• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.605-612
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• 2005

In previous studies, we evaluated the effect of the 6 energy-tonic or blood-building prescriptions of traditional oriental medicine, and observed that Si-Wu-Tang and Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang showed high activity in the protection of the gastrointestinal and hematopoietic organs in irradiated mice. But any of these prescriptions did not show a high activity in the activation of the immune cells. We performed this study to design an herb mixture which protects the self-renewal tissues and also promotes recovery of the immune system against radiation damage. In order to meet all the requirements, we designed a new mixture of 3 edible herbs listed in Korean Food Code. The mixture of Angelim gigas radix, Cnidium officinale rhizoma and Paeonia japonica radix was decocted with hot water, and the activities of the water extract (HIM-I) were evaluated. HIM-1 stimulated the immune cells in a much higher extent than the traditional prescriptions, and promoted dramatically the growth of bone marrow stem cells in vitro. Also, HIM-1 protected digestive and hematopoietic organs against radiation as effectively as the 2 prescriptions, Si-Wu-Tang and Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang. On the other hand, it showed high in vitro antioxidative activity that might be considered as a mechanism of the protective effects against radiation. Although the detailed mechanisms of those effects remain to be elucidated, these results indicated that HIM-I might be a useful agent for protection and recovery of body from various risk factor as well as radiation, especially since it is a relatively nontoxic natural product.

• Clean Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.122-131
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• 2016

Caesium radioisotopes, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs which come from the atmospheric nuclear tests and discharges from nuclear power plants, are very important to study artificial radioactivity. In this work, in order to lower the minimum detection activity (MDA) we investigated environmental radioactivity according to the Environment Measurement Laboratory procedure by ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs which is similar to chemical and environmental behaviors of ¹³⁷Cs. The environmental soils in high mountain areas near nuclear power plant were collected, and an Ammonium Molybdophosphate (AMP) precipitation method, which showed high selectivity toward Cs⁺ ions, was applied to chemically extract and concentrate Caesium radioisotopes. Radioactivity was estimated by a gamma-ray spectrometry. In gamma energy spectrum, with an increasing of ⁴⁰K radioactivity, it increased the MDA of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs. Therefore, if the natural radionuclides were removed from the soil samples, the MDA of Caesium may be reduced, and the contents of ¹³⁷Cs of in the environmental soils can effectively be estimated. In the standard soil sample of Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, radioactivity of ⁴⁰K was removed more than 84% on average, and the MDA of ¹³⁴Cs was reduced 2 times. The content of ¹³⁷Cs was recovered over 84%. On the other hand, in environmental soils, AMP precipitation method showed removal ratio of ⁴⁰K up to 180 times, which reduced the MDA about 5 times smaller than those of Direct method. ¹³⁷Cs recovery ratio showed from 54.54% to 70.06%. When considering the MDA and recovery ratio, AMP precipitation method is effective for detection of Caesium radioisotopes in low concentration.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2002

Chrysanthemum boreale M. (hereafter, C. boreale M.), a perennial flower, has been historically used as a natural medicine in Korea. With increasing concerns for health-improving foods, the demand for C. boreale M. has become higher than ever. Howevr, the amount of wild C. boreale M. collected from mountainous areas is not enough to cover all demands. The cultivation system and fertilization strategy are required to meet increasing demand on C. boreale M. with a good quality. We investigated the effects of nitrogen application on plant growth and effective components of C. boreale M. to suggest optimum rate of nitrogen fertilization. C. boreale M. was cultivated in a pot scale (1/2000a scale), and nitrogen applied with rate of 0(N0), 50(N50), 100(N100), 150(N150), 200(N200), and $250(N250)kg\;ha^{-1}$. Phosphate and potassium were applied at the same level ($P_2O_5-K_2O=80-80kg\;ha^{-1}$) in all treatments. Maximum yield achieved in 246 and $226kg\;ha^{-1}$ N treatment on the whole plant and the flower part, a valuable part as a herbal medicine, respectively. Proline was the most abundant amino acid in the flower of C boreal M. and the contents of amino acids increased with increasing nitrogen application rate in flower. Nitrogen recovery efficiency was high more than 41% in all nitrogen treatments and increased to 61.8% in nitrogen N100 treatment. From the nitrogen content, the high nitrogen uptake, the low residue of mineral N and the reasonably good apparent fertilizer recovery, it can be inferred that C. boreale M. made efficient use of the available nitrogen. In flower, contents of Cumambrin A. which is a sesquiterpene compound and has the effect of blood-pressure reduction, decreased with increasing nitrogen application. However, the amount of Cumambrin A in flower increased as nitrogen rate increased, because of increasing flower yield. Conclusively, nitrogen fertilization could increase yields and enhance quality. The optimum nitrogen application rate might be on the range of $225{\sim}250kg\;ha^{-1}$ in a mountainous soil.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.455-465
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• 2001

