• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.509-521
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• 2002

'The Regional complex long-term program of restoration (reintroduction) of Primoryes ginseng population up to 2005' elaborated by Primorye governor administration, Regional Committee of Natural Resources and Russian Academy of Sciences operates in Russian Primorye. The Institute of Biology and Soil Science (IBSS) provides the scientific implementation of this program including the genetic analysis of extant ginseng populations, plant reproduction and offspring identification. According to our investigations, the genetic resource of P. ginseng in Primorye is represented by three populations of wild-growing ginseng and a few private plantations. The results obtained by RAPD allowed concluding that this resource is dispersed among the wild and cultivated ginseng sub-populations in such a way that each of sub-populations studied has to be represented in living plant collection as a stock material to maintain species genetic variability. The allozyme analyses also showed that the small sub-populations of natural ginseng are characterized by unique genetic diversity and, therefore, they all need to be represented in reintroduction centers. Additionally the allozyme analysis discovered that the Blue Mountain and Khasan populations possess the most genetic diversity. So, at least one more reproductive ginseng unit has to be created besides two already existing reintroduction centers representing the Sikhote-Alin and the Blue Mountain populations.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2004

Gastrodia elata has been cultivated using mycorrizal fungi including Armillaria mellea as an energy source (myco-hetrotrophy) because it is aphyllous and achlorophyllous archid. But the yields of G. elata have been recently decreased owing to the degeneration of spawn tuber arised from successive asexual reproduction. Therefore, this study was carried out to solve this degeneration by seed germination, namely sexual reproduction. The seed germination of G. elata was excellent on the fallen leaves medium of oak tree. The fruetification rate of the capsule of G. elata by artificial pollination was 94.1% and better than natural pollination. The living weight of capsules of G. elata suitable for seeds germination was above 31 mg. The middle-matured seeds and matured seeds of capules were largely germinated, while the immatured seeds was small germinated. The storage temperature of the cropped capsules suitable for a favorable seed germination was $0{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ and the storage period of it was one month.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.76-87
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of and to derive future maintenance-management measures of the constructed alternative habitat for the Kaloula borealis at the University of Seoul, examining the period between 2015-2017. The research was constructed in 2014 and in a $191m^2$ area. The performance evaluation was divided into maintaining the habitat of the target species, maintaining the population and reproduction rates of the target species, maintaining the habitat of the wild species, the resilience of natural ecosystems, and the harmony with the surrounding environment. In terms of maintaining the habitat of the target species, soil collected from the existing habitat of the Kaloula borealis and was the depth was increased to 30cm in the alternative habitat. An artificial water supply was required every year during the supporting the spawning and hatching of other amphibians along with the Kaloula borealis. The sources of water of the alternative habitat were both rain and tap water, as it cannot be maintained naturally. Additionally, the Kaloula borealis thrived because it inhabited the research site and the average temperature was $26.2^{\circ}C$ from April-June, which is when the Kaloula borealis spawns. In terms of maintaining the population and reproduction rates of the Kaloula borealis, they were evaluated to have stable rates of reproduction. In terms of maintaining the habitat of the wild species, studies on vegetation and the structure of the characteristics of prey or predators will be needed. Also, alien species, such as Humulus japonicus and Bidens frondosa needed to be removed to maintain the wetland ecosystem of the wild species. In the assessment of the resilience of the natural ecosystems, the mud was monitored, noting the changes in the depth of water, with steps taken to reduce the leakage of water. The mud collected from the Haneul Pond wetland, which is located around the research site was piled up. Also, partial mowing management and the inducement of a natural vegetation colony was required for vegetation management. It was also necessary to create porous spaces, such as old trees and tree branches to create a habitat with hiding places and feeding and spawning places for small organisms. In terms of the harmony with the surrounding environment, the following threat factors needed to be managed: amphibian roadkill by vehicles and pedestrians and artificial draining due to nearby user access. Based on the monitoring results, alternative habitat management measures presented the promoting various waterside structures, in which amphibians can spawn and hide in, managing the water environment consistently, managing the vegetation, focused on the habitat of the wild species, and managing the surrounding environment for the habitat. The creation of an alternative habitat should be managed through monitoring, reflecting the characteristics of the changes in the site. Also continuing efforts are also needed to improve the habitat of the target species.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1996

