• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2015

The frequency of diagnostic radiation examinations in medical institutions has recently increased to 220 million cases in 2011, and the annual exposure dose per capita was 1.4 mSv, 51% and 35% respectively, compared to those in 2007. The number of chest radiography was found to be 27.59% of them, the highest frequency of normal radiography. In this study, we developed a shielding device to minimize radiation exposure by shielding areas of the body which are unnecessary for image interpretation, during the chest radiography. And in order to verify its usefulness, we also measured the difference in entrance surface dose (ESD) and the absorbed dose, before and after using the device, by using an international standard pediatric (10 years) phantom and a glass dosimeter. In addition, we calculated the effective dose by using a Monte Carlo simulation-based program (PCXMC 2.0.1) and evaluated the reduction ratio indirectly by comparing lifetime attributable risk of cancer incidence (LAR). When using the protective device, the ESD decreased by 86.36% on average, nasal cavity $0.55{\mu}Sv$ (74.06%), thyroid $1.43{\mu}Sv$ (95.15%), oesophagus $6.35{\mu}Sv$ (78.42%) respectively, and the depth dose decreased by 72.30% on average, the cervical spine(upper spine) $1.23{\mu}Sv$ (89.73%), salivary gland $0.5{\mu}Sv$ (92.31%), oesophagus $3.85{\mu}Sv$ (59.39%), thyroid $2.02{\mu}Sv$ (73.53%), thoracic vertebrae(middle spine) $5.68{\mu}Sv$ (54.01%) respectively, so that we could verify the usefulness of the shielding mechanism. In addition, the effective dose decreased by 11.76% from $8.33{\mu}Sv$ to $7.35{\mu}Sv$ before and after wearing the device, and in LAR assessment, we found that thyroid cancer decreased to male 0.14 people (95.12%) and female 0.77 people (95.16%) per one million 10-year old children, and general cancers decreased to male 0.14 people (11.70%) and female 0.25 people (11.70%). Although diagnostic radiation examinations are necessary for healthcare such as the treatment of diseases, based on the ALARA concept, we should strive to optimize medical radiation by using this shielding device actively in the areas of the body unnecessary for the diagnosis.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

In this study, we carried out an experiment for estimation the larval digestibility in aspects which digestive enzymatic activities and nutrition of the rotifers, Brachionus rotundiformis. Thus we enhanced the digestive enzymatic activity through the addition of starch for the increase of digestibility of rotifer (starch-rotifer), and compared with the feed efficiency through rearing of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus used rotifer lipid-enriched with Algamac $2000^{(R)}$ (CE-rotifer). The digestive enzyme activities (except for TG-lipase), total protein contents, total essential amino acid, essential amino acids (methionin and phenylalanine) of starch-rotifer (the rotifer used a starch as additive, and enriched not) was assayed significantly higher than CE-rotifer (P<0.05). And total lipid, lipid classes (except for sterol) and fatty acids as DHA and EPA showed higher in CE-rotifer than starch-rotifer (P<0.05). But, sterol contents and ST/TG ratio were shown significantly higher in starch-rotifer (P<0.05). The flounder larvae supplied the two rotifers showed standard length and body weight that not significantly differed with ranges $3.72{\sim}3.79\;mm$ and $32.9{\sim}37.8\;mg$/larva on 6 days after hatching (DAH), respectively (P>0.05). However, these of 12 DAH showed the values of significantly higher to $5.94{\pm}0.249\;mm$, $144.0{\pm}23.86\;mg$/larva and $26.2{\pm}12.13%$ in standard length, body weight and survival in CE-flounder than that of starch-flounder (P<0.05). The hydrolytic enzymatic activities of flounder larvae severally supplied the two rotifers showed the significantly higher activities in acidic -amylase, neutral -amylase, TG-lipase, lysozyme and acidic phosphatase in starch-flounder on 5 DAH (P<0.05). But neutral $\alpha$-amylase, three proteases and two phosphatases of CE-flounder on 11 DAH showed the significantly higher activities than that of starch-flounder (P<0.05). Therefore, for the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus larvae just depleted yolk was more beneficial to supply the feed, rotifer, enhanced the digestibility than to supply the feed lipid-enriched for aspect of larval digestibility up to 6 DAH, thereafter nutrition of absorption due to the development of digestive organs suggested that enrichment effect appeared with larval somatic growth. Consequently, investigation more detailed about the larval digestive physiological and nutritional requirement variations after 6 DAH will be necessary, thereafter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.470-486
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• 1995

