• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.323-336
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• 2018

Machine foundations with impact loads are common powerful sources of industrial vibrations. These foundations are generally transferring vertical dynamic loads to the soil and generate ground vibrations which may harmfully affect the surrounding structures or buildings. Dynamic effects range from severe trouble of working conditions for some sensitive instruments or devices to visible structural damage. This work includes an experimental study on the behavior of dry dense sand under the action of a single impulsive load. The objective of this research is to predict the dry sand response under impact loads. Emphasis will be made on attenuation of waves induced by impact loads through the soil. The research also includes studying the effect of footing embedment, and footing area on the soil behavior and its dynamic response. Different falling masses from different heights were conducted using the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to provide the single pulse energy. The responses of different soils were evaluated at different locations (vertically below the impact plate and horizontally away from it). These responses include; displacements, velocities, and accelerations that are developed due to the impact acting at top and different depths within the soil using the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and accelerometers (ARH-500A Waterproof, and Low capacity Acceleration Transducer) that are embedded in the soil in addition to soil pressure gauges. It was concluded that increasing the footing embedment depth results in increase in the amplitude of the force-time history by about 10-30% due to increase in the degree of confinement. This is accompanied by a decrease in the displacement response of the soil by about 40-50% due to increase in the overburden pressure when the embedment depth increased which leads to increasing the stiffness of sandy soil. There is also increase in the natural frequency of the soil-foundation system by about 20-45%. For surface foundation, the foundation is free to oscillate in vertical, horizontal and rocking modes. But, when embedding a footing, the surrounding soil restricts oscillation due to confinement which leads to increasing the natural frequency. Moreover, the soil density increases with depth because of compaction, which makes the soil behave as a solid medium. Increasing the footing embedment depth results in an increase in the damping ratio by about 50-150% due to the increase of soil density as D/B increases, hence the soil tends to behave as a solid medium which activates both viscous and strain damping.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.633-648
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• 2020

The objective of this work was to investigate the interference effects of two-parallel bridge decks on aerodynamic coefficients, vortex-induced vibration, flutter instability and flutter derivatives. The two bridges have significant difference in cross-sections, dynamic properties, and flutter speeds of each isolate bridge. The aerodynamic static tests and aeroelastic tests were performed in TU-AIT boundary layer wind tunnel in Thammasat University (Thailand) with sectional models in a 1:90 scale. Three configuration cases, including the new bridge stand-alone (case 1), the upstream new bridge and downstream existing bridge (case 2), and the downstream new bridge and the upstream existing bridge (case 3), were selected in this study. The covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification technique (SSI-COV) was applied to identify aerodynamic parameters (i.e., natural frequency, structural damping and state space matrix) of the decks. The results showed that, interference effects of two bridges decks on aerodynamic coefficients result in the slightly reduction of the drag coefficient of case 2 and 3 when compared with case 1. The two parallel configurations of the bridge result in vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) and significantly lower the flutter speed compared with the new bridge alone. The huge torsional motion from upstream new bridge (case 2) generated turbulent wakes flow and resulted in vertical aerodynamic damping H1^* of existing bridge becomes zero at wind speed of 72.01 m/s. In this case, the downstream existing bridge was subjected to galloping oscillation induced by the turbulent wake of upstream new bridge. The new bridge also results in significant reduction of the flutter speed of existing bridge from the 128.29 m/s flutter speed of the isolated existing bridge to the 75.35 m/s flutter speed of downstream existing bridge.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.703-721
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• 2017

The experimental study of the behavior of dry medium and loose sandy soil under the action of a single impulsive load is carried out. Different falling masses from different heights were conducted using the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to provide the single pulse energy. The responses of soils were evaluated at different locations (vertically below the impact plate and horizontally away from it). These responses include; displacements, velocities, and accelerations that are developed due to the impact acting at top and different depth ratios within the soil using the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and accelerometers (ARH-500A Waterproof, and Low capacity Acceleration Transducer) that are embedded in the soil and then recorded using the multi-recorder TMR-200. The behavior of medium and loose sandy soil was evaluated with different parameters, these are; footing embedment, depth ratios (D/B), diameter of the impact plate (B), and the applied energy. It was found that increasing footing embedment depth results in: amplitude of the force-time history increases by about 10-30%. due to increase in the degree of confinement with the increasing in the embedment, the displacement response of the soil will decrease by about 25-35% for loose sand, 35-40% for medium sand due to increase in the overburden pressure when the embedment depth increased. For surface foundation, the foundation is free to oscillate in vertical, horizontal and rocking modes. But, when embedding a footing, the surrounding soil restricts oscillation due to confinement which leads to increasing the natural frequency, moreover, soil density increases with depth because of compaction, that is, tendency to behave as a solid medium.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.381-388
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• 2014

