and using HMD only for an appropriate time.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Purpose: This paper proposes proper and effective neck exercises by comparing the deep and superficial cervical flexor muscle activities and thickness according to the pressure level during cranio-cervical flexion exercises between a normal posture group and forward head posture group. Methods: A total of 20 subjects (8 males and 12 females) without neck pain and disabilities were selected. The subjects' craniovertebral angles were measured; they were divided into a normal posture and a forward head posture group. During cranio-cervical flexion exercises, the thickness of the deep cervical flexor neck muscle and the activity of the surface neck muscles were measured using ultrasound and EMG. Results: The results showed that the thickening of the deep cervical flexor was increased significantly to 28 and 30 mmHg in the forward head posture group. The sternocleidomastoid muscle activity increased significantly to 24, 26, 28, and 30 mmHg in the forward head posture group. The anterior scalene muscle activity increased significantly to 26, 28, and 30mmHg in the forward head posture group. A significant difference of 26, 28, and 30 mmHg in the sternocleidomastoid and anterior scalene muscles was observed between two groups. Conclusion: To prevent a forward head posture and maintain proper cervical curve alignment, the use of the superficial cervical flexor muscles must be minimized. In addition, to perform a cranio-cervical flexion exercises to effectively activate the deep cervical flexor muscles, 28 and 30 mmHg for normal posture adults and 28 mmHg for adults with forward head postures are recommended.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 1983

Anterior and posterior parallel opposed field technique covering entire neck is desirable for elimination of junctional problems in treating upper neck with bilateral parallel opposed fields and lower neck with anterior one field. For good dose distribution in neck, dose in build-up region should be high for anterior field and should be low for posterior field. And so, with 10 MV X-ray, lead absorber was used for anterior field only. The adequate thickness of lead absorber, absorber-skin separation, width of central cord block for posterior field and anterior & posterior field weight were studied using film dosimery. The results are as follows. 1. As the thickness of the lead absorber increased the dose in build-up region increased. 2. As the absorber-skin separation decreased the dose in build-up region increased. 3. The adequate thickness of lead absorber was around 5.6mm. 4. The adequate absorber-skin separation was around 5cm. 5. The adequate posterior cord block width was 3cm. 6. 4:1 weighting for anterior and posterior field was adequate. And so with this technique, adequate dose distribution could be made as well as elimination junction problems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.35-41
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• 2008

The purposes of this study lied in the analysis and classification of neck-base circumference shapes of the women in their twenties, by the application of three-dimensional automatic measurement data of human body, and thereby in the understanding of neck-base circumference shapes by the classified type. The findings are as follows: 1. The comparison of three-dimensional human body measurement items relating to the neck-base circumference part of the women in their twenties indicated that the largest individual difference was found in cervicale-center-anterior neck radius than in other items. 2. The factor analysis, which was conducted to extract the factors constituting the neck-base circumference, showed the shape of cervicale(factor 1), the shape of section neck(factor 2), the thickness of neck(factor 3), the shape of anterior neck(factor 4), and the shape of side neck(factor 5). 3. The classification of the neck-base circumference shapes resulted in three types. Type 1 was the shape of a reverse triangle hanging forward, Type 2 was that of a circle, and Type 3 was that of an oval open to the sides.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.193-196
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: Facial nerve stimulation (FNS) is a complication of cochlear implantation (CI). This study compared the thickness and density of the bone separating the upper basal turn of the cochlea (UBTC) and the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve (LSFN) on preoperative computed tomography (CT) in patients with and without FNS after CI. Subjects and Methods: Adult patients who underwent CI from January 2011 to February 2017 with preoperative CT at a tertiary referral hospital were considered for this retrospective case-control study. Patients were divided into two groups: with FNS (n=4) and without FNS (n=53). The density and thickness of the bone between the LSFN and UBTC were measured on preoperative CT. Charts were reviewed for other parameters. Results: A statistically significant difference was seen in the thickness (p=0.007) but not in the density (p=0.125) of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN. Four patients had FNS at the mid-range electrode arrays, and one of them additionally had FNS at the basal arrays. Conclusions: Decreased thickness of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN can explain postoperative FNS, confirming the histologic and radiologic findings in previous studies, which indicated that the thickness of the temporal bone between the LSFN and UBTC is less in patients who experience FNS. While the density in this region was also less, it was not statistically significant.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.193-196
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: Facial nerve stimulation (FNS) is a complication of cochlear implantation (CI). This study compared the thickness and density of the bone separating the upper basal turn of the cochlea (UBTC) and the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve (LSFN) on preoperative computed tomography (CT) in patients with and without FNS after CI. Subjects and Methods: Adult patients who underwent CI from January 2011 to February 2017 with preoperative CT at a tertiary referral hospital were considered for this retrospective case-control study. Patients were divided into two groups: with FNS (n=4) and without FNS (n=53). The density and thickness of the bone between the LSFN and UBTC were measured on preoperative CT. Charts were reviewed for other parameters. Results: A statistically significant difference was seen in the thickness (p=0.007) but not in the density (p=0.125) of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN. Four patients had FNS at the mid-range electrode arrays, and one of them additionally had FNS at the basal arrays. Conclusions: Decreased thickness of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN can explain postoperative FNS, confirming the histologic and radiologic findings in previous studies, which indicated that the thickness of the temporal bone between the LSFN and UBTC is less in patients who experience FNS. While the density in this region was also less, it was not statistically significant.