• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2003

A feeding trial was carried out to Investigate the effect of lipid level and herb mixture in the diets on growth of juvenile parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Two plicate groups of fish averaging 4.5 g were fed four experimental diets containing herb mixture (0 and 5 g/kg diet) at each of two lipid levels $(8\%\;and\;16\%)$ for 8 months from summer to spring (water temperature, $7.2-25.4^{\circ}C)$. Weight gain improved with increasing dietary lipid level or supplementation of herb mixture during the first 4 months feeding period. Weight gain of fish fed the diet containing $16\%$ lipid level was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fish fed the diet containing $8\%$ lipid level. Weight gain of fish fed the diet with herb mixture was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fish fed the diet without herb at the $16\%$ lipid level. Feed efficiency was influenced by dietary lipid level or herb mixture during the first 4 months. On the other hand, weight gain and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary lipid level and herb mixture after 4 months until end of feeing period. Survival of fish fed the diet containing $8\%$ lipid without supplementation of herb mixture was the lowest among the groups (P<0.05). Lipid contents of liver and viscera tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid level during the first 4 months feeding period, however muscle lipid content was not influenced by dietary lipid and herb. Total cholesterol of serum was influenced by dietary lipid level during the first 4 months feeding period. These results indicate that an increase of dietary lipid level from $8\%\;to\;16\%$ and supplementation of herb mixture can improve growth performance of juvenile parrot fish when water temperature is optimum for growth such as the summer season in Korea.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2013

This study collected national secondary and tertiary nationwide natural environment survey data of the National Institute of Environmental Research as well as the National Park's secondary and tertiary natural resource research data executed by the Korea National Park Service. The data collection is aimed at reclassification the geomorphological landscape resources of each park in varying types. The results generated a total of 3,169 geomorphological landscape resources within all the national parks. Among all the geomorphological landscape resources, 794 landscape resources were judged as Level I, which accounts for 36.9%. Next, 546 landscape resources were judged as Level II, or 25.3%, and 459 landscape resources judged as Level III, or 21.3%. Lastly, 191 landscape resources were judged as Level IV, having the lowest conservation level, or 8.9%. The number of Level I landscape resources for each national park includes 207 sites on Seoraksan, 92 sites on Dadohaehaesang Park, 84 sites on Jirisan, and 60 sites at the Taeanhaean, respectively. Dadohaehaesang National Park, Seoraksan National Park, Taeanhaean National Park, Jirisan National Park, Songnisan National Park, and Gyeryongsan National Park were evaluated as national parks having excellent landscape resources. To use these excellent landscape resources, there is a need to increase visitors' satisfaction and increase their interest in and understanding of landscape resources. To achieve this, a landscape viewpoint map must be composed and installed at the entrance or at certain points to provide visitors with useful information regarding the geomorphological landscape resources.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.83-89
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• 2022

This study analyzed the effect of bank loans on housing prices, classified bank loans into bank total loans, household loans, and real estate mortgage loans, and analyzed housing prices by dividing them into national-level, regional-level, and Seoul-level housing prices. The main analysis results are as follows. First, it was found that the increase in total bank loans significantly increased housing prices across the national-level, regional-level and Seoul-level. Second, it was found that household loans had a positive effect on regional-level housing prices, but were not statistically significant. In addition, the effect of bank loans on regional-level housing prices was found to be relatively small compared to the effect on national-level housing prices. Third, it was found that there was a difference in the effect of bank loans on regional-level housing prices and Seoul-level housing prices. Fourth, inflation and bank total loans had a significant positive effect on regional-level housing prices with a lag in the first quarter, and short-term interest rates had a significant negative effect on Seoul-level housing prices with a lag in the first quarter. Overall, it was found that the effect of bank loans on housing prices had a positive effect about twice that of Seoul-level rather than regional-level.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2008