In a rapidly changing society, the rise in standard of living and level of education has brought about a Qualitative change in consumption, especially food consumption. Accordingly, consumers' interest in and the consumption of health foods has also grown at a rapid pace, expanding the health food market. However. because of the consumer's lack of understanding and knowledge about health foods, the reality is a difficulty in establishing sound consumption. Accordingly, this study was conducted to analyze the consumers' purchase behavior for health food. Through this study, consumers will be able to rationally plan for the use of health food items and further to provide necessary information for planning and executing effective marketing strategies producers and distributors of health foods items. The subjects of this study are the 473 Seoul residents over the age of 20 who have used health food items in the past year. The result of this study showed the use of fatigue rehabilitators, with 93.2% of the respondents saying they have used it. was the highest. with natural products honey, vitamin supplements. restorative foods, mineral supplements, young-gi fellowing in order. Recovery from fatigue. with 3.81, was the top reason the respondents started using health food items, followed by maintenance of health, supplement nutrition. and prevent disease. Family and relatives topped the list of information sources with 3.76. followed by TV and friends. On the other the Internet(2.32) and radio(2.35) were shown to be the lowest information sources. Those surveyed listed quality(4.00), safety(3.99). and nutrition(3.93) as evaluative criteria for health food items, in order of importance. The place of purchase most frequented by consumers in the survey were specialty stores(35.3%) leading the way with department stores and door-to-door sales, pharmacy following behind. On the other hand. purchases from direct mail were the lowest with 1.5% The people who bought health food Items were shown to be parent/siblings(37.2%) , self(33.6%) followed by spouse(23.7%) Purchases made by children were very low with only 4.9%. Finally, the level of satisfaction after using health food products were generally not very high. Consumers seem to be satisfied with the effectiveness(3.37) and safety (3.15) of the products. which is very minute, and they were slightly dissatisfied with the quality of the products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1323-1331
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• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the effect of extraction solvents on antioxidant bio-active compounds as well as potential antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition of Phyllanthus acidus (P. acidus) leaf extract in minced pork. Methods: The effect of various solvent systems of water, 25%, 50%, 75% (v/v) ethanol in water and absolute ethanol on the extraction crude yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant activities of P. acidus leaves was determined. In addition, antioxidant activities of the addition of crude extract from P. aciuds leaves at 2.5 and 5 g/kg in minced pork on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation decolorization, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS) were determined. Moreover, sensory evaluation of the samples was undertaken by using a 7-point hedonic scale. Results: The results showed that the highest crude yield (2.8 g/100 g dry weight) was obtained from water which also had the highest recovery yield for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the strongest antioxidant activity. The addition of crude water extract from P. acidus leaves was more effective in retarding lipid peroxidation and higher antioxidant activity than control and butylated hydroxytoluene in minced pork. In particular, the samples containing P. acidus extract had no significant effect on the sensory scores of overall appearance, color, odor, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability compared to the control. Conclusion: Water solvent was an optimally appropriate solvent for P. acidus leaf extraction because of its ability to yield the highest amount of bio-active compounds and in vitro antioxidant property. Particularly, P. acidus crude water extract also strongly expressed the capacity to retard lipid oxidation, radical scavenging, radical cation decolorization and reducing power in minced pork. The results of this study indicated that P. acidus leaf extract could be used as natural antioxidant in the pork industry.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