This study was carried out to determine effectively the sex of rabbit embryos using H-Y antiserum. H-Y antiserum was obtained from inbred SD strain female rat which was immunized by injection of testis cell of inbred SD strain male rate into its spleen. The titer of antiserum was identified by sperm cytotoxicity test and culture of rabbit embryos with antiserum. The developed or undeveloped embryos were separated by exposure the embryos to the antiserum with H-Y antibody. Developed embryo were transferred to the recipients and sex of offspring were examined. 1. In the sperm cytotoxicity test, the rate of dead sperm showed no difference between two antisera from spleen and testis cell as antigens. It is confirmed that H-Y antibody in antiserum was absorbed by H-Y antigen in male rat spleen cells. 2. When rabbit morulae were exposed to antiserum and complement, the rate of embryos developed or arrested was 51 and 49% respectively and the rate was closely same as natural sex ratio of 50:50%. 3. When rabbit morulae were cultured for 12h in the medium containing antiserum produced by antigen of testis cell, the rate of embryos developed or arrested was 48 and 52% respectively and the rate was closely same as natural sex ratio of 50:50%. 4. Eighty rabbit embryos which were not affected by H-Y antiserum were transferred to four recipients. Two recipients were pregnant and born 13 pups among which 2 (14%) were male and 11 (86%) were female. In conclusion, existence of H-Y antibody in the serum from female rat immunized by injecting testis cell from newborn male rat to the spleen of the female rat was confirmed. When rabbitmorulae were exposed to H-Y antiserum and complement, about a half of embryos were developed to blastocysts. When the rabbit embryos not affected by H-Y antiserum were transferred, the rate of female offspring was 86%. Therefore, it was identified that most of embryos which were not affected by H-Y antiserum were female.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.53-56
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• 2003

Development and reproduction of the rice armyworm, Pseudaletia separata Walker, were investigated under different temperatures (13, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, and 33$^{\circ}C$ ). It took 80.6 days to grow from egg to pre-adult at 15$^{\circ}C$, and 27.3 days at 30$^{\circ}C$ (3.0 times shorter growth period compared with that at 30$^{\circ}C$ ). The range of developmental temperature of rice armywom was 15-30$^{\circ}C$. Survival rate from hatched larva to pre-adult was the highest as 70.6% at 25$^{\circ}C$. Pre-oviposition period and the adult longevity were 4.2 and 12.3 days at 15$^{\circ}C$, and 2.9 and 8.0 days at 30$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The highest average fecundity per female was 816.6 at 25$^{\circ}C$. The net reproductive rate (R$\_$o/) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r$\_$m/) were the highest at 25$^{\circ}C$ as 913.0 and 0.175, respectively. As a result, it was considered that optimum of temperature for P. separata growth was = 25.0$^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2002

This study was carried out to test the effects of temperatures between 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$ on the reproduction and development of the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus. Preoviposition periods were much longer (17.2 to 51.0 days) in the overwintering adult females collected in March than those collected in May, regardless of temperature. Oviposition periods, however, were longer (16.9 to 22.0 days) in the adult females collected in May than those collected in March at the same temperatures. The longer oviposition period observed in the females collected in May were directly associated with higher fecundity. Egg periods were shortened from as temperature increased, but the hatching rate was highest (100%) at 27$^{\circ}C$. The developmental periods from egg to adult were shortened as temperature increased : from 77.9 days at 2$0^{\circ}C$ to 38.3 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The developmental zero point temperature (T) and the total effect temperature (K) for egg were 16.3$^{\circ}C$ and 62.1 dgree days, respectively. The T and K from egg to adult emergence were 13.9$^{\circ}C$ and 577.6 dgree days, respectively. The adult females of the first generation did not oviposit at 2$0^{\circ}C$, but did at $25^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r$_{m}$) increased as temperature augmented. Net reproductive rate (Ro) per generation was highest (75.3) at $25^{\circ}C$.>.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1550-1556
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• 2017

