• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.4 no.7
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• pp.798-807
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• 1994

The increase in the resistance of $BaTio_{3}$ with addition of Ca is attributed to the formation ofthe acceptor impurity by $CaCa^{2+}$" which substitutes Ti4+. However, some authors suggested that $Ca^{2+}$ can not substitute $Ti^{4+}$ because of its larger ionic radius. In this work, the existence of acceptor by Ca hasbeen studied through the high temperature equilibrium electrical conductivity of $BaTiO_{3}$ codoped with Caand Nb, where Ba/(Ti+Ca+Nb) was kept equal to unity. It was measured at $1000^{\circ}C$, and the oxygenpartial pressure was controlled between $10^{-15}$ ~ 1 atm. Changing the amount of added Ca and Nbresulted in the compensation effect between donor and acceptor, i.e., Nb was compensated by the acceptor.And through the defect chemical interpretation of the measured data, it was concluded that Ti canbe substitued with Ca. The existence of such acceptor was reaffirmated by ICTS(Isotherma1 CapacitanceTransient Spectroscopy) measurements.oscopy) measurements.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.748-760
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• 1995

Pyroelectric properties, figure of merits, and the other properties of the Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 system, as expected to have excellent pyroelectric properties in the operating temperature range of pyroelectric type infrared sensor, were investigated. In the Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 system, suppression of the pyrochlore phase depended on sintering condition, as like sintering temperature, holding time, sintering atmosphere. The specimen, sintered by the same composition atmosphere powder at 105$0^{\circ}C$ for 1.5h, possessed the best physical property. It was found that the piezoelectric parameters were mainly depended on the amount of spontaneous polarization and then the 0.2PZN-0.8PFN showed the best pyro- and piezoelectric properties. In terms of the experimental method, two pyroelectric-testing methods, i.e. static and dynamic methods, had a same tendency. Also the result of pyroelectric testing by the static method indicated that the diffuse phase transitiion resulted in the temperature difference of phase transition between dielectric constant and pyroelectric coefficient.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1008-1013
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• 2000

SrTi $O_3$(001) 단결정 기판 위에 졸-겔 스핀코팅으로 $SrBi_2(Ta,Nb)_2O_9$ 박막을 도포하고 그 결정화 과정을 고온 X-선 회절분석 (HTXRD)으로 추적하면서 Pt(111)/Ti/ $SiO_2$/Si 위에 성장한 박막과 비교하였다. SrTi $O_3$(001) 단결정 기판 위에 도포된 $SrBi_2Nb_2O_{9}$ 박막은 fluorite-like phase와 같은 transient phase를 거치지 않고 곧바로 순수한 $SrBi_2Nb_2O_9$ 상으로 결정화가 시작되었으며 결정화가 시작되는 온도인 ${\sim}540^{\circ}C$부터 c축 배향성장하였다. 또한 $SrB i_2(Ta,Nb)_2O_9$ 박막은 Ta/Nb 비에 관계없이 $SrTiO_3$(001) 위에서 모두 $(00{\ell})$로 배향되었으며, 코팅 횟수가 늘어나 필름의 두께가 증가함에 따라 c축 배향성은 미세한 감소를 보였다. $SrBi_2Nb_2O_9/SrTiO_3$단면을 TEM으로 관찰한 결과 $SrBi_2Nb_2O_9$은 대체로 불규칙한 크기의 다결정체로 되어 있었으나 계면 부근에서는 [001]$_{SBN}$//[001]$_{SrTi}$ $O_3$/, [100]$_{SBN}$//[100]$_{SrTi}$ $O_3$/라는 결정학적 관계를 가지며 에피탁샬 성장했음을 알 수 있었다.있었다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1993.07b
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• pp.1150-1152
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• 1993

$TiO_2-Nb_2O_5$ thin films are fabricated by Sol-Gel method and their electrical properties have been investigated. The crystalline form is amorphous under $400^{\circ}C$ and is anatase over $500^{\circ}C$. The surface conductivity of films is higher that of $500^{\circ}C$ than that of $600^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2008

Ni-20Cr-20Fe-5Nb alloy with or without $Y_2O_3$ was manufactured by mechanical alloying process and consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The grain size of the alloy with $Y_2O_3$ was smaller than that of alloy without $Y_2O_3$ which results from the effect of $Y_2O_3$ suppressing grain growth. The tensile strength at room temperature was increased by the addition of $Y_2O_3$ but decreased abruptly at temperature above $600^{\circ}C$. It seems to result from the change of deformation mechanism due to fine grain size, that is, grain boundary sliding is predominant at above $600^{\circ}C$ while internal dislocation movement is predominant at below $600^{\circ}C$. After conventional heat treatment process of solution treatment and aging, a small amount of ${\delta}(Ni_3Nb)$ phase was formed in Ni-20Cr-20Fe-5Nb alloy while a large amount of ${\gamma}"(Ni_3Nb)$ was formed in Inconel 718 in the previous report. This is due to exhaustion of Nb content by the formation of NbC during consolidation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.131-134
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• 2002

The effect of the addition on the densification, low temperature sintering, and microwave dielectric properties of the Ca[($Li_{1/3}Nb_{2/3}$)$_{1-x}$$Ti_{x}$]$O_{3-{\delta}}$/(CLNT) was investigated. $Bi_2O_3$ additives improved the dencification and reduced the sintering temperature from $1150^{\circ}C$ to $900^{\circ}C$ of CLNT microwave dielectric ceramics. As increasing $Bi_2O_3$ contents, the dielectric constants and bulk density were increased. The quality factor, however, was decreased slighty. The temperature coefficients of the resonant frequency shifted positive value as increasing $Bi_2O_3$ contents. The dielectric properties of Ca[($Li_{1/3}Nb_{2/3}$)$_{1-x}$$Ti_{x}$]$O_{3-{\delta}}$ and Ca[($Li_{1/3}Nb_{2/3}$)$_{0.8}Ti_{0.2}$]$O_{3-{\delta}}$ with 5wt% $Bi_2O_3$ sintered at $900^{\circ}C$ for 3h were $\varepsilon_{r}$=20, 35 Q.$f_{0}$=6500, 11,000 GHz, $\tau_{f}$=4, 13 ppm/$^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.684-693
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• 2005

