• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.35-45
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• 2023

First, The spatial distribution characteristics of old big trees were analyzed using ArcGIS figures by combining basic information such as species and ages of old big trees in Handan City, which were compiled by the local bureau of landscaping. The types of species, distribution by ages of trees, ownership status, growth status, and diversity status were comprehensively analyzed. Statistically, Styphnolobium, Acacia, Gleditsia, and Albizia of Fabaceae accounted for the majority, of which Sophora japonica accounted for the highest proportion. Sophora japonica is widely and intensively distributed to each prefecture and district in Handan city. According to the age and distribution, the old big trees over 1000 years old were mainly Sophora japonica, Zelkova serrata, Juniperus chinensis, Morus australis Koidz., Dalbergia hupeana Hance, Ceratonia siliqua L., and Pistacia chinensis, and Platycladus orientalis. Second, as found in each type of old big tree status, various types of old big tree status were investigated, the protection management system, protection management process, and protection management benefits were studied, and the protection of old big tree was closely related to the growth environment. Currently, the main driving force behind the protection of old big trees is the worship of old big trees. By depositing its sacredness to the old big tree and sublimating the natural character that nature gave to the old big tree into a guiding consciousness of social activities, nature's "beauty" and personality's "goodness" are well combined. The protection state of the old big tree is closely related to the degree of interaction with the surrounding environment and the participation of various cultures and subjects. In the process of continuously interacting with the surrounding environment during the long-term growth of old big trees, it seems that a natural sanctuary was formed around old big trees in the process of voluntarily establishing a "natural-cultural-scape" system involving bottom-up and top-down cross-regions, multicultural and multi-subjects. Third, China focused on protecting and recovering old big trees, but the protection management system is poor due to a lack of comprehensive consideration of historical and cultural values, plant diversity significance, and social values of old big trees in the management process. Three indicators of space's regional characteristics, property and protection characteristics, and value characteristics can be found in the evaluation of the natural characteristics of old giant trees, which are highly valuable in terms of traditional consciousness management, resource protection practice, faith system construction, and realization of life community values. A systematic management system should be supported as to whether they can be protected and developed for a long time. Fourth, as the perception of protected areas is not yet mature in China, "natural sanctuary" should be treated as an important research content in the process of establishing a nature reserve system. The form of natural sanctuary management, which focuses on bottom-up community participation, is a strong supplement to the current type of top-down nature reserve management in China. Based on this, the protection of old giant trees should be included in the form of a nature reserve called a natural monument in the nature reserve system. In addition, residents of the area around the nature reserve should be one of the main agents of biodiversity conservation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.116-119
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• 2003

The Natural aggregate will be faced with serious shortage problem within 10 years due to the great amount of consumption in domestic. In order to reserve our natural resources, the construction waste has to be reused as an alternative material. Especially, It is more imminent to find alternative material in case of fine aggregate. This paper presents and experimental results on the fundamental property of concrete using recycled fine aggregate. As a result, it was found that the property of concrete using recycled fine aggregate substituted for 25% of a natural sand was similar in that of crushed fine aggregate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

This study aims at analyzing the development status of surroundings of natural environment conservation areas and securing an adequate distance from development activities to conserve natural environment conservation areas efficiently or developing an improvement plan for setting conservation areas. Findings from the study shows that 1) rather than simply designating a legal natural environment conservation area, a conceptual scope approach of a "core area", "buffer area", and "transition area" such as in zoning of a "biosphere reserve" by UNESCO is recommended; 2) when setting an adequate range in a natural environment conservation area, it should be set by fully considering locational situation and the regional and environmental features of surroundings rather than setting a certain distance uniformly; 3) instead of designating wetlands only as a conservation area, entry and exit areas should be also included as buffer areas and in the case of wild animals, not only habitats but also feeding areas should be designated as conservation areas; and 4) an adequate horizontal separation space is important in the case of ground development, but for natural resources related to subterranean water and geological situation such as wetlands, an adequate vertical separation space should be fully considered.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-57
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• 2007

High oil prices and high demand supporting IOC move to frontier and NOC evolution. Most frontier area reserves are in NOC territory. IOCs need to be able to manage relationships with NOCs in order to be successful. They need to tune into what NOC priorities are. NOCs have different priorities depending on whether they are resource rich or resource poor. IOCs need to recognize $NOCs^{\circ}{\emptyset}$ priorities and differentiate themselves by using them when talking to NOCs.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.135-138
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• 2001