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with increased risks of many diseases including cancer. Individuals who regularly consume excessive quantities of alcohol have a greater risk of developing head and neck cancers such as esophageal, pharyngeal and oral cavity cancers if they are deficient in ALDH2 expression compared to normal populations. We evaluated lipid peroxidation in Aldh2 +/+ and Aldh2 -/- mice after they had been subjected to acute ethanol exposure. Malondialdehyde(MDA) level in liver tissue was evaluated as a biomarker of oxidative lipid peroxidation. Although the ethanol treatment did not increase the hepatic MDA level both in Aldh2 +/+ mice and in Aldh2 -/- mice, the MDA level was significant higher in the Aldh2 -/- mice than in the Aldh2 +/+ group. The MDA level was also significantly correlated with olive tail moment in blood and the level of 8-OHdG in liver tissue. This is a strong evidence to support our hypothesis that oxidative stress is more intense in Aldh2 -/- mice than in Aldh2 +/+ mice. Our results suggest that ALDH2-deficient individuals may be more susceptible than wild-type ALDH2 individuals to ethanol-mediated liver disease, including cancer.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2012

Objectives: While there have been many quantitative studies on the public's attitude towards mental illnesses, it is hard to find quantitative study which focused on the contextual effect on the public's attitude. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect the public's beliefs and attitudes including contextual effects. Methods: We analyzed survey on the public's beliefs and attitudes towards mental illness in Korea with multi-level analysis. We analyzed the public's beliefs and attitudes in terms of prejudice as an intermediate outcome and social distance as a final outcome. Then, we focused on the associations of factors, which were individual and regional socioeconomic factors, familiarity, and knowledge based on the comparison of the intermediate and final outcomes. Results: Prejudice was not explained by regional variables but was only correlated with individual factors. Prejudice increased with age and decreased by high education level. However, social distance controlling for prejudice increased in females, in people with a high education level, and in regions with a high education level and a high proportion of the old. Therefore, social distance without controlling for prejudice increased in females, in the elderly, in highly educated people, and in regions with a high education and aged community. Conclusions: The result of the multi-level analysis for the regional variables suggests that social distance for mental illness are not only determined by individual factors but also influenced by the surroundings so that it could be tackled sufficiently with appropriate considering of the relevant regional context with individual characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.496-500
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• 2013

Objective : To evaluate the successful fusion rate in postmenopausal women with single-level anterior cervical discectomy and successful fusion (ACDF) and identify the significant factors related to bone successful fusion in pre- and postmenopausal women. Methods : From July 2004 to December 2010, 108 consecutive patients who underwent single-level ACDF were prospectively selected as candidates. Among these, the charts and radiological data of 39 women were reviewed retrospectively. These 39 women were divided into two groups : a premenopausal group (n=11) and a postmenopausal group (n=28). To evaluate the significant factors affecting the successful fusion rate, the following were analyzed : the presence of successful fusion, successful fusion type, age, operated level, bone mineral density, graft materials, stand-alone cage or plating with autologous iliac bone, subsidence, adjacent segment degeneration, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and renal disease. Results : The successful fusion rates of the pre- and postmenopausal groups were 90.9% and 89.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the successful fusion rate or successful fusion type between the two groups. In the postmenopausal group, three patients (10.8%) had successful fusion failure. In the postmenopausal group, age and subsidence significantly affected the successful fusion rate (p=0.016 and 0.011, respectively), and the incidence of subsidence in patients with a cage was higher than that in patients with a plate (p=0.030). Conclusion : Menopausal status did not significantly affect bone successful fusion in patients with single-level ACDF. However, in older women with single-level ACDF, the combination of use of a cage and subsidence may unfavorably affect successful fusion.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of master cast fabricated by using different impression methods at the different impression levels. Material and Method: The master model used in this study was resin block having low implant analogs. Impression method studied were 1) direct method on future level (Group FIX-D), 2) Indirect method on fixture level(Group FIX-I), 3) Modified indirect method on fixture level(Group FD(-M), 4) Direct method on abutment level(Group AB-D) and 5) Indirect method on abutment level(Group AB-I). Each of the five groups took 10 impressions. Fifty impressions were made for master cast by using Impregum $F^(R)$ impression material loaded on individual tray. Three dimensional measuring microscope was used to measure the inter-implant distance. Error rate of each inter-implant distance were calculated and evaluated. Results: The results were as follows. 1. Group FIX exhibited higher accuracy than group AB. 2 In group FIX, modified indirect method showed the highest accuracy, while indirect method showed the lowest accuracy. In group Ab, indirect method showed the higher accuracy than direct method. 3. Group FIX showed larger horizontal error than group AB. But, group AB showed the larger vertical error than group FIX. 4. Group Fix-M showed smallest vertical and horizontal error.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.237-246
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• 2021