Mammary epithelial cells contain a subpopulation of cells with a large proliferativ potential which are responsible for the maintenance of glandular cellularity and are the progenitor cells of mammary cancer. These clonogens give rise to multicellular clonal alveolar or ductal units(AU or DU) on transplantation and hormonal stimulation. To isolate putative mammary clonogens, enzymatically monodispersed rat mammary epithelial cells from organoid cultures and from intact glands are sorted by flow cytometry according to their affinity for FITC labeled peanut lectin(PNA) and PE labeled anti-Thy-1.1 antibody(Thy-1.1) into four subpopulations : cells negative to both PNA and Thy-1.1(B-), PNA+cells, Thy-1.1+cells, and cells positive to both reagents(B+). The in vivo transplantation assays indicate that the clonogenic fractions of PNA+cells from out-growths of organoids in primary cultures for three days in complete hormone medium(CHM) are significantly higher than those of cells from other subpopulations derived from cultrues or from intact glands. Extracellular matrix(ECM) is a complex of several proteins that regulated cell function ; its role in cell growth and differentiation and tissue-specific gene expression. It can act as a positive as well as a negative regulator of cellular differentiation depending on the cell type and the genes studied. Regulation by ECM is closely interrelated with the action of other regulators of cellular function, such as growth factors and hormones. Matrigel supports the growth and development of several different multicellular colonies from mammary organoids and from monodispersed epithelial cells in culture. Several types of colonies are observed including stellate colonies, duct-like structures, two- and three-dimensional web structures, squamous organoids, and lobulo-duct colonies. Organoids have the greatest proliferative potential and formation of multi-cellular structures. Phase contrast micrographs demonstrate extensive intracellular lipid accumulation within the web structures and some of duct-like colonies. At the immunocytochemical and electron micrograph level, casein proteins are predominantly localized near the apical surface of the cells or in the lumen of duct-like or lobulo-duct colonies. Squamous colonies are comprised of several layers of squamous epithelium surrounding keratin pearls as is typical fo squamous metaplasia(SM). All-trans retinoic acid(RA) inhibits the growth of SM. The frequency of lobulo-ductal colony formation increased with the augmentation of RA concentration in these culture conditions. The current study models could provide powerful tools not only for understanding cell growth and differentiation of epithelial cells, but also for the isolation and characterization of mammary clonogenic stem cells.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.17-36
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop health belief model based various milk education program as print education media and apply to elementary, middle, and high schools. The subjects were 432 students(124 elementary, 122 middle, 186 high school students). We designed one group pretest-posttest study model. The data were obtained from pre and post-study with self-administered questionnaires. Before applying this education program, we evaluated the degree of awareness on milk. Their awareness on milk was very low, 35.5% lower elementary, 32.7% higher elementary, 52.5% middle, and 54.3% high school students were answered they don't know the milk well. After they had implemented milk education program, their recognition on milk had changed that milk is nutritious as supplementary food. And their reasons for drinking milk were also changed that 'they want to eat it' in elementary school students, 'they want to be healthier' in middle school students, and 'they want to be taller' in high school students. Their nutrition knowledge score showed a significant increase(p<0.05). As a results. milk nutrition education has improved nutrition knowledge and recognition on milk in elementary, middle, and high school students. To improve their milk eating behaviors, nutrition education programs will have to be continued.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to specify the prior eco-preserve zone by establishing the eco-landscape unit on the stream corridor and evaluating the stream ecosystem in the dam basin. The fundamental ecological data was surveyed and collected through "the ecosystem project on Yongdam multipurpose dam watershed" from 2008 to 2009. The Yongdam Dam Watershed has several streams, Jujacheon, Jeongjacheon and Guryangcheon, of which the area is $930km^2$, stretching to Jinangun, Jangsugun and Mujugun Jellabukdo. In spite of being used for drinking purpose, the dam water quality and ecosystem is threatened by in-watershed pollution produced by development, golf course grounds and sports complex, etc. The landscape unit of stream corridor was zoned across by 250m, 500m, and 750m from the vicinity line of stream, which was decided to the accuracy of mapping and surveying. Types of evaluation are the Stream Corridor Evaluation(SCE) and the Vegetated Area Evaluation(VAE). In the process of SCE, several indices were analysed, fish species diversity, species peculiarity, and stream naturality. Indices for VAE were forest stand map, vegetation protection grade, species diversity and peculiarity for wild bird and mammal life. The importance of the ecological items is categorized into three levels and overlapped for specifying the prior preserve zone. The area at which legally protecting species appeared is categorized as absolute preserve area. This study might be meaningful for proposing the evaluation process of a stream corridor ecosystem, which can synthesize a lot of individual ecological surveys. We hope further research will be actively performed about the ecotope mapping which is based on a individual wildlife territory and habitats and also their relationships.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.387-394
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• 2017