This study aimed to simultaneously determine various carotenoids from different colored paprika using an ultra performance liquid chromatograph (UPLC) equipped with a HSS T3 column. Analysis was performed at 450 nm using gradient conditions with acetonitrile/methanol/methylene chloride (65/25/10) and distilled water. We improved the peak resolution and performed carotenoid analysis within 30 min. We qualitatively analyzed 11 carotenoids (neoxanthin, capsorubin, violaxanthin, capsanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, ${\alpha}$-cryptoxanthin, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, ${\alpha}$-carotene, and ${\beta}$-carotene). For the validation of UPLC methods, we validated the precision and accuracy of capsanthin. Capsanthin showed good linearity ($R^2$=0.9998) in the concentration range of $1-200{\mu}g/mL$ with 2.4 and $7.2{\mu}g/mL$ of limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for intra- and inter-day precision was less than 3.83%. Recovery was in the range of 91.86-99.87%. We quantitatively analyzed carotenoid contents from 8 different colored paprika (red, orange, yellow, and green). The most abundant carotenoids were capsanthin in red paprika, and zeaxanthin in orange, yellow, and green paprika.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2005

Background: Interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) ${\alpha}$-deficient mice have small numbers of B cells and ${\alpha}{\beta}$T cells in periphery, they totally lack ${\gamma}{\delta}$T cells. In addition, the V-J recombination and transcription of TCR ${\gamma}$ genes is also severely impaired in IL-7R ${\alpha}$-deficient mice. Stat5, a signaling molecule of the IL-7R, induces germline transcription in the TCR ${\gamma}$ locus, and promotes V-J recombination and ${\gamma}{\delta}$T cell development. However, the roles for IL-7R signaling pathway in thymic or extrathymic ${\gamma}{\delta}$T cell development are largely unknown. Methods: To clarify the role of the IL-7 receptor in proliferation and survival of ${\gamma}{\delta}$T cells, we introduced the TCR ${\gamma}{\delta}$ transgene, $V_{{\gamma}2}/V{\delta}_5$, into IL-7R ${\alpha}$-deficient mice, and investigated the development of ${\gamma}{\delta}$T cells. Results: We found that $V_{{\gamma}2}/V{\delta}_5$ transgene restored ${\gamma}{\delta}$T cells in the epithelium of the small intestine (IEL) but not in the thymus and the spleen. Further addition of a bcl-2 transgene resulted in partial recovery of ${\gamma}{\delta}$T cells in the thymus and the spleen of these mice. Conclusion: Taken together, this study revealed that the IL-7R ${\alpha}$ is indispensable for proliferation and survival mainly in thymic ${\gamma}{\delta}$T cell development.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2013

Two digestion trials, one with sheep and another with goats, were conducted to evaluate the long-term bias (LTB) of the indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) internal markers. The study used eight Santa In$\hat{e}$s castrated male sheep (average body weight of 16.6 kg) distributed in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares and eight Saanen castrated male goats (average body weight of 22.6 kg) distributed in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares. The experiments were conducted simultaneously, and the animals were housed in 1.2 $m^2$ individual pens with wood-battened floors equipped with individual feeders and drinkers. The animals received isonitrogenous diets that were offered ad libitum and contained 14% crude protein and 70% sugar cane (with 0, 0.75, 1.5 or 2.25% CaO, in natural matter percentage), corrected with 1% urea and 30% concentrate. The experiment consisted of four experimental periods of 14 d each, with the feed, leftovers and feces sampled on the last four days of each period. The marker concentrations in the feed, leftovers and fecal samples were estimated by an in situ ruminal incubation procedure with a duration 240 h. The relationship between the intake and excretion of the markers was obtained by adjusting a simple linear regression model, independently from the treatment (diets) fixed effects and Latin squares. For both the sheep and goats, a complete recovery of the iDM and iNDF markers was observed (p>0.05), indicating the absence of LTB for these markers. However, the iADF was not completely recovered, exhibiting an LTB of -9.12% (p<0.05) in the sheep evaluation and -3.02% (p<0.05) in the goat evaluation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.397-409
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• 2014