Background: Pembrolizumab, an anti-cancer drug, is known to increase the activity of the immune system, leading to side effects called immune-related adverse events (irAE), including type 1 diabetes. This study analyzed the correlation between blood glucose level and pembrolizumab administration and investigated the covariates that affect those changes in cancer treatment. Methods: The information of 133 adult cancer patients was obtained from the electronic medical record (EMR) to identify the changes in random blood glucose (RBG) levels during the pembrolizumab treatment. Subjects were classified into subgroups according to their baseline RBG level, history of diabetes, and the use of steroids, and linear regression analysis was conducted. In addition, a secondary analysis was performed within the group of subjects having a strong correlation to glycemic change, which was based on the Pearson correlation coefficient being less than -0.7 or greater than +0.7. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to identify the risk factors to glycemic increase. Results: The RBG level tended to descend without significant differences in total patients during the administration period of pembrolizumab. Despite the insignificance, the logistic regression analysis presents that the odds ratios of baseline RBG less than 130 mg/dL, prophylactic steroid use, and higher dose of pembrolizumab per cycle (mg/kg/cycle) were greater than 1. Conclusions: Prophylactic administration of steroids and a higher dose of pembrolizumab per cycle may increase the blood glucose level as irAE in cancer patients with a strong tendency to glycemic change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2016

Urban development and population increases are continuously progressed in the coastal areas in Korea, thus it is expected that vulnerability towards coastal disasters by sea level rise (SLR) would be accelerated. This study investigated trend of the sea level data using Mann-Kendall (MK) test, and the results showed that the increasing trends of annual average sea level at 17 locations were statistically significant. For annual maximum extremes, seven locations exhibited statistically significant trends. In this study, non-stationary frequency analysis for the annual extreme data together with average sea level data as a covariate was performed. Non-stationary frequency analysis results showed that sea level at the coastal areas of Korean Peninsula would be increased from a minimum of 60.33 mm to a maximum of 214.90 mm by 2100.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.244-248
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to radiographically evaluate marginal bony changes in relation to different vertical positions of dental implants. Methods: Two hundred implants placed in 107 patients were examined. The implants were classified by the vertical positions of the fixture-abutment connection (microgap): 'bone level,' 'above bone level,' or 'below bone level.' Marginal bone levels were examined in the radiographs taken immediately after fixture insertion, immediately after second-stage surgery, 6 months after prosthesis insertion, and 1 year after prosthesis insertion. Radiographic evaluation was carried out by measuring the distance between the microgap and the most coronal bone-to-implant contact (BIC). Results: Immediately after fixture insertion, the distance between the microgap and most coronal BIC was $0.06{\pm}0.68\;mm$; at second surgery, $0.43{\pm}0.83\;mm$; 6 months after loading, $1.36{\pm}0.56\;mm$; and 1 year after loading, $1.53{\pm}0.51\;mm$ ($mean{\pm}SD$). All bony changes were statistically significant but the difference between the second surgery and the 6-month loading was greater than between other periods. In the 'below bone level' group, the marginal bony change between fixture insertion and 1 year after loading was about 2.25 mm, and in the 'bone level' group, 1.47 mm, and in 'above bone level' group, 0.89 mm. Therefore, the marginal bony change was smaller than other groups in the 'above bone level' group and larger than other groups in the 'below bone level' group. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that marginal bony changes occur during the early phase of healing after implant placement. These changes are dependent on the vertical positions of implants.