• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.13-27
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• 2013

This study investigated flora and vascular plants area around Buyongdae where include optimum view point Okyeonjeongsa and Gyeomamjeongsa in Hahoe Village, Andong. Based on the findings, the aim of results was attempted to suggest the management plan of the vegetation area around Buyongdae which designated UNESCO World cultural heritage and folk village in Korea. The results of the study is as the following. All flora of this site, Buyongdae in Andong, were 301 taxa; 89 families, 217 genera, 251 species, 1 subspecies, 38 varieties and 11 forms. Vegetation of each of areas in site was classified Pinus densiflora as representative forest around Buyongdae, Quercus variabilis forest around Gyeomamjjeongsa and Koelreuteria paniculata forest in river cliff of Buyongdae. The 14 taxa(Polygala tenuifolia, Koelreuteria paniculata, and others) as the rare plants and the 7 taxa(Weigela subsessilis, and others) as endemic species were recorded in the surveyed site among the whole flora. The specific plants which is categorized to degree by the Ministry of Environment appeared as 32 taxa; degree IV was 4 species; Polygala tenuifolia, etc. and degree III was 10 species; Hypodematium glandulosopilosum, Pyrrosia petiolosa, etc. and degree I was 13 species; Hemiptelea davidii, Zizyphus jujuba var. jujuba, etc. Also, the 11 taxa were recorded in limestone area as the chamaephyte; Hypodematium glandulosopilosum, Celtis koraiensis, Siphonostegia chinensis, Artemisia gmelini, and others. The naturalized plants recorded as 25 taxa; Viola arvensis, Erechtites hieracifolia, etc. and invasion of Sicyos angulatus which is ecosystem disturbing plants. The naturalization rate(NR) was 8.3% and the urbanization index(UI) was 7.8% by field survey. For recovery of indigenous to traditional vegetation landscape in Buyongdae, Pinus rigida of upper-growth and Alnus sibirica of middle-growth need thinning. In addition, the site demands both sustainable management through long-term monitering and gradual elimination method for the naturalized plants including Sicyos angulatus where found in Kyumamjeongsa. Particularly, intentional planting for decoration and cultivation around Hwachunseowon, Helianthus tuberosus must be substitute with the native plants. Meanwhile, Polygala tenuifolia is potently demanded preventing habitate, confirming additional habitate, seed securing and preservation of gene resource internally or externally. Koelreuteria paniculata; denoting feature of river cliff, including Hypodematium glandulosopilosum, Siphonostegia chinensis, Zizyphus jujuba var. jujuba, Pyrrosia petiolosa, and Celtis koraiensis, also need an assertive preservation. Futhermore, Wisteria floribunda for. floribunda, located around Galmo rock to Chunggil course, remained by colonizing form, need preservation and observation for a while. Beside that, the information boards are required to educate visiting user about safe regulations on the narrow way in rock hill.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.27-33
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• 1971

Information this research an attempt was made to investigate the plant community structure and the process of its formation in the tidal area surrounding Mokpo City the examined area included the stand in Sam-Hak Do wherein sands have inflowed, and the stand in Kat-Ba-Woo which has been left as tidal soil land. Two hundred stands were sampled by making 100m line transects 5m apart and establishing 30cm$\times$30cm quadrates 10m apart on each tape. These data were used to establish frequency, cover degree, density, standing crop (g/$m^2$), contained Cl in the soil, and pH. Results of the research are as following: 1. There were 25 species of plants in the stands from Sam-Hak Do, 18 in the stands from Kat-Ba-Woo, and so 28 species in all. Regardings the importance value, the rank of dominant species is Salicornia herbacea L., Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Diplachne fusca L., Echinochola hispidula Nakai, Cyperus iria L., Setaria lutescens Hubbard in Sam-Hak Do, and Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Echinochloa hispidula Nakai, Aster tripolium L., Scripus maritimus L., Salicornia herbacea L., Diplachne fusca L., in the lands from Kat-Ba-Woo. Among them are five kinds of halophytes Salicornia herbacea L., Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Atriplex Gmelini C.A. Meyer, Aster tripolium L., and Limonium tetragonum Bullock; and two Kinds of naturalized plants Diplachan fusca L., Aster subulata. M. In the stands from Sam-Hak Do there was evidence of a secondary succession phenomena in the presence of Cyperaceae such as Cyperus liria L., Juncus decipiens Nakai, and Fimbristylis longispica Steudal, which could not be found in the stands from Kat-Ba-Woo. 2. On the number of species of vegetation, the further inland from the floodgate the higher the number; that is, the lower the content of Cl the higher the number of species. 3. On the distribution of the vegetation; comparing DFD index and Cl content, the main plants are Salicornia herbacea L., Suaeda maritima Dumorties, Atriplex gmelini C.A. Meyer, Diplachne fuscal, Echinochola hispidula Nakai where the Cl content of soil is more than 13.2%. 4. On the standing crop; Salicornia herbacea L., which has high resistance to salt, was half the total was production of 1090/$m^2$ while Suaeda maritima Dumorties was 1/4, Diplachne fusca L. 1/8, and Echinochloa the least. Analyzing the result, the research indicates that the main factor in plant community formation in tidal land is tolerance for Cl, and that a plan for utilizing the halophytes which are abundant in tidal land should be devised.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.47-71
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• 2009

