• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.201-217
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• 1993

소백산 국립공원의 삼림경관, 삼림 시설물 경관, 집단시설지구 경관, 사찰경관을 대상으로 물리적 환경이 지닌 환경적 질을 계략적 접근방법으로 분석하여 합리적인 이용개발 및 보전관리에 필요한 기초자료를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 심리량 분석을 취해 S. D. Scale을 측정하고 인자분석 알고니즘을 통하여 물리적 환경의 공간 이미지구조를 밝혔으며, 시각적 선호도를 측정하여 결정인자를 추출하였으며 각 인자 강호간의 중요성을 규명하였다. 소백산 국립공원의 공간 이미지를 함축하는 변인은 종합평가적 차원, 호감성 차원, 공간적 차원, 자연성 차원 및 품격 차원 등 5개 인자군으로 분석되었으며 종합평가적 차원, 공간적 차원 및 호감성 차원의 인자가 공간 이미지를 대표하는 인자군으로 나타났다. 시각적 선호도를 결정짓는 주요 설명변수는 계곡물의 깨끗함과 상쾌함, 지형지세의 특이성, 등산로 설치의 자연스러움 및 사찰건물 외관과 주변 인공식생과의 어울림 등이 시각적 선호도 결정의 주요변수로 작용하고 있었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.10-23
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• 2000

The purpose of this research was to investigate water spaces such as marshes and watercourses, especially focusing on methods to establish eco-ponds. Many aqua-ecosystems have been filled up or destroyed in the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization in the cities. This inquiry was done by comparing, studying and analyzing existing ponds and studying documents on the introduction and methods of making eco-ponds. Existing ponds were put into three categories as the either eco-pond, man-made/natural ponds, or man-made ponds. Three instances were selected for each category, totaling nine. Data on the size and shape, depth, waterproofing techniques, water supply, plants and planting plan, and the maintenance of the ponds was collected and compared. The following are conclusions based on comparing, studying and analyzing these existing ponds, and studying documents on the introduction and methods of making eco-ponds. ${\cdot}$ It is noteworthy that different environments and depths must be provided because these are main variants contributing to attracting plants in the ponds. ${\cdot}$ In these places plants emerged, such as, floating-leaved plants, free-floating planktonic plants, submerged plant etc, in the different water level zones, once these various conditions were provided. ${\cdot}$ Various spaces can be used for shelter, places for relaxation and habitation. ${\cdot}$ After establishing a pond, routine maintenance is necessary for preventing eutrophication. However the minimal possible management should be done to maintain a natural status.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.232-249
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• 1996

오대산 국립공원의 삼림경관, 삼림 시설물 경관, 집단시설지구 경관, 사찰경관을 대상으로 물리적 환경이 지닌 환경적 질을 계량적 접근방법으로 분석하여 합리적인 이용개발 및 보전관리에 필요한 기초자료를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 심리량 분석을 취해 S.D.Scale을 측정하고 인자분석 알고리즘을 통하여 물리적 환경의 공간 이미지 구조를 밝혔으묘, 시각적 선호도를 측정하여 결정인자를 추출하였으며 각 인자 상호간의 중요성을 규명하였다. 오대산 국립공원의 공간 이미지를 함축하는 변인은 종합평가적 차원, 공간적 차원, 자연성 차원 및 물리적 차원, 호감성 차원 등 5개 인자군으로 분석되었으며 종합평가적 차워, 공간적 차원 및 호감성 차원의 인자가 공간 이미지를 대표하는 인자군으로 나타났다. 시각적 선호도를 결정짓는 주요 설명변수는 계곡물의 깨끗함과 상쾌함, 지형지세의 특이성, 등산로 설치의 자연스러움 및 사찰건물 외관과 주변 인공식생과의 어울림 등이 시각적 선호도 결정의 주요변수로 작용하고 있었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.39-52
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• 1992

In order to make plan for landscape construction by ecological methods in Yukong R & D Complex site, environmental factors and structure of plant community were investigated and analyzed around Yukong R & D Complex site of Daeduk. The result of this study were as follows: 1. In the result by the classification of TWINSPAN and ordination (DCA) techniques for analysing of plant community structure, thirty plant community structure, thirty plots were divided into four groups according to soil moisture and succession trends were seem to be from the development of subsidiary vegetation through Pinus densiflora, Quercus spp., Robinia psudoacasia community to Q. acutissima community. So this result was proposed to validity of vegetation introduction for planning of ecological landscape construction in studied site. 2. On the analysis of environmental factors by ordination techeniques, the plant community were divided by soil moisture. Soilcondition will be fertilized by introduction of broad-leaved tree and the development of succession trends from the present state of plant community to Q. acutissima community. 3. The problems of horiticultural places happened to studied site, so horiticultural places for ecological landscape construction was proposed planting techniques that were considered to soil suitability, economical efficiency, native species and wildlife. 4. If we attempt to ecological landscape designs on natural systems and use natural processes to achieve desired end-points, we are more likely to produce self-sustaining solutions.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.231-245
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• 2010

