• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2011

Purpose: Deficiencies of the abdominal wall can be the a result of infection, surgery, trauma, or primary herniation. For abdominal wall reconstruction, synthetic materials have been shown to provide a better long-term success rate than primary fascial repair. But, synthetic materials cannot elicit angiogenesis or produce growth factor and are therefore plagued by an inability to clear infection. As a result of the inherent drawbacks of synthetic, significant effort has been spent on the identification of new bioprosthetic materials. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a synthetic material (PROCEED$^{(R)}$) and an ADM ($SureDerm^{TM}$) to repair abdominal wall defects in a rabbit models. Methods: We measured the tensile strength of the $SureDerm^{TM}$ and PROCEED$^{(R)}$ by a Tension meter (Instron 4482). 16 Rabbit models were assigned to this study for abdominal wall reconstruction. Abdominal defect of 8 rabbits were reconstructed by PROCEED$^{(R)}$ and the rest were reconstructed by $SureDerm^{TM}$. We assessed gross and histologic examinations for the reconstructed abdominal wall. Results: The tensile strength of $SureDerm^{TM}$ and Gore Tex$^{(R)}$ is $14.64{\pm}0.51Mpa$, $8.54{\pm}0.45Mpa$. PROCEED$^{(R)}$ was estimated above the limits of measurement. Inflammatory reaction of PROCEED$^{(R)}$ persisted for 32weeks, but $SureDerm^{TM}$ decreased after 16weeks. Vascular ingrowth into the $SureDerm^{TM}$ was seen after 32 weeks. The basement membrane of $SureDerm^{TM}$ changed into a form of pseudoperitoneum. In PROCEED$^{(R)}$, it seemed like pseudoepithelial lining was made from the fibrosis around the mesh. Conclusion: In our study, the $SureDerm^{TM}$ not only have less inflammatory reaction and presented more angiogenesis than the PROCEED$^{(R)}$, but also have pseudoperitoneum formation. It is expected that $SureDerm^{TM}$ is useful for abdominal wall reconstruction. However, a long-term study of its usage consequences are thought to be needed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.131-134
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• 2011

Purpose: Stem cells continue to receive research attention in the clinical fields, and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been shown to be a good source raw material. Many plastic surgeons are researching the ADSC adipogenesis with a view of conducting clinical trials, and many attempts have been made to identify the factors that promote the adipogenesis of ADSCs, but comparatively few correlation studies have been undertaken to explore the relation between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ADSC adipogenesis. We undertook this study is to investigate the effects of ROS on ADSC adipogenesis. Methods: ADSCs were isolated and cultured from abdominal adipose tissue, and cultured in different media; 1) DMEM(control), 2) adipogenesis induction culture medium, 3) adipogenesis induction culture medium with ROS ($20{\mu}M/50{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$), 4) adipogenesis induction culture medium containing ROS ($20{\mu}M/50{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$) and antioxidant ($10{\mu}M/20{\mu}M$ Deferoxamine). We compared adipogenesis in these different media by taking absorbance measurements after Oil-Red O staining every 5 days. Results: After culturing for 20 days, significant differences were observed between these various culture groups. Absorbance results showed significantly more adipogenesis had occurred in media containing adipogenesis induction culture medium and $H_2O_2$ (in a $H_2O_2$ dose-dependently manner) than in media containing adipogenesis induction culture medium and no $H_2O_2$ (p<0.001). Furthermore, in media containing adipogenesis induction culture medium, $H_2O_2$, and antioxidant, absorbance results were significantly lower than in adipogenesis induction culture medium and $H_2O_2$ (p<0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that ROS promote the adipogenesis of ADSCs. We suggests that ROS could be used in the adipose tissue engineering to improve fat cell differentiation and implantable fat tissue organization.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.154-162
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• 1999