The resource plants of northern region in Gapyeong-gun were investigated 7 times from Apr. 2007 to Oct. 2007. In the result of survey, the flora of this area, depend on voucher specimens, consist of 480 taxa totally; 94 families, 286 genera, 412 species, 4 subspecies, 52 varieties and 12 forms. The Resource plants in this area were categorized by their use into edible 177, pasturing 136, medicinal 124, stainable 69, ornamental 133, afforest 24, timber 10, fiber 6, industrial 2 taxa and unknown use plants 72, respectively. There were remarkable plants such as 14 taxa of Korean endemic plants, 85 taxa of specific plants which were designated by the Ministry of Environment, and 12 taxa of rare and endangered plants of Korea Forest Service. Furthermore, 22 taxa of naturalized plants 4.6% were also observed in this area and Urban Index (UI) was 8.2%. The vegetation status of investigated area was comparatively well conserved, but the degree of UI could be increased rapidly by the climbers, development of forest road. Therefore, the systems for conservation need to prepared for the effective management of forest, and the special plans need to control the number of climbers and visitors.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.335-352
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated and analysed the water quality, distribution of the vegetation and the wildlife to seven wetlands in Donghae city. As a result, most of the wetlands was found to be very poor water quality and some specific pollutants from entering the wetland. A total of 234 taxa on vegetation were identified including 207 species, 24 varieties, 3 formaes, 168 genera and 69 families. 2 species were recorded as designated rare plant of Korea Forest Service. The naturalized plants were 27 species. The urbanization rate of naturalization index was 8.4% and 11.6% respectively. The number of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa was 35 species, 26 families, 12 orders, 5 classes and 3 phylums. Rare species were recorded 3 species. Taxa for fishes were 5 family and 5 species. Endangered wildlife was found 1 species. Most wetlands in Donghae city were the relatively small in size, and some wetlands were separately located from forest and river ecosystems. It was limited inflow and outflow of species into a wetland from the outside. However, various vegetation were found at whole wetlands and some special species also inhabited. The wetlands performed the role as a habitat of wild life.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.371-387
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the flora of Mt. Unbongsan in the basalt areas of Korea. From the results of eight field surveys undertaken from March to October 2017, we identified 404 total taxa, representing 364 species, seven subspecies, and 33 varieties, which were placed in 256 genera and 91 families. The plant formation of Mt. Unbongsan is a deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forest, which is common in the middle part of the Korean peninsula. Most of the mountain is covered by a young secondary forest, which is mainly composed of Quercus monglica and Pinus densiflora. Out of these 404 taxa, 193 were the first records for the region, six were endemic to Korea, three were listed on the Korean Red List of threatened species, 34 were floristic target species, and 40 were invasive alien species. The naturalized index(NI) percentage was 9.9%. Mt. Unbongsan has plant diversity, which was associated with the geomorphological landscapes. We considered that the composition and distribution of the species were affected by different environmental factors according to the presence of granite, taluses, block streams, drying ridges, valleys, puddles, wetlands, and streams.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.110-127
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• 2016

This floristic study was conducted from April to September, 2014 in 12 days. The investigated area was Mt. Segeolsan (1,261 m) which is the part of Chirisan National Park and its neighbor region, Goan-ri, Sandeuk-ri. Based on voucher specimens, flora of this area consisted of 108 families, 376 genera, 584 species, 5 subspecies, 73 varieties, and 16 forma, totally 679 taxa. 17 taxa were endemic to Korea such as Carex okamotoi Ohwi, Cimicifuga austrokoreana H.W. Lee & C.W. Park., Thalictrum rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum (H.Lév.) Nakai, Fallopia koreana B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim, Asarum patens (Yamaki) Yamaki ex Y.N. Lee, and Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim. etc. Among these species, C. austrokoreana, T. rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum, F. koreana, A. patens are considered having a southern boundary line of distribution in the Chirisan National Park region. And so Carex okamotoi has main distribution center in the Chirisan National Park region, this study region is assumed important in phytogeography. The useful plants were 633 taxa, ethonobotanic plants were 359 taxa in this area. Invasive alien species were 61 taxa, which were naturalized rate (9.0%) and urbanized index (17.4%).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.277-302
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• 2022

