• Title/Summary/Keyword: Natural Material

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Material Intensity of Korea's Steel and Iron, Using MIPS Methodology (MIPS를 이용한 국내 철강의 물질집중도(Material Intensity) 연구)

  • Kim, Yu-Jeong;Heo, Eunn-Yeong;Kim, Seong-Yong
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.41 no.5
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    • pp.497-507
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    • 2008
  • This study identified and quantified the hidden flows for steel and iron production in Korea using MIPS (Material Input per Service) methodology. In order to estimate the input orientated impact on the environment caused by the manufacture or services of a product, MIPS indicates the quantity of resources used for this product or service. In 2005, 71 million tons of raw materials were used to produce $17.6 million of added value and 4.8 thousand tons of finished steel. The amount of natural resources extracted from natural environments for the purpose of steel production was 245 million tons of TMR(Total Material Requirement), 1524 million tons of water, and 34 million tons of air. The material intensities for steel production by natural inputs (raw materials and energy) was 4.3 ton/ton of TMR, 28 ton/ton of water, and 0.5 ton/ton of air.

Second-order statistics of natural frequencies of smart laminated composite plates with random material properties

  • Singh, B.N.;Umrao, Atul;Shukla, K.K.;Vyas, N.
    • Smart Structures and Systems
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.19-34
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    • 2008
  • Nowadays developments in the field of laminated composite structures with piezoelectric have attracted significant attention of researchers due to their wide range of applications in engineering such as sensors, actuators, vibration suppression, shape control, noise attenuation and precision positioning. Due to large number of parameters associated with its manufacturing and fabrication, composite structures with piezoelectric display a considerable amount of uncertainty in their material properties. The present work investigates the effect of the uncertainty on the free vibration response of piezoelectric laminated composite plate. The lamina material properties have been modeled as independent random variables for accurate prediction of the system behavior. System equations have been derived using higher order shear deformation theory. A finite element method in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation is employed to obtain the secondorder statistics of the natural frequencies. Typical results are presented for all edges simply supported piezoelectric laminated composite plates to show the influence of scattering in material properties on the second order statistics of the natural frequencies. The results have been compared with those available in literature.

Heat Transfer in Heat Storage System with P.C.M. - Inward Melting in a Vertical Tube (상변화 물질을 사용한 축열조에서의 열전달 - 수직원관에서의 내향용융 실험 -)

  • Shon, H.S.;Hwang, T.I.;Lee, C.M.;Choi, G.G.;Yim, C.S.
    • Solar Energy
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.53-61
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    • 1989
  • In the present investigation, experiments on the melting of a phase change material were performed to research heat transfer phenomena generated by means of conduction and natural convection in the vertical tube at inward melting. The phase change material used in the experiments is 99 percent pure n-Docosane paraffin which is measured melting temperature of $42.5^{\circ}C$, latent heat of 37.5 cal/g, heat conductivity of $0.1505W/m^{\circ}C$. Experiments were performed both in the no-subcooling which is initiating it at melting temperature of phase change material, and in the subcooling which means to initiate it under melting temperature of phase change material, in order to compare and investigate the horizontal temperature history, vertical temperature history, ratio of melting and melted mass, figure of the melting front in the vertical tube. In the experimental results, heat transfer from tube wall to phase change material were due to conduction at early stage and due to natural convection with the passage of time, and then occurred melting downward from surface by volumetric expansion. Natural convection affects temperature distribution in the tube, ratio of melting and melted mass, figure of the melting front and then progress rapidly in case of nosubcooling compared to subcooling.

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A study on naturalism style of fashion-concentrating on the 1990s- (복식의 자연주의 양식에 관한 연구-90년대 현대 복식을 중심으로-)