The study area, the Kwangnung Experimental Forest (KEF) region is located at the west-central portion of the Korean peninsula (Figure 1), and covers 2, 240ha. Elevations range about from 90m to 600m, and the highest peak is Mt. Jukyeopsan (600.6m). Kwangnung Natural Reserve Forest area is about 1, 200ha, which has been protected from human activities for a long time.(omitted)

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.339-342
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• 2006

The power outputs of renewable energy such as wind turbines and solar energy powers depend on natural sources. Accordingly, the power outputs of renewable energy is different from capacity rate at the time of peak load. Because of this gap, long term electricity power plan can have over-estimated reserve margin. So, this paper suggests the chronological approach to calculate the reliability assessment of renewable energy.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.309-309
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• 2021

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2008

Based on the former researches, this article studied the influence of cone harvesting of Korean pine on the regeneration of Korean pine trees and the life of animals in Mt. Changbai Nature Reserve. When the cone matures, scales of the cone do not open so the seeds can not be released automatically. And the seeds, if left inside, are hard to germinate and can not grow further into seedlings. The seeds of Korean pine have deep dormancy characteristics. Natural regeneration of Korean pine is very poor under mother trees. Hoarding behavior of dispersing animals not only helps animals for food shortage period but also contributes to the dispersion of seeds of Korean pine. Among those hoarding animals, squirrel and Eurasian nutcrackers are found to be the most important dispersing agents for the seeds of Korean pine. After cone harvesting, the number of those dispersers reduced a lot since the seeds of Korean pine are very important food for them. Seed quantity of Korean pine on surface layer became very few and most of them only showed single distribution. Most of the seeds were buried under litter layer and showed a single or 2-4 seeds/cluster distribution. The case of more than 4 seeds in one cluster was few. The seed quantity of Korean pine forest on steep slopes of the research area was only 0.3% of the seed quantity in 1980 for the same forest type. If seed source of Korean pine are not protected, Korean pine forest in Mt. Changbai Nature Reserve would not maintain present feature in the future.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.90-102
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• 2018

Background: We sought to understand the relationship between the seed bank and vegetation in abandoned rice paddies in South Korea, in order to guide management of these sites. We investigated the floristic composition and species richness of the soil seed bank and ground vegetation in former paddies along three seral gradients (wet meadow, young forest, and mature forest) in Gwangneung Forest Biosphere Reserve. Results: Seed bank samples contained 59 species, of which the dominant families were Cyperaceae, Gramineae, and Polygonaceae. Species richness and seedling density (59 taxa and 19,121 germinants from all samples) were high. Carex spp. (11, 921 germinants) were the dominant taxa. The species composition in the seed bank changed gradually as the land transitioned from wet meadow to mature forest. Sørensen's index of similarity between above- and below-ground vegetation was 29.3% for wet meadow, 10.8% for young forest, and 2.1% for mature forest. Germinant density also declined, with 10, 256 germinants for wet meadow, 6445 germinants for young forest, and 2420 germinants for mature forest. Conclusions: Changes in aboveground environment and life history traits such as amphicarpic plants, likely affect the composition of soil seed bank species. Abandoned paddy fields may be good sites for restoration of wetland forest and conservation of wetland habitat. Some intervention may be required to promote the recovery of a natural species assemblage.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2023

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of royal jelly (RJ), a powerful natural antioxidant, on cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian damage. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Oral treatment was administered to all rats for 16 days after a single intraperitoneal injection. The control group received intraperitoneal and oral saline; the RJ group received intraperitoneal saline and 100 mg/kg/day oral RJ; the cyclophosphamide group received intraperitoneal 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide and oral saline; and the treatment group received intraperitoneal 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide and 100 mg/kg/day oral RJ. The groups were compared in terms of ovarian reserve tests and histopathological changes in the ovary and uterus. Results: All follicle counts were higher in the treatment group than in the cyclophosphamide group. The increase in the number of preantral follicles (p=0.001) and the decrease in the number of atretic follicles (p=0.004) were statistically significant. RJ treatment significantly improved follicular degeneration and cortical fibrosis in the ovary and epithelial and gland degeneration in the uterus due to cyclophosphamide toxicity. Conclusion: According to these results, RJ reduces cyclophosphamide-related ovarian and endometrial damage in rats. For this reason, it should be further investigated to determine its effects on reproductive function.