• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1993년도 Fifth International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress 93
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• pp.1041-1043
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• 1993

Fuzzy logic based Control Theory has gained much interest in the industrial world, thanks to its ability to formalize and solve in a very natural way many problems that are very difficult to quantify at an analytical level. This paper shows a solution for treating membership function inside hardware circuits. The proposed hardware structure optimizes the memoried size by using particular form of the vectorial representation. The process of memorizing fuzzy sets, i.e. their membership function, has always been one of the more problematic issues for the hardware implementation, due to the quite large memory space that is needed. To simplify such an implementation, it is commonly [1,2,8,9,10,11] used to limit the membership functions either to those having triangular or trapezoidal shape, or pre-definite shape. These kinds of functions are able to cover a large spectrum of applications with a limited usage of memory, since they can be memorized by specifying very few parameters ( ight, base, critical points, etc.). This however results in a loss of computational power due to computation on the medium points. A solution to this problem is obtained by discretizing the universe of discourse U, i.e. by fixing a finite number of points and memorizing the value of the membership functions on such points [3,10,14,15]. Such a solution provides a satisfying computational speed, a very high precision of definitions and gives the users the opportunity to choose membership functions of any shape. However, a significant memory waste can as well be registered. It is indeed possible that for each of the given fuzzy sets many elements of the universe of discourse have a membership value equal to zero. It has also been noticed that almost in all cases common points among fuzzy sets, i.e. points with non null membership values are very few. More specifically, in many applications, for each element u of U, there exists at most three fuzzy sets for which the membership value is ot null [3,5,6,7,12,13]. Our proposal is based on such hypotheses. Moreover, we use a technique that even though it does not restrict the shapes of membership functions, it reduces strongly the computational time for the membership values and optimizes the function memorization. In figure 1 it is represented a term set whose characteristics are common for fuzzy controllers and to which we will refer in the following. The above term set has a universe of discourse with 128 elements (so to have a good resolution), 8 fuzzy sets that describe the term set, 32 levels of discretization for the membership values. Clearly, the number of bits necessary for the given specifications are 5 for 32 truth levels, 3 for 8 membership functions and 7 for 128 levels of resolution. The memory depth is given by the dimension of the universe of the discourse (128 in our case) and it will be represented by the memory rows. The length of a world of memory is defined by: Length = nem (dm(m)＋dm(fm) Where: fm is the maximum number of non null values in every element of the universe of the discourse, dm(m) is the dimension of the values of the membership function m, dm(fm) is the dimension of the word to represent the index of the highest membership function. In our case then Length=24. The memory dimension is therefore 128*24 bits. If we had chosen to memorize all values of the membership functions we would have needed to memorize on each memory row the membership value of each element. Fuzzy sets word dimension is 8*5 bits. Therefore, the dimension of the memory would have been 128*40 bits. Coherently with our hypothesis, in fig. 1 each element of universe of the discourse has a non null membership value on at most three fuzzy sets. Focusing on the elements 32,64,96 of the universe of discourse, they will be memorized as follows: The computation of the rule weights is done by comparing those bits that represent the index of the membership function, with the word of the program memor . The output bus of the Program Memory (μCOD), is given as input a comparator (Combinatory Net). If the index is equal to the bus value then one of the non null weight derives from the rule and it is produced as output, otherwise the output is zero (fig. 2). It is clear, that the memory dimension of the antecedent is in this way reduced since only non null values are memorized. Moreover, the time performance of the system is equivalent to the performance of a system using vectorial memorization of all weights. The dimensioning of the word is influenced by some parameters of the input variable. The most important parameter is the maximum number membership functions (nfm) having a non null value in each element of the universe of discourse. From our study in the field of fuzzy system, we see that typically nfm 3 and there are at most 16 membership function. At any rate, such a value can be increased up to the physical dimensional limit of the antecedent memory. A less important role n the optimization process of the word dimension is played by the number of membership functions defined for each linguistic term. The table below shows the request word dimension as a function of such parameters and compares our proposed method with the method of vectorial memorization[10]. Summing up, the characteristics of our method are: Users are not restricted to membership functions with specific shapes. The number of the fuzzy sets and the resolution of the vertical axis have a very small influence in increasing memory space. Weight computations are done by combinatorial network and therefore the time performance of the system is equivalent to the one of the vectorial method. The number of non null membership values on any element of the universe of discourse is limited. Such a constraint is usually non very restrictive since many controllers obtain a good precision with only three non null weights. The method here briefly described has been adopted by our group in the design of an optimized version of the coprocessor described in [10].