Temperature-dependent oviposition model and life table parameters of Paromius exiguus (Distant), the causal agent of 'pecky' rice grain were examined at eight constant temperatures (17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, and $35{\pm}^{\circ}C$) and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Unit functions of the oviposition model were developed and life table parameters were estimated. The longevity of P. exiguus adults decreased with increasing temperature (123.8 days at $17.5^{\circ}C$ and 23.6 days at $32.5^{\circ}C$). Total fecundity was highest at $30^{\circ}C$ (585.2 eggs/female) and lowest at $17.5^{\circ}C$ (21.5 eggs/female). In order to develop a temperature-dependent oviposition model, adult aging-rate, temperature-dependent fecundity, age-specific survival rate, and age-specific cumulative oviposition rate equations were estimated. All unit equations ($r^2=0.92{\sim}0.98$) except for the temperature-dependent fecundity equation ($r^2=0.83{\sim}0.85$), described oviposition characteristics of P. exiguus adequately. Life table parameters of P. exiguus were estimated at various constant temperatures. Net reproduction rate ($R_0$) was highest at $30^{\circ}C$ (118.21). Mean generation time (T) was shortest at $32.5^{\circ}C$ (32.99 days) and doubling time (Dt) was shortest at $30^{\circ}C$ (5.69 days). The highest values of intrinsic rate of increase ($r_m$) and finite rate of increase (${\lambda}$) were 0.122 and 1.129 at $30^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.130-140
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• 2020

This study was conducted in order to closely examine about optimum shading for superior seedling production a container seedling of Tetradium daniellii, which is being increased the demand for a seedling due to being used for alternative energy, ecological restoration and honey plant. The experiment of investigating the optimum shading on T. daniellii was carried out by using plastic container types (350 ml/cavity) for the forestry facility cultivation. The shading level was treated with full sunlight and with 35%, 55%, 75% of the full sunlight. As a result of having surveyed height and root collar diameter growth of a containerized seedling in T. daniellii, a case of the shading experiment showed a noticeably high value was indicated in the full sunlight. It was surveyed that the stronger shading level leads to the lower growth value. Root development was most active in full sunlight. Dry matter production, it was investigated to be the highest in full sunlight. It was surveyed to be the similar tendency to the outcome of height and root collar diameter growth. QI, which is index of showing the quality of a seedling, stood at 0.98 in full sunlight, thereby having been investigated to be the highest. As for the chlorophyll content in a seedling, the highest chlorophyll content was indicated in the 75% shading treatment with the relatively highest shading level. The photosynthetic rate and the water use efficiency were surveyed to be the highest in full sunlight with 8.48 μmolCO₂·m^-2s^-1, 1.40 μmolCO₂·mmolm^-1H₂O, respectively. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, optimum shading level for superior seedling production a container seedling of T. daniellii is determined in full sunlight (0%). It is expected that this will be used as a basic data for mass production.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.73-103
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• 2008