Objective: This study estimated the genetic parameters for productive and reproductive traits. Methods: The data included production and reproduction records of animals that have calved between 1979 and 2013. The genetic parameters were estimated using multivariate mixed models (DMU) package, fitting univariate and multivariate mixed models with average information restricted maximum likelihood algorithm. Results: The estimates of heritability for milk production traits from the first three lactation records were $0.03{\pm}0.03$ for lactation length (LL), $0.17{\pm}0.04$ for lactation milk yield (LMY), and $0.15{\pm}0.04$ for 305 days milk yield (305-d MY). For reproductive traits the heritability estimates were, $0.09{\pm}0.03$ for days open (DO), $0.11{\pm}0.04$ for calving interval (CI), and $0.47{\pm}0.06$ for age at first calving (AFC). The repeatability estimates for production traits were $0.12{\pm}0.02$, for LL, $0.39{\pm}0.02$ for LMY, and $0.25{\pm}0.02$ for 305-d MY. For reproductive traits the estimates of repeatability were $0.19{\pm}0.02$ for DO, and to $0.23{\pm}0.02$ for CI. The phenotypic correlations between production and reproduction traits ranged from $0.08{\pm}0.04$ for LL and AFC to $0.42{\pm}0.02$ for LL and DO. The genetic correlation among production traits were generally high (>0.7) and between reproductive traits the estimates ranged from $0.06{\pm}0.13$ for AFC and DO to $0.99{\pm}0.01$ between CI and DO. Genetic correlations of productive traits with reproductive traits were ranged from -0.02 to 0.99. Conclusion: The high heritability estimates observed for AFC indicated that reasonable genetic improvement for this trait might be possible through selection. The $h^2$ and r estimates for reproductive traits were slightly different from single versus multi-trait analyses of reproductive traits with production traits. As single-trait method is biased due to selection on milk yield, a multi-trait evaluation of fertility with milk yield is recommended.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2005

Temperature is an important ambient factor affecting the physiology and metabolism of aquatic invertebrates. In this study, we studied about the survival, reproduction and growth effects of 4 different temperatures(16, 20, 24, $28^{\circ}C$) in four Korean cladoceran, Daphnia sp., Daphnia obtusa, Moina macrocopa, Simocephalus vetulus and Daphnia magna as an international standard species. All 5 water flea tested showed that molting time, fecundity and intrinsic rate of natural increase(r) in high temperature condition were higher than those in lower temperature. On the other hand, lower survivals and longer time to start of offspring were showed in high temperature. Our results suggest that the optimal temperatures of Daphnia sp.,, Moina macrocopa and Simocephalus vetulus seem to be about $20^{\circ}C$ except for Daphnia obtusa which as showed good survivals and reproductions in $16^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.744-756
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the natural environments and the changing socio-economic activities of the rice and fruit - centered rural village located in Sangju region, Kyongsangbuk-do. Its results are summarized in the followings. Firstly, most of the rural villages in Sangju region is located on the erosional basin of Sobaek range and the sedimentary region of Nakdong river and the farmer's life of those regions has been influenced by such a natural environment. Secondly, the reproduction structure of population in the rural village of Sangju region had been maintained until the 1970s. After that, however, it was broken because the young generation of the rural villages moved to large cities to get a job or to receive high level of education. Thirdly, the changing path of the rural villages of Sangju region was different based on a type of crop and its related mode of production after the 1980s. The socio-economic structure of the rural village has been developed based on either a rice oriented traditional mode of production or a fruit-oriented commercial mode of production. The two villages, Ch'ekdong 1 ri, Hamch'ang-up and Sinch'on 2 ri, Modong-myon have been changed according to the path of a traditional and commercial mode of production, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.297-300
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• 2001

Development and reproduction of the persimmon fruit moth, Stathmopoda masinissa, were investigated under different temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 3$0^{\circ}C$). It took 96.1 days to grow from egg to adult at 2$0^{\circ}C$, 43.2 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 34.6 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$. At 15$^{\circ}C$, all tested individuals died before pupation. The developmental threshold temperatures for egg, larva, pupa, and adult were 12.2, 13.5, 13.8, and 13.4$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The total effective temperatures for egg, larva, pupa, and egg to adult were 74.0, 331.3, 160.5, and 569.9 degree days, respectively. The hatching, pupation, and emergence rates were highest at $25^{\circ}C$. The average life span of adult prior to laying eggs and the total life span of adult were 12.6 and 29.3 days at 2$0^{\circ}C$, 3.8 and 8.6 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 2.5 and 7.0 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Mean generation time in days (T) was shorter at higher temperature. Net reproductive rate per generation (R$_{o}$) was lowest at 2$0^{\circ}C$. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r$_{m}$) was highest at $25^{\circ}C$ as 0.066.