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.25.1-25.16
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• 2021

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease whose development is shaped by a variety of environmental and genetic factors. While several recent studies suggest that microbial dysbiosis in the gut may promote asthma, little is known about the relationship between the recently discovered lung microbiome and asthma. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have also been shown recently to participate in asthma. To investigate the relationship between the lung microbiome, ILCs, and asthma, we recruited 23 healthy controls (HC), 42 patients with non-severe asthma, and 32 patients with severe asthma. Flow cytometry analysis showed severe asthma associated with fewer natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR)⁺ILC3s in the lung. Similar changes in other ILC subsets, macrophages, and monocytes were not observed. The asthma patients did not differ from the HC in terms of the alpha and beta-diversity of the lung and gut microbiomes. However, lung function correlated positively with both NCR⁺ILC3 frequencies and microbial diversity in the lung. Sputum NCR⁺ILC3 frequencies correlated positively with lung microbiome diversity in the HC, but this relationship was inversed in severe asthma. Together, these data suggest that airway NCR⁺ILC3s may contribute to a healthy commensal diversity and normal lung function.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.957-968
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• 2007

수자원의 정량적인 계획과 관리를 위해서는 정확하고 신뢰성 높은 유량 자료가 필수적이다. 이에 따라 최근에 초음파유량계와 유속지수법 등의 실시간 유량 측정 방법이 도입되고 있다. 이러한 방법들은 단면의 일부분에서 측정한 유속을 이용하여 전체 단면의 유량을 산정하고 있으므로 하천 단면의 2차원적 유속분포에 대한 합리적이고 이론적인 기초가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 Chiu(1987, 1988)가 제안한 2차원 유속분포식을 자연하천에 적용하고 ADCP 실측 자료를 이용하여 비교 분석함으로써 적용성을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 실측 자료로부터 최대유속과 평균유속을 계산한 후 매개변수 M을 산정하였다. 등유속선 형상 매개변수는 최소자승합 기준의 목적함수를 이용하여 추정하였다. 최적화된 매개변수를 적용하여 도출된 엔트로피 유속분포를 실측 유속분포와 비교한 결과, 대체로 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 상관도가 높게 나타나는 14개의 실측 자료를 이용하여 매개변수 h, $\beta_i$의 특성을 분석한 후 미측정 단면에 적용할 수 있도록 그 값을 추정하였다. 추정된 매개변수를 검증을 위한 자료에 적용한 결과 역시 실측 자료를 대체로 잘 재현하는 것으로 나타났다. 유량의 경우 최대 7% 의 오차로 실측 자료와 대체로 비슷하게 산정하였다. Chiu의 유속분포식에 관여하는 매개변수를 적절히 추정한다면 자연하천의 유속분포를 잘 모의할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.335-345
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• 2021

하천에서의 용존물질의 혼합거동을 신속하게 예측하기 해석하기 위하여 1차원 추적모형이 개발되어 왔다. 그 중 저장대모형(Transient Storage Model, TSM)은 자연하천의 복잡하고 불규칙한 수리·지형적인 특성을 단순하게 반영할 수 있다는 장점때문에 가장 많이 사용되는 1차원 추적모형이다. 하지만 TSM의 정확도는 본류대 및 저장대의 면적, 물질교환계수 등 모형의 매개변수에 의존하며 이들은 직접적으로 측정될 수 없다는 단점이 있다. 또한 TSM은 농도곡선의 꼬리에 나타나는 저장대특성의 형태를 지수함수형태로 반영하는데 이는 실제 추적자실험을 통해 관측되는 꼬리는 형태와 다르다는 평가가 제기되고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 1차원 확률론적 저장대모형에 대한 수치모형을 개발하여 자연하천에 적용하고 그 결과를 TSM의 모의결과와 비교하였다. 상기의 모형을 검증하기 위하여 낙동강의 1차 지류 중 하나인 감천의 4.85 km의 구간에서 추적자 실험을 실시하였다. 본 추적자 실험을 통해 측정한 농도곡선과 본 연구에서 제시된 확률론적 저장대모형의 모의 곡선의 꼬리부 멱함수 기울기를 비교해본 결과, 오차율은 평균 0.24으로 나타났는데, 이는 1차원 이송-분산 모형과 TSM로부터의 오차율인 14.03과 1.87에 비해 보다 정확한 값이다. 본 연구 결과, 감천에서의 저장대 특성을 나타내는 하상의 체류시간분포는 지수함수분포보다는 멱함수 분포에 가까운 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.867-878
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• 2011