The laryngopharyngectomy for tumor ablation is the most common indication for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction in our country. Most of these cases are advanced laryngeal cancer that has spread beyond the larynx, pharynx and cervical esophagus. Such patients are obviously unable to breathe, swallow, or speak in the normal manner. The ideal reconstruction would restore normal anatomy, permitting patients to breathe and swallow without aspiration, and would not require a permanent tracheostomy. Reconstruction of the pharyngoesophageal defect traditionally been carried out with tubed local random flap, deltopectoral or musculocutaneous flap. Another approach is the pedicled enteric flap. But microsurgical reconstruction of the pharyngoesophagus, using either the free jejunal or the tubed radial forearm flap, have now become the preferred technique. Among them, we used jejunal free flap in 39 cases, tubed radial forearm free flap in 5 cases, patched radial forearm free flap in 2 cases and pectoralis major myocutaneous island flap in 2 cases from December 1990 to Febrary 1999. In this paper we illustrated that both forearm and jejunal free flap is a usful alternative in reconstruction of hypopharynx and cervical esophagus.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.655-663
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• 2002

Liver fibrosis is a prepathological state wherein damaged liver tissues in chronic liver diseases, such as hepatitis, are not repaired to normal tissues, but converted to fibrous tissue. 5-(2-Pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol-3-thione (oltipraz), a cancer chemopreventive agent, is effective against a wide variety of chemical carcinogens. Recently, we reported that oltipraz inhibits liver fibrogenesis (Kang et al., 2002). In the present study, the effects of oltipraz in combination with dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate (DDb) on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrogenesis were assessed in rats. Oltipraz (30 mg/kg body weight, po, 3 times per week for 4 weeks) was found to inhibit the increases in plasma ALT, AST and bilirubin by DMN, whereas DDB (30 mg/kg body weight, po, 3 times per week for 4 weeks) attenuated the increases in the plasma ALT and bilirubin. The lowered plasma protein and albumin contents in DMN-treated rats were completely restored by oltipraz, but not by DDB. DDB decreases liver cell injury and inflammation through inhibition of nuclear factor-kB. DMN increased the accumulation of liver collagen, as indicated by the increase in the 4-hydroxyproline content in liver homogenates, which was reduced by treatment with oltipraz, but not by DDB. Given the differential effect between oltipraz and DDB, the potential enhancement of antifibrotic efficacy by the drugs was assessed in the animal model. Despite the minimal effect of DDB on DMN-induced fibrogenesis, DDB (5-25 mg/kg), administered together with oltipraz (25-5 mg/kg), showed an additive protective effect against hepatotoxicity and fibrosis induced by DMN, which was shown by the blood chemistry parameters and histopathological analysis. The adequate composition ratio of oltipraz to DDB was 5:1. These results provide information on the pharmaceutical composition, comprising of oltipraz and DDB as the active components, for the treatment and/or prevention of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.377-383
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• 2010

The effect of gamma irradiation on the microbial growth inoculated in the Korean traditional paper, Hanji, was investigated. Also, the mechanical properties of Korean traditional paper were measured to verify the possible change by gamma radiation. Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus niger were cultivated and the spores were innoculated in papers at the 250,000 and 500,000 colonies, respectively. In these results, 5log spores of B. cereus could be all inactivated at the dose of 6 kGy, and 5log A. niger be inactivated at 8 kGy, respectively. There was also showed no significant change in tensile strength, bursting strength and color index of Korean traditional paper by the gamma irradiation upto the dose of 50 kGy. These results confirmed that radiation treatment of Korean traditional paper is extremely efficient and could be used to preserve ancient books and archives documents from being damaged by moulds and fungi.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.354-360
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• 1999

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disorder with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. DA-6034,$ 7-carboxymethyloxy-3^{l}, 4^{l},$ 5-trimethoxy flavone, is a synthetic flavonoid known to possess anti-inflammatory activity. This study was performed to evaluate the oral therapeutic effect of DA-6034 in three experimental animal models of IBD : two chemical-induced IBD models of rats and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 transgenic rat model known to develop spontaneous colitis without the use of exogenous agents. Acute chemical colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of 1.2 ml of 4% acetic acid solution. Prednisolone (1 mg/kg), sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg) and DA-6034 (0.3~3 mg/kg) were orally administered twice daily for 6 days in these rats. In addition, chronic chemical colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) 30 mg in 50% ethanol and agents were orally administered for 6 or 20 days. In chemical-induced IBD models, all of these agents reduced the severity of colitis and specially, DA-6034 (3 mg/kg) showed more potent effect than other drugs in macroscopic lesion score. In HLA-B27 transgenic rats, DA-6034 (3 mg/kg) and prednisolone (0.5 gm/kg) were treated orally twice daily for 6 weeks. The HLA-B27 transgenic rats showed only mild colitis, compared with the chemical-induced colitis models. DA-6034 ameliorated the loose stool and decreased microscopic damage, which is the important indicator of this model. In conclusion, oral therapy of DA-6034 attenuated the macroscopic and histologic damages of the colon in all three experimental models of IBD, which suggest that DA-6034 could be a promising drug in the treatment of IBD.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2003

