• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.325-331
• /
• 2015

Due to urbanization and increase in impervious area, changes in natural water circulation system have become a cause of groundwater recharge reduction, streamflow depletion and other hydrological problems. Therefore, this study developed the infiltration planter techniques applied in an LID facility treating roof stormwater runoff such as, performance of small decentralized retention and infiltration through the reproduction of natural water circulation system and use of landscape for cleaning water. Assessment of an infiltration planter was performed through rainfall monitoring to analyze the water balance and pollutant removal efficiency. Hydrologic assessment of an infiltration planter, showed a delay in time of effluent for roof runoff for about 3 hours and on average, 79% of facilities had a runoff reduction through retention and infiltration. Based on the analysis, pollutant removal efficiency generated in the catchment area showed an average of 97% for the particulate matter, 94% for the organic matter and 86-96% and 92-93% for the nutrients and heavy metals were treated, respectively. Comparative results with other LID facilities were made. For this study, facilities compared the SA/CA to high pollutant removal efficiency for the determination to of the effectiveness of the facility when applied in an urban area.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.39
• /
• pp.111-132
• /
• 2015

Although Rotoscoping technique has been used for a long time to mimic the natural and smooth motion since the early 20th century, its artistic value was devalued as tricks because it traces the already recorded images. But the fact that the rotoscoping images can cross the boundaries between animation and live action in an infinite integral freedom in the digital era became rather expansive new aesthetic possibilities of representation of the reality. In addition, Jonas Odell's animations such as (2010), (2008), (2006) are good example to prove that the rotoscoping images also can serve as means to enhance its narrative. This study is to analyze how rotoscoping images act as a unique role in relation with the narrative based on the said person's real stories and realistic images. I argue that his animated films constantly contain these three characteristics -Images to mediate Auditory sensitivity as a record of inner metaphysical reality, anonymous images to represent a specific existential character, and images that act as physical representation that holds the physical space/time and related memory. This reveals that rotoscoping images in this digital era went beyond reproduction for natural movements or special type of style. It rather suggests new layers of experience, and acquires new value in animation. I hope that this study could serve as a foundation to rediscover and re-position the value of rotoscoping images as well as good opportunity to introduce very talented swedish animation artist who already received global attention with his unique philosophical and aesthetic style.

• Trans-
• /
• v.11
• /
• pp.119-142
• /
• 2021

Video was a cultural practice based on image. The audience longs to experience new things, not everyday things through by video images. There are many components of the image, but among them, color, a visual representation, plays a big role. Since the advent of color films, color has constantly evolved as an important component of visual art and has become an important role in innovative visual art design. According to film history data, filmmakers were interested in color since the film was created in 1895, but in the early stages of film development, film colors were only black and white. Because these two colors no longer satisfy viewers, more natural colors began to emerge from the film as it was colored. However, with the development of historical paintings, the lack of artistic creation and the public's level increased, making people more active in using colors because simple reproduction of natural colors alone does not satisfy people. The colors in the video are both techniques of expression and can be understood by mind and thought. It is also an indication that colors do not just exist, but they work strongly on human psychology. Now people are so motivated by repetitive and unimportant information that they find that the human intuitive system simplifies the information they receive unconsciously that they have certain customs and characteristics when they see things. Color is part of the film language, or color language can express the film's ideological themes or portray vivid characters in the film, and people are receiving more intuitive messages. This study analyzed the basic color components of bisexual lighting, namely, pink, blue, and purple, and analyzed how human psychology is affected through color, combining the scenes from the video. The purpose of this paper is to explore what color language bisexual lighting is expressed using color properties in images and how bisexual lighting interacts with human psychology through color.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.74-80
• /
• 2018

Mercury (Hg) poses a threat to marine ecosystem due to continuous inflow from various industries and bioaccumulation to higher trophic level via food web. Mercury can adversely affect growth, development, reproduction and metabolism to aquatic organisms. In the present study, acute toxicity and oxidative stress markers (total glutathione content, and activities of GST, GR and GPx) were investigated in brackish water flea Disphanosoma celebensis exposed to HgCl₂ for 24 h. As results, Hg showed negative effect in survival of D. celebensis. 24 h-LC₅₀ value was determined as 0.589 mg/l (95% C.I. 0.521~0.655 mg/l). After exposure to Hg (0.08 and 0.4 mg/l) for 24 h, total glutathione content was significantly decreased, whereas GST, GPx and GR activities were enhanced. These findings indicate that Hg induced oxidative stress in D. celebensis, and oxidative stress markers may be involved in cellular defense against Hg - mediated toxicity. This study provides a better understanding of molecular mode of action of Hg toxicity in this specie and potent of molecular markers for heavy metal monitoring in marine ecosystem.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2006