This study aims to establish the floristic data and identify the useful plant resources of Mt. Ilimsan and its adjacent areas. The survey was conducted 27 times from March 31, 2020 to August 22, 2021. It identified 500 taxa consisting of 101 families, 304 genera, 444 species, 11 subspecies, 42 varieties, and 3 formas. A total of 853 plant specimens were collected. There were 16 taxa designated as endemic plants and 7 taxa designated as the rare plants by the Korea Forest Service, and 5 taxa designated as the red list plants by the Ministry of Environment. Moreover, the floristic target species by the Ministry of the Environment found in this mountain were 69 taxa, including 49 taxa for floristic degree I, 7 for floristic degree II, 11 for floristic degree III, and 2 for floristic degree IV. Biological resources subject to export approval by the Ministry of Environment were 159 taxa. The alien plants were 49 taxa, of which 5.6 percent were naturalized, and the urbanization index was 7.9 percent. Ecosystem-disturbing invasive alien plants designated by the Ministry of Environment were 6 taxa.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the flora of Jinjosan Mt. (Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do). The vascular plants were surveyed 9 times between March 2019 and April 2020. The results of this survey revealed a total of 414 taxa comprising of 87 families, 274 genera, 365 species, 12 subspecies, 32 varieties, and 5 forms. Among them, 9 taxa were Korean endemic plants and 5 taxa were rare plants of Korea. In addition, the specific plants by floristic region were 66 taxa including 1 taxon of grade IV, 18 taxa of grade III, 24 taxa of grade II, and 23 taxa of grade I. Additionally, eight taxa were classified as plants adaptable to climate change. Thirty-one taxa were of alien plants and three taxa were of ecosystem disturbance species, which were also investigated. The percentage of naturalized plants species and the urbanization index were estimated to be 7.5% and 5.0%, respectively. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants flora, and will guide the conservation processes of plant resources such as plant diversity and distributional changes in Jinjosan Mt.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.22-47
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• 2024

This study aims to reveal the distribution of native plants, rare plants, and specialty plants and provides basic data for efficient ecosystem management through a survey of the flora in Mt. Chijae (Gamagol) and its adjacent areas in Damyang-gun, Jeonnam-do, while also identifying useful plants in the eco-city Damyang-gun for distinctive garden plants. A total of 21 field surveys were conducted from March 2022 to June 2023 to collect and identify 492 taxa consisting of 101 families, 304 genera, 444 species, 10 subspecies, 35 varieties, and 3 formas. The analysis of the prepared sample list showed 14 taxa designated as specialty plants, 9 taxa designated as rare plants by the Korea Forest Service, 7 taxa designated as the national red (i.e., endangered) plants by the Ministry of Environment, and 68 taxa with phylogenetic specific species, of which 45 taxa for Grade I, 5 taxa for Grade II, 16 taxa for Grade III, and 2 taxa for Grade IV were confirmed. The list included 155 taxa of biological resources subject to export approval by the Ministry of Environment and 38 taxa of alien plants of which 7.7 percent were naturalized, and the urbanization index was 6.1 percent. Four taxa were ecosystem-disturbing invasive alien plants designated by the Ministry of Environment introduced artificially or naturally from abroad. This study is expected to contribute to creating unique and attractive landscapes in Damyang if the specific plants found in Mt. Chijae are grown and planted in city gardens.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of the western front (Paju-Yencheon Area) of the Civilian Control Zone. Vascular plants collected in these areas were a total of 558 taxa composing of 501 species, 3 subspecies, 48 varieties and 1 forma of 330 genera under 109 families This shows that 11% of the 4,880 vascular plant species that are known to exist in Korea is distributed in the western part of the DMZ. 1 taxa of endangered species designated by the Ministry of Environment was found: the Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim in the edge of the military operation road from Taepung observatory to Imjin river. For the floristically specific ones of the Korean floristic zones, 3 taxa of the $5^{th}$ grade, 3 taxa of the $4^{th}$ grade, 13 taxa of the $3^{rd}$ grade, 13 taxa of the $2^{nd}$ grade and 22 taxa of the $1^{st}$ grade were found. For the endemic species of Korea, 4 taxa including Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai were confirmed to be distributed mostly on the slope or the cutting area. Among the collected rare plants (11 taxa), there were 1 taxa of endangered species, 4 taxa of vulnerable species and 6 taxa of least concern species. Also, 51 taxa of naturalized plants were identified and 4 taxa of ecosystem disturbance organism designated by the Ministry of Environment were identified. The urbanization index and naturalization index for all species were estimated to be 15.89% and 9.14% respectively. Our survey is expected to be considered as primary data of biological diversity and ecological axis in the DMZ and the western part of the DMZ. According to the results of this study, it is thought to be necessary to establish policies for conservation and protection of the DMZ.