• 산업공학
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.365-377
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• 2008

In this paper, for constructing the Korean Hazard Information System (KHIS), we conceptually design a hazard evaluation process. We first deal with a hazard evaluation process focused on flood hazard to give the most immense damage and loss. The hazard evaluation process is consist of a damage evaluation process and a loss evaluation process, and is used for transforming hazards from natural disasters into economic measures. The proposed process is developed based on the famous FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)'s $HAZAS^{@MH}$methodology. We modify the FEMA's process to be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, that is all losses from the hazards are included into the estimation process but the losses are not duplicated in the process. In addition to this, we define the loss process specifically by considering the characteristics from the hazard environments of Korea. We can expect that KHIS for evaluating economic losses from natural hazards can be developed based on the conceptual design for the economic loss evaluation process, and KHIS can be used as a useful tool for analyzing the feasibilities of mitigation plans in central/local governments.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제23권4_2호
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• pp.569-581
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• 2020

Since the dehydration packages of offshore plant deal directly with oil & gas, there is a great risk of fire and explosion during operation. Therefore, this study performed risk assessment through HAZard & OPerability (HAZOP) for solid desiccant dehydration package that can remove water component of natural gas in offshore floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) production facilities below 0.1 ppmv. The risk matrix was determined by dividing the likelihood and the severity into five levels separately by asset, life, environment and reputation. The piping & instrumentation diagram (P&ID) of the dehydration package was divided into 9 nodes. Total 22 deviations were assessed in consideration of the adsorption and desorption conversion cycle. A risk assessment based on deviations revealed 14 major hazards. Three representative types of hazards were open/close failure of the control valve, control failure of the heater, and abnormal operation of the regeneration gas cooler. Finally, we proposed the installation of additional safety devices to improve safety against these major hazards, such as safety instrumented functions, alarms, etc.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1994년도 교수 연수회(환경)
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• pp.431-438
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• 1994

As currently conducted, standard rodent bioassays do not provide sufficient information to assess carcinogenic risk to humans at doses thousands of times below the maximum tolerated dose. Recent analyses indicate that measures of carcinogenic potency from these tests are restricted to a narrow range about the maximum tolerated dose and that information on shape of the dose-response is limited in experiments with only two doses and a control. Extrapolation from high to low doses should be based on an understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. We have postulated that administration of the maximum tolerated dose can increase mitogenesis which, in turn. increases rates of mutagenesis and, thus, carcinogenesis. The animal data are consistent with this mechanism, because about half of all chemicals tested are indeed rodent carcinogens, and about 40% of the positives are not detectably mutagenic. Thus, at low doses where cell killing does not occur, the hazards to humans of rodent carcinogens may be much lower than commonly assumed. In contrast, for high-dose exposures in the workplace, assessment of hazard requires comparatively little extrapolation. Nevertheless. permitted workplace exposures are sometimes close to the tumorigenic dose-rate in animal tests. Regulatory policy to prevent human cancer has primarily addressed synthetic chemicals, yet similar proportions of natural chemicals and synthetic chemicals test positive in rodent studies as expected from an understanding of toxicological defenses, and the vast proportion of human exposures are to natural chemicals. Thus, human exposures to rodent carcinogens are common. The natural chemicals are the control to evaluate regulatory strategies, and the possible hazards from synthetic chemicals should be compared to the possible hazards from natural chemicals. Qualitative extrapolation of the carcinogenic response between species has been investigated by comparing two closely related species: rats and mice. Overall predictive values provide moderate confidence in interspecies extrapolation; however, knowing that a chemical is positive at any site in one species gives only about a 50% chance that it will be positive at the same site in the other species.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2019

Remote sensing products have long been used to monitor and forecast natural disasters. Satellite-derived rainfall products are becoming more accurate as space and time resolution improve, and are widely used in areas where measurement is difficult because of the periodic accumulation of images in large areas. In the case of North Korea, there is a limit to the estimation of precipitation for unmeasured areas due to the limited accessibility and quality of statistical data. CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations) is global satellite-derived rainfall data of 0.05 degree grid resolution. It has been available since 1981 from USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development), NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). This study evaluates the applicability of CHIRPS rainfall products for South Korea and North Korea by comparing CHIRPS data with ground observation data, and analyzing temporal and spatial drought trends using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), a meteorological drought index available through CHIRPS. The results indicate that the data set performed well in assessing drought years (1994, 2000, 2015 and 2017). Overall, this study concludes that CHIRPS is a valuable tool for using data to estimate precipitation and drought monitoring in Korea.