Development restriction areas (greenbelt areas) of Korea were recognized in 1970 as a means to control urban sprawl and conserve the natural environment. Although there have been some achievements, for a long time many planners and residents have requested a redefining of the green belt due to individual property rights restrictions and urban management problems. In fact, a lot of the greenbelt area is being destroyed by urban development. Therefore, conservation of ecological spaces in the green belt is needed to maintain urban naturalness. In this regard, this study suggests efficient methods to manage the greenbelt through the adoption of a landscape ecological value assessment. The greenbelt of the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) is represented as the case study because there has been mounting pressure to develop the area in Korea. In this study, the assessment of the landscape ecology in the greenbelt area focuses on landscape structure and function. The assessment consists of the following steps: First, patches were derived by NDVI analysis using landsat remote sensing data. Second, characteristics of the patches were quantified by analyzing the landscape structure, such as patch size and shape index. Lastly, the gravity model and least cost path analysis to assess connectivity were applied to evaluate the landscape function in the green belt areas. The assessment result showed that 48.45% of green belt area should be conserved to maintain ecological stability and function. Moreover, major ecological networks were identified near the large patches in the northern and southern areas. However, relative low ecological values were identified in the western part of the green belt area due to the lack of green spaces. Furthermore, some development plans in the green belt were also identified near the conservation area. Based on these results, the restoration needed areas to enhance ecological value in green belt were displayed. This study suggests efficient management of the greenbelt area, which is disappearing as a result of urban development. The area for conservation chosen in this study should be managed carefully in urban planning. Finally, the results of this study can be used in green belt polices and plans for the promotion of ecological naturalness and stability.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2003

It is considered to be important to create aesthetically beautiful style through the change of external shape, however for the hair stylists, whose beauty expression is through hair, the role of hair doctor is becoming even more important with focus to improve the hair healthiness. Hair clinic is management of hair and scalp. It is the management process of preventing damages, while improving and cultivating healthy and shiny hair. The current concept in hair management is moving from simple hair styling to emphasis at hair management. As far as hair management is concerned, it usually includes treatment tools such as shampoo, conditioner, hair treatment and scalp scaling system, which is used for diagnosis of hair condition in order to treat the scalp. As the interest of hair healthiness becoming more wide spread, so does the breadth of clinic menu. The wide choice is to fulfill the profound desire of people, whose demands are simply to have variety in their choice. This is resulting in faucets of new value-added and differentiated products. The values that make-up the hair styles consist of mainly design (trend, preference), function(styling, management convenience) and clinic(hair quality improvement, damage repair). Shampoo and conditioner have gone beyond their original function of cleansing to providing combinational functions of treatment, to care and remedy, and advanced massage effectiveness. These are, to name a few that seem to go beyond their original function to satisfy the mental healthiness in people, the King Kong shampoo of shampooings in forward-backward manner, 5-minute shampoo massage that applies sports and relaxation massage, scalp acupunctural message and aural(ear) massage. More and more people are complaining about the damaged hair and hair loss problems due to perms, dyeing and bleaching of hair, in addition to natural scalp and hair damaging factors. Such complaints have stimulated many beauty products and various hair treatment systems being introduced with focus to provide nutrition and prevent damages to scalp and hair. As the living standards improve and the desire of people is to pursue differentiated lives, their demand also increases in hair styling products to fulfill the needs of healthy and aesthetical aspects of their lives.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2010

본 연구는 유비쿼터스 환경에서 참여형 환경조형물의 이용자 만족도에 관한 연구를 통하여 앞으로 유비쿼터스 시대에 이용자들이 사용하게 될 환경조형물에 대한 만족도의 체감을 높이기 위한 사용성과 서비스, 기능성, 조형성에 대한 유비쿼터스 도시 공간 속에서의 U-환경조형물의 좀 더 발전적인 방향을 제시하고자 강남대로 U-Street에 설치되어진 U-환경조형물인 미디어 폴을 조사 대상지로 선정하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 유비쿼터스 환경에서 시작단계의 환경조형물인 미디어 폴의 부문별 만족도 중에서 서비스 만족도, 기능성 만족도, 조형성 만족도와 미디어 폴의 종합적인 만족도로 설정한 후 조사 분석하여 만족도 연구를 수립하였다. 미디어 폴의 부문별 만족도에서 서비스 만족도는 대중교통 안내도, 기능성 만족도는 거리문화의 촉매제, 조형성 만족는 '형태성', 미디어 폴의 부문별 만족도와 종합 만족도 관계에서 기능성 만족도가 가장 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 미디어 폴의 만족도에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 요인으로 나타난 만큼 도시공간에서 U-환경조형물의 만족도의 체감을 높이기 위한 미디어 폴의 다양한 컨텐츠 개발과 사용, 편리한 기술개발, 미디어 폴의 기능성 만족도에 대한 지속적 연구와 강남의 랜드 마크가 되기 위해서는 시민들과 소통하기 위한 즐거움과 감동을 줄 수 있는 스토리가 담긴 인간 중심의 기능성 요소 개발이 중요할 것이다. 현재 유비쿼터스의 초기단계는 가로 경관으로서 자연성이 결여, 환경조형물의 외피에 대한 개발, 인간에게 감동을 줄 수 있는 스토리텔링의 부재, 기술적 측면 부족, 수익성을 낼 수 있는 다양한 컨텐츠 개발, 투자에 비해 수익성 창출의 어려움, 사회소통 매개로서의 기능 등의 문제점을 보완해야 하며, 첨단 기술만이 아니라 경제적, 사회적, 문화적 측면을 고려한 똑똑한 기술보다는 편안하고 친인간적 기술로서 공간개발과 U-환경조형물의 설치가 요구되어야 할 것이다.