  • 이경아;전혜정
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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    • v.37
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    • pp.253-273
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    • 1998
  • The culture reflects the ideology of a particular period in time and such values change according to the needs and requests of that time which eventually becomes an important factorin forming the exterior. The clothing is part of a way that composes and expresses the inherent substance of society and culture. Also, the clothing itself manifests the artistic values and behavior of mankind as an external structure maintaining its place as a big part in culture. The purpose of this study are to elucidat the concept of naturalism, which is discussed in many facets in the modern era; I studied the concept as well as the history of naturalism in order to manifest the meaning of clothing in the context of culture and I explained the concept in terms of the modern era. On such ground, I explained the naturalism expressed through clothing and characterized the exter-nal form of clothing. Also, in order to know the stream of naturalism in the modern context, I referred to the Vogue magazine of the 90s, using Delong's ABC method. Naturalism, in the context of modern fashion is a way to express the nostalgia of nature's vi-ability and purity of ecology apart from the artificial and structural appearance that resulted form scientific enhancement and hence, the ecological crisis. Naturalism pursues the soft- ness and comfort of the natural silhouette, color and material of the human body and it can be said that naturalism emphasizes the mix-ture of three substances : human, nature and clothing. The naturalism can be characterized by the factors expressed in clothing as follows. First, the naturalism shown in the form it-self draws the beauty of the bodyline without any reduction nor exaggeration. Without any distorttion of the human bodyline it shown the curve as one moves along, using the soft material. Second, the naturalism shown in color most-ly uses the natural tone with added white color and other color low in intensity and value like the receded colors of the earth that could be compared to the beauty of ecru. Third, the naturalism shown in the material is thin, light and soft in texture. In order to bring out the most natural curve of the human body, the natural fiber becomes the main material, sometimes, using crude materials. Due to the lindustrial improvement, softness and elasticity is added to the natural fibers giving them an important role as materials. Fourth, the naturalism shown in textile depicts the real natural objects in life. According to my study, the personality of naturalism in modern clothing was shown to be most strong in material and then in the order of form, texture and textile. The material com-posed of the natural silhouette and natural fibers were used to make soft color. In form, Paul Poiret made appearance expressing the natural beauty of the human body without the corset ; it continued with the inner lining making the clothing hard but in the 90s, lining-less, extremely exposed clothes and knit wear is used to emphasize the natural beauty of the body. In color and textile, the tendency spok-en above is not as strong but in color, instead of high intensity or value, the usage of neutral colors with added white color or ecru color, ear-th tone is increasing. In textile, the usage of flowers as natural material is seen frequently. As a whole, naturalistic trend in the 90s is increasing and the modern fashion is breaking out from the artificial and architectural form and conforming to a form that can realize the natural beauty of the human body. And the natural color and textile that conforms to such ideas are being used to pursue the human oriented trend that has appeared due to the increase in usage of soft natural fiber. Nowadays, the idea of returning to nature, defying the artificiality, desiring the leisure and psychological abundance that can be explained as naturalistic way of thinking is necessitated in this modern era as long as humans coexist with nature, this tendency will continue in clothing.

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Effects of Capping with Recycled Aggregates and Natural Zeolite on Inhibition of Contaminants Release from Marine Sediment (순환골재와 천연제올라이트 피복에 의한 연안퇴적물 오염물질 용출 차단 효과)

  • Kim, Young-Kee;Shin, Woo-Seok
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.546-551
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    • 2016
  • In this study, capping with recycled aggregate and natural zeolite in marine sediment was performed to investigate its inhibitory effect on pollutants released from sediment to seawater. An experiment was performed by capping with amendments for 60 days, and concentrations of organic matter (COD), nitrate, phosphate and metallic elements (Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, and Cr) were measured. Two capping materials effectively suppressed pollutant release. Recycled aggregate showed better effectiveness for organic pollutant, nitrate and phosphate release. Meanwhile, natural zeolite was effective for metallic elements. As a result, recycled aggregate and natural zeolite can be considered as cost-effective/inexpensive capping material candidates. Also, the capping material can be selected according to the target pollutant.

Study on Cosmeceutical Acitivies of Natural Material (천연소재의 화장품약리활성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Young-Hun;Cho, Woo-A;Lee, Jin-Tae
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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    • v.5 no.3
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    • pp.99-104
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    • 2007
  • The most extensively used synthetic antioxidants are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). However BHT and BRA have been suspented of being responsible for liver damage andcar cinogenesis. Therefore, the importance of the search and exploitation of natural antioxidant, especially of plant origin, has greatly increased in recent years. Plant contain a wide variety of chemicals that have potent biological effects. As a result, there has been a growing interest in the use of herbs as a source of therapeutic drugs. The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant and cosmeceutical of natural materials. The antioxidant and cosmeceutical activity of natural materials were investigated by hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide dismutase (SOD) -like, xanthine oxidase inhibition, tyrosinase inhibition, anti-microbial and astringent.