Our aim was to simulate ocean waves in a small-size wave flume and observe the motion of a cylindrical floating body placed in an offshore environment. To precisely visualize the oscillation of the body, a set of light-emitting diode illuminators and high-speed charge-coupled device camera were installed in the flume. Spectral analysis was performed of the movement of the floating body. The wave generator and absorbers worked well to simulate stable regular waves. As the period of the oncoming waves changed, the movement of the floating body substantially differed when tethered to a tension-leg mooring cable. In particular, when connected to the tension-leg mooring cable, the natural frequency of the floating body suddenly appeared at 0.391 Hz as the wave period was increased.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.410-418
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• 2006

Sexual maturity and growth characteristics of Octopus minor were investigated in 796 individuals from mud flats in Goorori, Muan-Goon, Korea. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) peaked between June and July in females and between November and January in males. The discrepancy in the index peaks between females and males might result from the earlier sexual maturation of males. The sex ratio was biased toward females (68%) in April and toward males (78%) in September, although the differences were not significant (p>0.05). In females, about 50% of individuals with a mantle length of 70.6 mm were sexually mature versus 100% of individuals with mantle lengths over 80 mm. In females, fecundity was also related to size, ranging from 44 eggs in individuals with a mantle length of 54 mm to 179 eggs in the female with a mantle length of 100.5 mm. The relationship between mantle length (ML) an body weight (BW) was BW=0.008 ML$^{2.2797}$ (n=389, r$^2$=0.83, p<0.01) in males and BW=0.029 ML$^{2.2797}$ (n=407, r$^2$=0.74, p<0.01) in females. Analysis of co-variation showed that the difference in the slopes of the two regression lines was significant (p<0.01). Analysis of mantle length-frequency for each month revealed 1 to 3 normal distribution modes. The growth parameters obtained by fitting the modal progression to the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) were ML$\infty$= 112.38 mm, K=1.9, C=0.90, and WP=0.1. The results indicate that the seasonal growth oscillation of the stock is very strong and winter is the season when growth is the slowest.

• Proceeding of EDISON Challenge
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• 2016.03a
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• pp.246-255
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• 2016

When spring of the suspension is exerted by an external load, a car should be designed to prevent predictable damages and designed for a ride comfort. We used experiments design to design VON-MISES STRESS and K, a constant, of spring of suspension which is installed in a car as a goal level. We analyzed the result from Edison's Elastic - Plastic Analysis SW(CSD_EPLAST) by setting D, d, n as external diameter of coil, internal diameter of coil, the number of total coil respectively. The experiment design let the outcome be as Full-second order by using Box-Behnken which is one of response surface methods. Experimented and analyzed results based on the established experiments design, We found out design parameter which has desired VON-MISES STRESS and the constant K. Additionally, we predicted life time of when the external load was exerted by repeated load by using fatigue equation, and verification of plastic deformation has also been made. Additionally we interpreted a model, which is formed by optimized design parameter, with linear analysis and non-linear analysis, at the same time we also analyzed plastic deformation with the values from the both models. Finally, we predicted fatigue life of optimized model by using fatigue estimation theory and also evaluated a ride comfort with oscillation analysis.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.85-97
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• 2001

A mathematical model was proposed to analyze the damped motion of contact lens which is initially displaced from the equilibrium position. The model incorporates the differential equations and their numerical solution program, based on the formulations of restoring force arising from the capillary action in the tear-film layer between the lens and cornea. The model predicts the capillary action induced surface tension, time dependence of displacement of lens when it is released from the equilibrium position. It seems that the motion of lens is similar to the typical over-damped oscillation caused by the large viscous friction in the liquid layer between the cornea and lens. The effect of variables such as base curves, lens diameters and thickness of tear film layer were illustrated by the computer simulation of the derived program. The time required for the lens to return to the original position increases as the liquid layer thickness increases and it decreases as the diameter of lens increases. With the certain value of base curve the time interval is found to be minimum. The free vibrations of lenses were also simulated varying the parameters such as base curve, diameter, layer thickness. The resonant frequencies are inversely proportional to the liquid layer thickness and it increases as the lens diameter increases. The resonant frequency of lens has a maximum when the diameter is of certain value. If the external impulse or force of the same frequency as the natural frequency of contact lens acted on the cornea in vivo it may cause an excessive movement and thus it might cause the distortion 10 the lens or be pulled off the eye.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.27-37
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• 1983