• 복식
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the historical changes of western men's underclothes in the first half of the 20C and analyze functions and features of men's underclothes. This study was to utilize many literatures in the analysis of historical changes of western men's underclothes. In the 1900's, the attached collar was giving place to the detachable, and the coloured shirt for day wear was becoming accepted. The correct wear fur various occasions was given. Double collar was the favourite for day wear. The dress-shirt protector worn over the dress-shirt front. Men preferred to vest and pants in one as a combined garment. In the 1910's, underclothes were permitting freer movement, but what was still more significant was the glowing inclination to reduce the layers which covered the body. The new conception of decency which was beginning to appear continued to characterize underclothing the symbols of social rank, expect for formal occasion, were declining. For day the white shirt was being displaced by the soft-fronted shirt. In the 1927-1930's, Underclothes were reduced in number, extent and thickness. Underclothing had lost two of its original function : it no longer preserved the warmth of the body, nor did it disguise its essential shape. Both sexes discarded the use of white underwear, In the 1930's, men saw an increasing preference for the coloured shirt. Combinations became increasingly popular and the singlet were displacing the under-vest in the 1930's. All undergarments were very commonly in natural colours. In the 1940's, for evening dress. shirt was plain linen front and square cuffs. Short trunks reached to mid-thigh, had a front waist yoke with three button fastening. Underclothes were pursued ease and activity.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.399-410
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 실험적 모드해석 기법을 이용하여 캔틸레버 및 양단고정 직사각형 적층복합판의 동적 테스트가 수행되었다. 균열 성장으로 인한 손상평가를 위하여 적층복합판에 인위적인 단계별 손상(균열)을 가하였으며, 충격해머 모드실험에 의해 얻어진 주파수응답함수(FRF), MAC(Modal Assurance Criterion) 값 및 모드매개변수(진동수, 모드형상, 감쇠비)의 변화를 분석하였다. 각 단계별 손상에 대한 적층복합판의 실험적 모드매개변수를 검증하기 위하여 유한요소해석으로부터 구한 고유진동수와 모드형상을 비교하였다. 손상은 벤치마크로서의 유한요소모델을 보정하는 과정으로부터 얻게 되는 적층복합판의 기하학적 특성 및 구조적 거동의 변화를 통하여 평가될 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.246-257
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• 1998

Endocrine cells in the thymus of duck(Anas platyrhynchos platyrhyncos, Linne) were studied immunohistochemically from 23 days of incubation to 32 weeks of age. Somatostatin-, growth hormone(GH)-, gastrin/cholecystokinin(Gas/CCK)-, polypeptide YY(PYY)-, S-100 protein(S-100 P)-, dopamine-, serotonin(5-HT)-, and bovine chromogranin (BCG)-immunoreactive cells were detected in the duck thymus by the PAP techniques. These immunoreactive cells were observed in the medulla and in the juxtacortical medulla. No immunoreactivity of calcitonin and bovine pancreatic polypeptide(BPP) antiserum were observed. The argyrophil cells by Grimelius techniques were observed from 23 days of incubation to 32 weeks of age and peaked in 5 weeks of age. In the early develpmental stage, the argyrophil cells were distributed only in the medulla, while these cells were distributed mainly in the medulla and a few cells were distributed in the corticomedullary junction from 3 weeks of age. These immunoreactive cells were generally round, oval and elliptical and occasionally spindle, polygonal and polymorphous with the long cytopslasmic processes in shape. The present study suggests that the intrathymic endocrine cells may associate with the functional maturation of T-lymphocytes on the establishment of immunity. The further study will be needed to elucidate the function of these thymic endocrine cells.