Over the past few years, "business models" has surged into the management vocabulary. But, while it has become quite fashionable to discuss business models, there has been still much confusion about what are business models and how they could make. In fact, business models can serve a positive and powerful role in corporate management. While other authors have recently offered definitions of "business model", none of them appears to be generally accepted. This paper presents the absence of the generally definition of the business models, elements of business model and classify business logic. To help start-up entrepreneurs better understand, found and check business models thus, this paper propose a method of business model, understanding, founding and checking. The dissertation will present an effective business model building method which is necessary for the start-up entrepreneurs to start business. This paper consists of three parts. first is showing the previous study of business model. The second is the re-definition business model and elements based on the first and to present a new method of business model plating and checking for start-up IT (information technology) company's entrepreneurs. The last is application of the methode. This study applied the methode to a company which is located in "DAEDEOK INNOPOLIS"; this company has specialized Information technology.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.544-548
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various heat treatments on the microbial reduction and germination of red radish seeds for the development of effective and economical sterilization methods of improving microbial safety without reducting the germination rate. Hydrothermal treatment was conducted at 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, and $90^{\circ}C$ for 30 and 60 seconds, and dry heat treatment was performed at 70, 80, 90, and $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes. In the seeds that underwent the hydrothermal treatment, time had little effect on the microbial reduction. There was no significant microbial reduction over time. However, there was significant microbial reduction as temperatures increased (p<0.001). The total plate count (TPC) was reduced by more than 3 logs, and Listeria monocytogenes was not detected at temperatures above $70^{\circ}C$. In the seeds that were subjected to the dry heat treatment, the TPC and the population of the L. monocytogenes were significantly reduced as the temperatures increased (p<0.001). After treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes, the TPC and the L. monocytogenes were reduced by 3 logs. As with the microbial reduction, time had little effect on the germination. There were no significant changes in the germination after the hydrothermal treatment over time; but at the temperatures above $75^{\circ}C$, the germination rate significantly decreased as the temperature increased (p<0.001). When the seeds were soaked after the hydrothermal treatment, their germination was stimulated. The dry heat treatment at temperatures of $80^{\circ}C$ and higher significantly decreased the germination rate as the temperature increased (p<0.001). Dry heat treatment before the germination of the seeds soaked in distilled water for three hours significantly decreased the germination at temperatures greater than $90^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). This study showed that appropriate heat treatments can increase the microbiological safety and germination of red radish seeds.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.421-426
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• 2008

In older to prepare functional food materials from Acanthopanax koreanum, changes of major constituents by extracting with water and ethanol were investigated Extracting 300 g of below 0.5 cm size dried sample in 7.5 L of water or $30{\sim}95%$ ethanol for 9 hr at $100^{\circ}C$ were carried out pH during extraction was between 4.0 and 6.5. Color b-value of extracts was increased according to lower ethanol concentration and longer extraction time. Color a-value and b-value was increased more in stem than in root Extracts were increased rapidly within $2{\sim}3\;hr$. The extract in $30{\sim}70%$ ethanol was $0.84{\sim}1.34%(w/v)$ with root Main free sugar of extracts was sucrose in root. The eleutherosides were extracted rapidly within 3 hr, moreover were increased in water or $30{\sim}70%$ ethanol more than 95% ethanol concentration. Extraction of acanthoic acid from root was more affected on ethanol concentration than extracted time, moreover it was detected only trace by extracting with water. Furthermore, acanthoic acid was extracted rapidly within 2 hr in $50{\sim}70%$ ethanol, and was extracted 3 times higher with 70% ethanol than with 30% ethanol. The content of acanthoic acid in residue after extraction was affected largely by extraction solvents. The extraction efficiency in 70, 50 and 35% of ethanol concentration was about 95, 90 and 35% respectively. The eleutherosides were extracted to 95% with water or nature of water and ethanol. Therefore, the reflux extraction in $40{\sim}70%$ ethanol concentration for $3{\sim}5\;hr$ was adequate for extraction of functional materials from Acanthopanax koreanum.