A method of dynamic analysis is developed for torsional free vibrations of elliptical-box girder type or stiffening truss system suspension bridge. In this study, the method based on a finite element technique using a digital computer, is illustrated by two numerical examples, the Namhae Bridge which is located in Kyungsang nam-do opened on June, 1973, and the Mt. Chunma Bridge is simple span pedestrian's suspension bridge with lateral bracing system in Mt. Chunma, Kyungki-do, are used. In general, dynamic modes of complex suspension bridges are three-dimensional in form, i.e., coupling between vertical and torsional motions. However, introduced that amplitudes of oscillation are infinitesimal for coincidence with the purpose of it's use, thereupon, the torsional vibration analyses are treated without coupling terms. A sufficient number of natural frequencies and mode shapes for torsional free vibration are presented in this paper. In the case of Mt. Chunma Bridge, the natural frequencies and periods are computed with and without reinforcement, respectively, and compared their discrepancies. The influence of the auxiliary reinforcing cables is prevailing in the first few modes, namely, 1st and 2nd in symmetric and 1st, 2nd and 3rd in antisymmetric vibration, and conspicuous in the symmetric compared with the antisymmetric motion, but in the higher modes, this kind of simple accessory elucidates rether converse effects. In the Namhae Bridge, the results are compared with the Manual's obtained by wind tunnel test. It reveals commendable agreement.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.532-542
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• 2018

Because maglev trains have a propulsion and absorption force without contact with the rails, they can drive safely at high-speed with little oscillation. Recently, test model of a maglev propulsion train was produced and operated, and has since been chosen as a national growth industry in South Korea; there have been many studies and considerable investment in these fields. This study examined the dynamic responses due to bridge-maglev train interaction and basic material to design bridges for maglev trains travelling at high-speed. Depending on the major factors affecting the dynamic effects, the scope of this study was restricted to the relationship between dynamic responses. A concrete box girder was chosen as a bridge model and injured train and rail types in domestic production were selected as the moving train load and guideway analysis model, respectively. From the analysis results, the natural frequency of a bridge for a maglev train, which has a deflection limit L/2000, was higher than those of bridges for general trains. The dynamic responses of the girder of the bridge for a maglev train showed a substantial increase in proportion to the velocities of the moving train like other general bridge cases. Maximum dynamic response of the girder is shown at a moving velocity of 240km/h and increased with increasing moving velocity of train. These results can be used to design a bridge for maglev propulsion trains and provide the basic data to confirm the validity and verification of the design code.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.585-594
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• 2013

In this study, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to test the performance of resonance power buoy system proposed by Kweon et al.(2010). The system is composed of a linear generator and a mooring buoy. The mover of the linear generator mainly has heave motion driven by vertical oscillation of the buoy. In this system, the velocity discrepancy between the mover and the buoy makes electricity. However, ocean wave energy as a natural resource around Korean peninsula is comparatively small and the driving force for producing electricity is not enough for commercialization. Therefore, it is necessary that the buoy motion be amplified by using resonance characteristics. In order to verify the resonance effects on the test power buoy, the experimental investigations were conducted in the large wave flume (length of 110 m, width of 8 m, maximum depth of 6 m) equipped with regular and random plunger wave generator. The resonance draft of test power buoy is designed for the corresponding period of incident wave, 1.96 sec. Regular wave test results show that the heave response amplitude operator(RAO) by a test buoy has the amplification of 5.66 times higher compared to the wave amplitude at the resonance period. Test results of random waves show that the buoy has the largest spectrum area of 20.73 times higher at the point of not the resonance period but the shorter one of 1.85 sec. Therefore this study suggests the resonance power buoy for wave power generation for commercial application in the case of the coastal and oceanic area with smaller wave energy.