Ovarian follicular atresia in mammals is finely regulated by gonadotropins and sex steroid hormones. It is well known that granulosa cell pyknosis is a common cytological feature of atretic follicles in the ovary. The present study hypothesized that granulosa cell pyknosis during follicular atresia might be related to apoptotic process and associated with caspase-3 activation. Healthy (normal) and atretic follicles were isolated from porcine ovaries based on macro-morphological criteria. Isolated follicles were either processed for histological observation or used for collection of granulosa cells by aspiration. Hoechst 33258 staining of the cells showed a significantly higher number of fragmented nuclei, a typical morphological feature of apoptotic cell, in granulosa cells from atretic follicles than those from healthy follicles. In addition, the rate of cell death was significantly higher in granulosa cells from atretic follicles than healthy follicles, as measured by flow-cytometric cell cycle analysis. In situ detection of apoptotic cells by TUNEL revealed that apoptosis was mostly restricted to granulosa cells in follicles. Theca cells were TUNEL-negative. Finally, it has been shown by caspase-3 activity assay that granulosa cells from atretic follicles retain a higher caspase-3 activity compared to healthy follicles. Taken together, it is suggested that granulosa cell degeneration during folliclar atresia occurs by caspase-3-dependent apoptotic fashion.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.63-73
• /
• 2006

This study aimed to find out suitable culture conditions for the differentiation of human amniotic membrane-derived stem cells(HAM) into hepatocyte-like cells. Almost homogenous population of fibroblast-like cells was successfully isolated from the amniotic membrane. In comparison to the non-coated plates and in the absence of insulin/transferrin/selenium(ITS), HAM cultured on the fibronectin-coated plates and in the presence of ITS showed the more intense immunocytochemical staining against the albumin. Addition of both fibroblast growth factor(FGF)-1 and -2 to the differentiation medium gave stronger staining compared to the treatment with FGF-1 or -2 alone. Periodic acid Schiff's base staining of glycogen and morphological turnover of fibroblast-like appearance of HAM into round shape matched the results of immunocytochemical studies. When the efficiency of two-step culture method was examined on the differentiation of HAM into hepatocyte-like cells, all of the results of immunocytochemical staining, periodic acid Schiff's staining and morphological change exhibited effective hepatic differentiation of HAM compared to the continuous culture method. Immunoblot analyses of HAM- conditioned media against the albumin showed that the culture of HAM in the presence of both ITS and fibronectin always gave a stronger staining intensity than those in the absence of them, and that the addition of ether mixture of FGF-4 and either FGF-2 or transforming growth $factor(TGF)-{\alpha}$ to the culture medium significantly enhanced the albumin secretion by HAM. Based on these observations, it is suggested that HAM could differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells under a culture condition consisting of fibronectin and ITS, and addition of FGF-4 with either one of FGF-2 or $TGF-{\alpha}$ could enhance the hepatic differentiation of HAM.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.9-20
• /
• 1998

It has been wel known that phospholipase C(PLC) plays an important role in the intracellular signaling in a variety of cell types. However, involvement of PLC in mouse oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development remains unknown. The present study examined the expression patterns of the mouse PLC \beta 1 and \gamma 1 during oocyte maturatio and preimplantation embryo development study examined the expression patterns of the mouse PLC \beta 1 and \gamma 1 during oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development by the competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR method). PLC \gamma 1 mRNA (0.1 fg) was readily detected in germinal vesicle (GV)-stage oocyte and its level was reduced as meiotic resumption proceeded. PLC-\beta 1 mRNA (<0.1 fg) as detected at low level at GV-stage oocytes and scarcely detected at germinal vescle breakdown (GVBD)-stage oocytes. After fertilization, both PLC \beta 1 and \gamma 1 mRNA levels began to increase at morula-stage embryos (0.2 fg) and were more prominent in blastocyst-stage embryos(1 fg). to elucidate the possible involvement of PLC via protein kinase C(PKC) pathway during oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development , the effects of sphingosine (PKC inhibitor), sn-$diC_{8}$(PKC activator) anc U73122 (PLC ingibitor) were examined. Treatment of GV-stage oocytes with sphingosine (20 \mu M) facilitated the meiotic resuption by 10-20 over the control within 1 h as judged by GVBD, whereas U73122 failed to show any significant effect. U73122 (10 \mu M) effectively blocked the compaction of morula, while sn-$diC_{8}$(50 \mu M). In summary, the present study shows that the mouse PLC \beta 1 and \gamma 1 are expressed in a developmental stage-specific manner and PLC-PKC pathway may be involved in early preimplantation embryo development.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.23-33
• /
• 2001