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Strength Characteristics of Mortar with Lime Composites and Natural Fiber (천연섬유와 석회복합체의 모르터 강도 성상에 관한 연구)

  • Hwang, Hey Zoo;Kim, Tae Hoon;Yang, Jun Hyuk
    • KIEAE Journal
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    • v.10 no.6
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    • pp.153-158
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    • 2010
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the strength characteristics of mortar with lime composites using natural fiber or superplasticizer. Lime composites consist of lime and pozzolan materials. Flow according to adding natural fiber decreased and mortar proportion added cellulose fiber showed a higher strength characterisitics than other natural fiber. but compressive and shear strength in use of superplasticizer is not effective largely. In addition, lime composites, as an environment-friendly material, may help reduse $CO_2$, and save the energy. also this materials can be recycled in environmental aspects. afterwards, further in-depth studies will be necessary for cracks and durability with respect to its wide different applications, in applying it as a construction material.

The nagative carbon electrode properties of hybrid carbon for lithium ion batteries (리튬이온전지용 하이브리드형 탄소의 탄소부극 특성)

  • Yang, Dong-Bok;Park, Yong-Pil
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2004.07b
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    • pp.1199-1202
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    • 2004
  • 리튬이온전지 음극활질용으로 Hybrid of pitch based graphite impregnating natural graphite와 Hybrid of pitch based carbon impregnating natural graphite로 탄소전극을 제작하여 전기화학적인 특성을 연구하였다. Natural graphite에 pitch based graphite나 pitch based carbon의 혼합은 흑연의 이론용량인 372 mAh/g를 초과하는 고용량을 나타내었다. 이것은 극소공동에 리튬종의 삽입과 탈삽입에 의한 것으로 파악된다. 그러나 충 방전이 계속 진행되면서 방전용량이 급격히 저하되는 현상이 관찰되었다. X-선 회절분석 결과로부터 Hybrid of pitch based carbon impregnating natural graphite 탄소전극에는 amorphous carbon이 상대적으로 다량 존재한다는 것을 확인하였고, 이는 리튬의 삽입된 상태의 전위에 분포가 있어 충 방전시에 완만한 전압의 구배를 만들며, 비가역용량을 증가시키는 요인으로 파악되었다.

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Characteristics of Macaroons prepared with Natural Materials and Artificial Food Colorant (천연재료와 합성색소 첨가에 따른 마카롱의 품질 특성)

  • Park, Ok Ja;Park, Mi Hye;Lee, Seung Hwan;Lee, Sun Mee
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.31 no.5
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    • pp.631-639
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of macaroons prepared using natural color materials (Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (Re-N), mulberry leaf (Gr-N), pumpkin (Ye-N), and cocoa powder (Br-N)) and corresponding artificial food colorants (red (Re-A), yellow (Ye-A), green (Gr-A) and brown (Br-A)). The moisture content of macaroons prepared using natural color material was higher compared to the macaroons prepared using artificial food colorant. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was similar in both types of macaroons. Lightness and redness of Re-N, Gr-N, Ye-N, and Br-N macaroons were lower than Re-A, Gr-A, Ye-A and Br-A macaroons. Yellowness of Re-N was higher because of the browning reaction. The texture profile analysis revealed lower hardness when natural color powder was employed. In the sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was not significantly different between natural colored and artificial colored macaroons. As a result, macaroons with the natural color material were softer and showed higher antioxidative activity, however, organoleptic properties were not much different when compared with macaroons with artificial colors. Apparently, it is stated that more studies on the development of macaroons with more enhanced physical functionality and good taste using natural materials should be performed.

Research on Relationship of Bed Material and Channel Characteristics (대표 입경과 하도 특성의 관계 분석)

  • Lee, Du-Han;Son, Min-Woo;Kim, Myoung-Hwan;Kim, Chang-Wan
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2006.05a
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    • pp.613-617
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    • 2006
  • Bed material in natural streams is affected by geological characteristics of upstream and acting focre by flow of stream. Acting force in streams are also affected by bed slope and discharge of streams. Yamamoto(1994) suggested that channel reaches with similar slope share similar characteristics values in representative bed material size, tractive force, channel width and depth. He also suggested that main factors dominating channel characteristics are mean annual discharge, epresentative bed material size and bed slope. Bed material shows physical and ecological characteristics of channels. In this research, characteristics of bed material in natural or close to natural streams were studied and compared with Janpanese stream data. In the result, characteristics of gravel and sand material can be presented in the term of non-dimensional tractive force, bed slope and bed material size.

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