The the purpose of this study was to analyze of the vegetation structure and phytosociological changes in the area adjacent to GeumJeong Mountain Fortress for fifteen years. The result of this study was as follows; Of the 8 quadrates, site of the North Gate 2 was having a highest in the number of extinct trees, 15 kinds. This is probably due to trampling effect caused by climbers' steps. Site of the West Gate 1 and South gate 1 each had 8 kinds of extinct trees, respectively. The number of newly appeared trees was highest at site of the North Gate 1, (8 kinds) followed by the sites of South gate 1 and South gate 2, respectively (5 kinds). The highest decrease in number of tree species was observed in North Gate 1, therefore, there is a strong relationship between vegetation diversity and the number of users of the available spaces. In order to revitalize the unstable vegetation structure of the Area Adjacent to GeumJeong Mountain Fortress, Robinia pseudo-acacia has to be well maintained in the shrub tree layer, and vines, such as Smilax china, Humulus japonicus, and Pueraria thungergiana, should be removed. To recover natural vegetation, dead leaf layer should be protected, and more shrub trees need to be planted. In the understory and shrub tree layer, multi layer tree planting is highly recommended to recover natural vegetation and increase tree diversity. In order to improve bad soil condition caused by trampling effect of recreational users, special treatments to the soil structure are required, such as mulching and raking soil. Also, depending on its soil damage from users trampling, the areas in the park should be divided into usable areas and user limited areas by the sabbatical year system. To improve the soil acidity due to acidic rain, soil buffering ability should be improved by activating microorganisms in the soil by using lime and organic material.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.45-58
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• 2006

This study was aimed to propose the plan of creating a biotope reflecting an ecological education as well as its function as the habitats of amphibian in Namsan Urban Natural Park in Seoul. There were Cheonil mineral spring area which was located on the southern side of Namsan, wetlands which was already created on the east valley(800$m^2$) and a buffer area of the circumference(1,100$m^2$) as the biotope sites. Major fields of this study include a survey of the staus, a basic plan, a master plan; a survey of this site was focused on topography, water system, existing vegetation, wildbird, amphibian, trail; a detailed plan was focused on flow plan, planting plan, facility plan. Existing vegetation was classified into 8 types; Pinus densiflora forest, Pinus densiflora planted area, Prunus sargentii-Quercus spp. forest, Pinus rigida forest, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, artificial green space, wetlands, south beltway. There were Pinus densiflora planted area and Prunus sargentii-Quercus spp. forest as major vegetations of this site. 14 species and 33 individuals of wildbirds appeared, Rana temporaria ornativentris and Hynobius leechi were investigated in the wetlands.In particular, habitats of amphibian were divided eco-zone, buffer-zone and restore-zone, and habitats and facilities which would be suitable for the characteristics of each space were planned. As a result, environment elements of good habitats including spawn wetlands of amphibian, harbor of amphibian, water plant of wetland, wild shrubs forest, ecological landscape forest, wetland observation trail, fence of wetland protection and ramp by pebble and log were created at the site. The amphibian biotope of Namsan is rated high as an important space for conserving biodiversity. Accordingly, continuous monitoring of this biotope as a urban habitat is required as the environment changes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1123-1132
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• 2015

Winter wheat is a suitable crop to be ensiled for animal feed and China has the largest planting area of this crop in the world. During the ensiling process, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play the most important role in the fermentation. We investigated the natural population of LAB in whole-crop wheat (WCW) and examined the quality of whole-crop wheat silage (WCWS) with and without LAB inoculants. Two Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum strains, Zhengzhou University 1 (ZZU 1) selected from corn and forage and grass 1 (FG 1) from a commercial inoculant, were used as additives. The silages inoculated with LAB strains (ZZU 1 and FG 1) were better preserved than the control, with lower pH values (3.5 and 3.6, respectively) (p<0.05) and higher contents of lactic acid (37.5 and 34.0 g/kg of fresh matter (FM), respectively) (p<0.05) than the control. Sixty LAB strains were isolated from fresh material and WCWS without any LAB inoculation. These LAB strains were divided into the following four genera and six species based on their phenotypic, biochemical and phylogenetic characteristics: Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Leuconostoc citreum, Weissella cibaria, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum. However, the prevalent LAB, which was predominantly heterofermentative (66.7%), consisted of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Leuconostoc citreum, Weissella cibaria, and Lactobacillus buchneri. This study revealed that most of isolated LAB strains from control WCWS were heterofermentative and could not grow well at low pH condition; the selective inoculants of Lactobacillus strains, especially ZZU 1, could improve WCWS quality significantly.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2009

Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the most valuable timber yielding species in the world, with predominant distribution in tropical or sub-tropical countries. However, natural teak available only in few countries like India, Myanmar, Laos People's Democratic Republic and Thailand. Teak grows well in deep, well-drained alluvial soils, fairly moist, warm, tropical climate with pH ranges from 6.5-7.5. Teak is cultivated in many Asian, African and South American countries for timber production. The global teak plantations are estimated to be three million hectare with major share in India (44%) followed by Indonesia (33%). India is considered as richest genetic resources of teak with large areas of natural teak bearing forests (8.9 million ha), plantations (1.5 million ha), clonal seed orchards (1000 ha) and seed production areas (5000 ha). The studies on diversity of teak populations showed that teak is an out crossing species with major portion of diversity present within the populations. The productivity and quality of teak timber varies depending upon the site and environmental conditions. Teak wood is moderately heavy, strong and tough,straight grained, coarse textured and ring porous with specific gravity varies from 0.55 to 0.70. The sapwood is white to pale yellow in colour and clearly demarcated while heartwood is dark brown or dark golden yellow in colour. Teak is one of the most durable timbers in the world, practically, impervious to fungus and white ant attack and resistant to decay. Teak wood is used in ship and boat constructions, furnitures and aesthetic needs. Genetic improvement programmes have been undertaken in countries like Thailand, India, Malaysia and Indonesia. The programme includes provenance identification and testing, plus tree selection and clonal multiplication, establishment of seed orchards and controlled hybridization. Several aspects like phenology, reproductive biology, fruit characteristics, silvicultural practices for cultivation, pest and diseases problems, production of improved planting stock, harvesting and marketing, wood properties and future tree improvement strategy to enhance productivity have been discussed in this paper.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제101권4호
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• pp.558-566
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• 2012

이 연구는 채석장의 실태조사를 통하여 토석채취 후 합리적이고도 완벽한 복구를 실시하기 위한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위하여 전국의 18개 토석채취장을 대상으로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 농어촌정비사업에 따른 토석 채취 후 산지복구지는 대부분 조경적 녹화가 이루어지고 있다. 또한 복구공사 후 유지관리가 이루어지지 않아 식재한 나무가 고사하거나 비탈면녹화가 제대로 되지 않아 여름철에는 강우에 의한 표층토양의 유실 및 붕괴로 이어지고, 복구녹화공사를 실시한 비탈면은 황폐화되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 자연친화적이고 완벽한 복구녹화공사를 실시하기 위해서는 비탈면녹화를 실시하기 전에 현장의 토질특성, 지질특성 등에 대해서 조사하고 그곳에 적합한 복구공법에 대하여 면밀히 검토해야 한다. 아울러 계획된 복구공법의 적용에 있어서도 복구비를 절감할 수 있는 공법의 적용이 필요하다. 조사 결과 토석채취지의 경우 토질이 토사질 또는 리핑암, 풍화토가 대부분으로 이러한 지역은 복구녹화가 완벽하게 이루어질 수 있는 조건이 되므로 여기에 적용하는 공법도 가능하면 간단하면서도 복구녹화가 충분히 될 수 있는 공법의 선정이 중요하다. 아울러 복구녹화계획 및 검토시에는 반드시 산지복구를 전공으로 하는 전문가의 의견을 청취함으로써 그 지역에 가장 적합한 복구녹화공법의 선정 및 완벽한 복구녹화가 가능하게 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.38-50
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• 2010

Expressways are often upgraded by widening the lanes and/or by reshaping the roads to be more linear for faster travel time. However, during the process of improving the route of the expressways, the areas where the old expressways used to be are often unused and abandoned. When these neglected sites are left alone, they often become dump sites causing pollution and impacting the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is important to restore the abandoned expressway sites to its full natural beauty. In this study, the abandoned expressway at the Soksa interchange in Pyungchang county, located in Kangwon province was studied for establishing the model of ecological restoration project. Considering the characteristics of the site, the target flora species was chosen to be Quercus species and the target fauna species as amphibians. After the target species were carefully chosen, each species' habitat requirements were studied in order to figure out the appropriate methods toward habitat restoration specifically for these species. In addition, to determine the most efficient method toward restoration of abandoned expressways, the study utilized the planting hole techniques, the crack techniques, and the colonization techniques. In terms of the spatial organization, public education program is incorporated at the main entrance area and the programs for experimenting, and developing vegetation and habitat restoration techniques are placed in the vicinity. In the master plan-to provide natural ecosystem at the site-ASCON (asphalt concrete) was removed first, then plans for restoration including species' habitat restoration were established. Furthermore, the project included plans for improving water quality polluted through non-point source considering the surrounding nearby road and farm lands. Finally, the study established a planning process that will experimentally apply to the abandoned expressway restoration method. In the future, there will be a continuous monitoring of the methods applied to verify if the restoration methods are effective. Also, new restoration techniques should be available according to a variety of abandoned expressways' characteristics.