When mammalian oocytes ovulate into the oviduct, associating follicular fluid components are exposed to the oviductal environment, possibly resulting in the mutual interaction between fillicu1ar and oviductal fluids. In the Present study, we have demonstrated for the first time that components of fallicular fluid could be modified by the oviductal fluid. Gelatin zymographic analyses of human follicular fluid (hFF) obtained from IVF patients showed consistently the presence of 110 kDa gelatinase (GA110) in addition to many bands among which 62 kDa gelatinase was predominant. Addition of EDTA or phenanfhroline to the gelatinase substrate buffer during gel incubation abolished GA110 band whereas phenylmethylsulffnyl fluoride (PMSF) did not. In contrast, bovine oviductal fluid(bOF) exhibited only 62 kDa gelatinase. Surprisingly, when bOF was added to hFF in 1:1 ratio and then the mixture was incubated for 3 h at 37$^{\circ}$C, GA110 of hFF disappeared. Disappearance of GA110 by bOF was observed even within 30 min after mixing with hFF. Addition of aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) to hFF also abolished enzymatic activity of GA110 but increased the activityof 62 kDa gelatinase. However, APMA abolished many other gelatinases as well unlike bOF. Interestingly, treatment of hFF with EDTA for 3 h remarkably increased the enzymatic activity of GA110 but not that of other gelatinases. Addition of phenanthroline, PMSF or soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) did not affect overall gelatinase activities. Again, addition of bOF to the hFF pretreated with any of the above proteinase inhibitors abolished the appearance of GA110. Human serum also showed GAI 10 of which activity was greatlyenhanced by EDTA treatment. Similar to hFF, serum GA110 also disappeared by the addition of bOF. Human granulosa cell homogenate did not reveal any appreciable gelatinase activity except 92 kDa gelatinase. Anti-human gelatinase A antibody reacted with 62 kDa gelatinase of hFF. Based upon these results, it is concluded that bOF could selectively degrade an isoform of gelatinase A present in hFF and human serum.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.260-279
• /
• 2010

The analysis on bibliography and field investigation of Callipogon relictus Semenov, 1898 (Korean natural monument number 218) shows that the size varies from country to country, and Korean specimens, for which male is 85~120mm and female is 65~85mm, are found to be the largest. The average diameter and length of egg are 2.60mm and 6.72mm respectively. The larva has milky color and is about 100~150mm in length. The pupa is nearly 70~110mm. An adult generally appears from June to September in Korea in the broadleaf forest of lowland, whereas it appears from June to July in China. It is known that the pupa largely feed on the old tree trunk of Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) blume in Korea, but no such data have been reported in China and Russia, showing differences in host plants. While the larva period is not exactly known in Korea, it is reported to be two years in China. It appears that the species inhabits in very limited regions of approximately between geographical latitude $37.5^{\circ}{\sim}47.8^{\circ}$ and longitude $126^{\circ}{\sim}140^{\circ}$ including Korea, China and Russia. To conserve the long-horned beetle in Korea, this research drew out following some conclusions through analyzing the references and field survey data. First, it need to perform precise survey on the natural environment of occurring and collected area or place including host plant kinds, temperate, humidity, latitude, longitude etc. Second, habitat region must be designated as a restricted development area, and it need to exclude or reduce the damage factors to prosper reproduction of the species. Third, it is necessary to keep loosing cautiously artificial breeding individuals in the reported sites, not disturbing scope of natural populations. Fourth, it needs to educate or publicize many people importance and value of this species through many methods.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 2001

Recently many studies have reported that total and bioavailable androgens reduced in male and female athletes and that physical exercise reduces the body weight and increases the reproductive abnormalities such as oligomenorrhea, anovulation, inadequate luteal phase, and delayed puberty in women by the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis . In addition, high mileage endurance 겨nning, psychological stress, and military endurance training in men also reduce the secretion of reproductive hormones. To investigate the efffcts of physical endurance exercise on the secretion of reproductive hormones in men, androgenic hormones from adrenal glands and testis were measured in serum by the conventional radioimmunoassays after long-term (more than3 months), short-term (1 week), and acute (1${sim}$2 hours) physical exercises. Androgenic hormones from adrenal glands and testis such as total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (fT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione (A) decreased after thesestrenuous endurance trainings, whereas ACTH, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfetes (DHEAS) increased. Conadotropins (LH and FSH) were not idluenced by the physical exercises. Based upon the present results, we assume that the decrease in adrenal and testicular androgens by physical endurance exercises might be associated with the reproductive abnormalities in athletes by unknown factor(s) in addition to the HPG axis disturbance.