Algal problem in drinking water treatment is being gradually increased by causing deterioration of water supplies therefore, especially taste and odor compounds such as geosmin and 2-MIB occur mainly aesthetic problem by its unpleasant effects resulting in the subsequent onset of complaints from drinking water consumer. Recently, geosmin and 2-MIB are detected frequently at abnormally high concentration level. However, conventional water treatment without advanced water treatment processes such as adsorption and oxidation process, cannot remove these two compounds efficiently. Moreover, it is known that the advanced treatment processes i.e. adsorption and oxidation have also several limits to the removal of geosmin and 2-MIB. Therefore, the purpose of this study was not only to evaluate full scale nanofiltration membrane system with $300m^3/day$ of permeate capacity and 90% of recovery on the removal of geosmin and 2-MIB in spiked natural raw water sources at high feed concentration with a range of approximately 500 to 2,500 ng/L, but also to observe rejection property of the compounds within multi stage NF membrane system. Rejection rate of geosmin and 2-MIB by NF membrane process was 96% that is 4% of passage regardless of the feed water concentration which indicates NF membrane system with an operational values suggested in this research can be employed in drinking water treatment plant to control geosmin and 2-MIB of high concentration. But, according to results of regression analysis in this study it is recommended that feed water concentration of geosmin and 2-MIB would not exceed 220 and 300 ng/L respectively which is not to be perceived in drinking tap water. Also it suggests that the removal rate might be depended on an operating conditions such as feed water characteristics and membrane flux. When each stage of NF membrane system was evaluated relatively higher removal rate was observed at the conditions that is lower flux, higher DOC and TDS, i.e., $2^{nd}$ stage NF membrane systems, possibly due to an interaction mechanisms between compounds and cake layer on the membrane surfaces.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1527-1527
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• 2001

Glucose, fructose and sucrose being the main sugars that can be found in natural fruit juice. Many instrumental methods, such as GC, LC, electrochemical or spectrometric methods provide information about both the total content of sugars and the specific concentration of each carbohydrate[1]. The simplicity of sample handling and measurement in the near IR(NIR) wavelength region, which allows the use of long pathlength, optical glass cells and optical fibers, makes NIR a good alternative for sugar determination [2]. In the present study, six varieties of persian grapes were harvested at intervals through august to october and analysed for sugars by NIR. The results were processed by principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Sample juice was prepared by squeezing through gauze from crashed grape. This solution was treated by zinc ferrocyanide prior to analysis in order to eliminate colored compounds and all optically active nonsugar substances. For glucose and fructose the most characteristic wavelengths were 1456nm corresponding to the first harmonic O-H stretching and the second at 2062nm corresponding to O-H stretching and deformation; secondary characteristic combination bands were also seen at 2265 nm (O-H and C-C stretching) and at 2240 nm (C-H and C-C stretching). However these spectra were taken over a wavelength range from 1100-2500nm at room temperature of 25-$30^{\circ}C$. To test the accuracy of the described procedure, samples of six varieties of grape were analysed by the proposed NIR and a standard method[2]. Good agreement were found between these two sets of the results. To perform the recovery studies , samples of grape juices previously analysed by the proposed method, were spiked with known amounts of each individual sugars and then analysed again. Relative standard deviations varied from 1.4 to 1.8% for six independent measurements of individual and total sugar concentration. In the analysis of real and synthetic samples, precise and accurate results were obtained , providing accuracy errors lower than 1.9% in all cases. Average recoveries of ${97}{\pm}{4%}$ for total sugar and between ${95}{\pm}{5%}$ and ${99}{\pm}{2%}$ for sing1e sugars demonstrate the applicability of the methodology developed to the direct analysis of grape Juice.