• 기술사
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.30-33
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• 2009

Great concerns on geotechnical risk & hazard assessment have increased due to human and economic damage by natural disasters with recent global climate changes. In this paper, geotechnical problems in particular, landslide which is interested in European countries and North America, were mainly discussed. For these, 18 key topics on geotechnical risk and hazards which had been discussed at the LARAM 2008 workshop in Italy were analyzed after grouping by subjects. Main topic contents consisted of applications such as field measurement, early warning systems, uncertainty analysis of parameters using radar, optical data and statistical theory and so on.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제3권2_3호
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• pp.123-144
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• 2006

Reinforced concrete corbels are structural elements widely used in practical engineering. The complex response of these elements is described in design codes in a simplified manner. These formulations are not sufficient to show the real behavior, which, however, is an essential prerequisite for the manufacturing of numerous elements. Therefore, a deterministic and probabilistic study has been performed, which is described in this contribution. Real complex structures have been modeled by means of the finite element method supported primarily by experimental works. The main objective of this study was the detection of uncertainties effects and safety margins not captured by traditional codes. This aim could be fulfilled by statistical considerations applied to the investigated structures. The probabilistic study is based on advanced Monte Carlo simulation techniques and sophisticated nonlinear finite element formulations.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제83권2호
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• pp.179-193
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• 2022

The shear behaviour of reinforced concrete members has been studied over the past decades by various researchers, and it can be simulated by analysing shear panel elements which has been regarded as a basic element of reinforced concrete members subjected to in-plane biaxial stresses. Despite various experimental studies on shear panel element which have been conducted so far, there are still a lot of uncertainties related to what influencing factors govern the shear behaviour and affect failure mechanism in reinforced concrete members. To identify the uncertainties, a finite element analysis can be used, which enables to investigate the impact of specific variables such as the reinforcement ratio, the shear retention factor, and the material characteristics including aggregate interlock, tension stiffening, compressive softening, and shear behaviour at the crack surface. In this study, a non-linear probabilistic analysis was conducted on reinforced concrete panels using a finite element method optimized for reinforced concrete members and advanced sampling techniques so that probabilistic analysis can be performed effectively. Consequently, this study figures out what analysis methodology and input parameters have the most influence on shear behaviour of reinforced concrete panels.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.79-105
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• 2014

Natech위험은 자연적 위해요소(natural hazards)로 인해 발생하는 산업사고 또는 기술재난을 의미한다. 유럽, 미국 등 서구 국가들에서는 1990년대 중반부터 Natech위험에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되어 왔으며, 특히 2011년 동일본 대지진으로 인한 후쿠시마 원자력발전소 사고 이후, 이와 같은 자연 기술 복합재난에 대한 정책적, 학문적 관심이 높아지고 있다. 초기 Natech위험에 대한 연구가 원인인 자연재해의 유형과 발생확률, 결과로 유출되는 유해물질의 종류 및 위험성 등에 대한 공학적 접근이 주를 이루었던 반면, 최근의 연구는 효과적인 관리방안을 모색하기 위한 접근으로 확대되고 있다. 특히 기존의 재난관리와 비교했을 때 차별화되는 Natech재난의 특징들을 중심으로, 불확실성의 문제, 전문 분야 간 통합적 관리의 문제, 책임 소재의 문제 등이 주요 쟁점으로 부각되고 있다. 우리나라의 경우, Natech위험의 개념조차 제대로 소개되지 않았을 뿐 아니라, 복합재난에 대한 학문적, 정책적 논의 역시 부족한 실정이다. 최근의 후쿠시마 원전사고와 유해화학물질 사고 등으로 인해, 원자력 및 화학물질관리 분야의 안전 제고를 위한 정책적 개선이 이루어지고는 있으나, 자연재해 발생 시의 Natech위험 발생에 대해서는 정책적 방안이 여전히 미흡하며, 향후 다양한 정책적, 학문적 교류와 논의를 통해, Natech위험에 대한 사회적 인식 제고 및 연구 활성화가 필요하다.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.85-98
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 고려시대의 천문 기상 기후 현상을 담고 있는 고려사(高麗史)에 기록된 한국 중세(A.D. 936~1391)의 가뭄, 홍수, 상해 등의 자연재해와 흉년, 역질, 반란 등의 사회불안 현상과의 관련성을 비교 분석하였다. 고려시대의 여러 자연재해 중 가뭄은 4~5년에 최소 1회 이상 역사서에 기록되어 있다. 삼국시대 자료를 포함한 고대와 중세 기간 중 대략 AD 286~335년, AD 786~835년, AD 1261~1320년 경에 가뭄의 발생빈도가 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 고대와 중세 1,500년간의 가뭄 현상은 세 번의 주기가 인정되며, 대략 500년의 시간 간격으로 발생하였다. 고려 말기에 증가한 가뭄 발생빈도는 사회 혼란 요소로 볼 수 있는 흉년과 반란이 자주 발생한 것과 일치한다. 이러한 기록들로 볼 때, 가뭄과 같은 자연재해는 농업 중심 국가였던 고려의 멸망에 영향을 주었을 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2002년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.467-474
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• 2002

Semiactive control systems have received considerable attention for protecting structures against natural hazards such as strong earthquakes and high winds, because they not only offer the reliability of passive control systems but also maintain the versatility and adaptability of fully active control systems. Among the many semiactive control devices, magnetorheological (MR) fluid dampers comprise one particularly promising class. In the field of civil engineering, much research and development on MR fluid damper-based control systems has been conducted since B. F. Spencer first introduced this unique semiactive device to civil engineering applications in mid 1990s. In 2001, MR fluid dampers were applied to the full-scale in-service civil engineering structures for the first time. This state-of-the-art paper includes a detailed literature review of control algorithms considering the characteristics of fm fluid dampers. This review provides references to semiactive control systems using MR fluid dampers. The MR fluid damper-based semiactive control systems are shown to have the potential for mitigating the responses of full-scale civil engineering structures under natural hazards.