Statement of problem: Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy is used instead of Ti-6Al-4V alloy that was known to have toxicity. Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effect of electrolyte concentration on the surface characteristics of anodized and hydrothermally-treated Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy Materials and methods: Discs of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy of 20 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were polished sequentially from #300 to 1,000 SiC paper ultrasonically washed with acetone and distilled water for 5 min, and dried in an oven at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Anodizing was performed at current density $30mA/cm^2$ up to 300 V in electrolyte solutions containing $\beta-glycerophosphate$ disodium salt hydrate $(\beta-GP)$ and calcium acetate (CA). Hydrothermal treatment was conducted by high pressure steam at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours using a autoclave. All samples were soaked in the Hanks' solution with pH 7.4 at $36.5^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Results and conclusion: The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. After hydrothermal treatment, the precipitated HA crystals showed the dense fine needle shape. However, with increasing the concentration of electrolyte they showed the shape of thick and short rod. 2. When the dense fine needle shape crystals was appeared after hydrothermal treatment, the precipitation of HA crystals in Hanks' solution was highly accelerated. 3. The crystal structures of $TiO_2$ in anodic oxide film were composed of strong anatase peak and weak rutile peak as analyzed with thin-film X-ray diffractometery. 4. The Ca/P ratio of the precipitated HA layer was equivalent to that of HA crystal in Hanks' solution.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.975-978
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• 2003

The microwave dielectric properties and the microstructures on B $i_{0.97}$T $m_{0.03}$Nb $O_4$ doped with $V_2$ $O_{5}$ were systematically investigated. B $i_{0.97}$T $m_{0.03}$Nb $O_4$ ceramics sintered at 920-96$0^{\circ}C$ were mainly consisted of orthorhombic and triclinic phases after addition of $V_2$ $O_{5}$. The apparent density increased slightly with increasing the $V_2$ $O_{5}$ addition. The dielectric constants($\varepsilon$$_{r}$) also increased with $V_2$ $O_{5}$ addition(30-45). The Q${\times}$ $f_{0}$ values measured on B $i_{0.97}$T $m_{0.03}$Nb $O_4$ ceramics doped with $V_2$ $O_{5}$ were between 2,000 and 12,000[GHz] when the sintering temperatures were in the range of 920-960[$^{\circ}C$]. It was confirmed that the temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency($\tau$$_{f}$) can be adjusted from a positive value of +10ppm/$^{\circ}C$ to a negative value of -15ppm/$^{\circ}C$ by increasing the amount of $V_2$ $O_{5}$ Based on our experimental results, the B $i_{0.97}$T $m_{0.03}$Nb $O_4$(added $V_2$ $O_{5}$) ceramics can be applied to multilayer microwave devices at low sintering temperatures.ng temperatures.emperatures.ratures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.350-353
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• 2002

The microwave dielectric properties and the microstructures on $Bi_{0.97}Nb_{0.03}O_{4}$doped with $V_{2}O_{5}$ were systematically investigated. $Bi_{0.97}Tm_{0.03}Nb_{0.03}O_{4}$ ceramics sintered at $920-960^{\circ}C$were mainly consisted of orthorhombic and triclinic phases after addition of $V_{2}O_{5}$. The apparent density increased slightly with increasing the $V_{2}O_{5}$ addition. The dielectric $constants(\varepsilon_r)$ also increased with $V_{2}O_{5}$ addition(30-45). The $Q{\times}f_0$ values measured on $Bi_{0.97}Tm_{0.03}NbO_4$ ceramics doped with $V_{2}O_{5}$ were between 2,000 and 12,000[GHz] when the sintering temperatures are in the range of $920-960[^{\circ}C]$. It was confirmed the temperature coefficient of the resonant $frequency(\tau_f)$ can be adjusted from a positive value of $+10[ppm/^{\circ}C]$ to a negative value of $-15ppm/^{\circ}C$ by increasing the amount of $V_{2}O_{5}$. Based on our experimental results, the Bi0.97Tm0.03NbO4(added V2O5) ceramics can be applied to multilayer microwave devices at low sintering temperatures.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.1068-1074
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• 1995

Effect of (Zn$_{1}$3/Nb$_{2}$3/) $O_{2}$ addition on the phase changes and microwave dielectric properties of BaTi $O_{3}$-3Ti $O_{2}$ ceramics were investigated. Addition of (Zn$_{1}$3/Nb$_{2}$3/) $O_{2}$ to BaTi $O_{3}$-3Ti $O_{2}$ resulted in the formation of Ba $Ti_{4}$$O_{9}$, $Ba_{2}$ $Ti_{9}$ $O_{20}$, Ba(Zn$_{1}$3/Nb$_{2}$3/) $O_{3}$, and Ti $O_{2}$ phases. Ba $Ti_{4}$$O_{9}$ phase was gradually transformed to $Ba_{2}$ $Ti_{9}$ $O_{20}$. This was identified by XRD and microstructure. As the Ba $Ti_{4}$$O_{9}$ phase transformed to $Ba_{2}$ $Ti_{9}$ $O_{20}$ phase, the dielectric constant increased to 37.5. Q*f$_{o}$ value was 40000 at x=0.04, and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency was +10ppm/.deg. C.C.. C.C.