The objective of the present study was to investigate the uptake process of 4-Phenylazobenzoxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-D-Arg (Pz-peptide), a hydrophilic and collagenase-labile pentapeptide, by isolated hepatocytes. For comparison, the uptake of Pz-peptide by Caco-2 cells and colonic cells, two known paracellular routes of Pz-peptide, was also evaluated. A simple and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC assay method using UV detection has been developed. The coefficient of variation for all the criteria of validation were less than 15%. The method was, therefore, considered to be sutable for measuring the concentration of Pz-peptide in the biological cells. Pz-peptide was extensively uptaked into hepatocytes. The initial velocity of Pz-peptide uptake assessed from the initial slope of the curve was plotted as Eadie-Hofstee plots. The maximum velocity ($V_{max}$) and the Michaelis constant ($K_m$) were 0.190$\pm$0.020 $nmol/min/10^6$ cells and 12.1$\pm$3.23 $\mu$M, respectively. The permeability-surface area product ($PS{influx}$) was calculated to be 0.0157 ml/min/10^6$ cells. $V_{max}$ and $K_m$ values for Caco-2 cells were calculated to be 6.22$\pm$0.930 pmol/min/10^6$ cells and 82.8$\pm$8.37 $\mu$M, respectively, being comparable with those of colonocytes (6.04$\pm$1.03 pmol/min/10^6$ cells and 87.8$\pm$13.2 $\mu$M, respectively). $PS_{influx}$ values for Caco-2 cells and colonocytes were calculated to be 0.0751 $\mu$l/min/10^6$ cells and 0.0688 $\mu$l/min/10^6$ cells, respectively. The more pronounced uptake of Pz-peptide by hepatocytes, when compared with Caco-2 cells and colonocytes, is probably due to its specific transporter. In conclusion, Pz-peptide, a paracellularly transported pentapeptide in the intestine and ocular epithelia, was uptaked into hepatocytes extensively. Although Pz-peptide is able to be uptaked into the Caco-2 cells and colonocytes, it is less pronounced when compared with hepatocytes. $PS_{influx}$ values of Caco-2 cells and colonocytes for unbound Pz-peptide under linear conditions were less than 0.4% when compared with that of hepatocytes.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.449-453
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• 1995

The search for patinum (II)-based compounds with improved therapeutic properties was prompted to design and synthesize a new family of water-soluble, third generation cis-diamminedichlorplatinum (II) complexes linked to uracil and uridine. Six heretofore undescribed uracil and uridine-platinum (II) complexes are ; [N-(2-aminoethyl)uracil-5-carboxamide]dichloroplatinum (II)(3a), [N-2(2-aminoethyl)uracil-6-carboxmide]dichloroplatinum (II) (3b),[5-(2-aminorthyl)carbamoyl-2',3',5',-tri-O-acetyluridine] dichloroplatinum (II) (6b), [5-(2-aminoethyl)-carbamoyl]-2',3',5',-tri-O-acetyluridine] dichloroplatinum (II) (6b), [5-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoylu-ridine]dihloroplatinum (II) (7a), [6-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyluridine]dichloroplatinum (II) (7b). These analogues were prepared from the key starting materials, 5-carboxyuracil (1a) and 6-carboxyuracil (1b) which were reacted with ethylenediamine to afford the respective N-(2-aminoethyl)uracil-5-carboxmide (2a) land N-(2-aminoethyl)uracil-6-carboxamide (2b). The cisplatin complexes 3a and 3b were obtained through the reaction of the respective 2a and 2b ficiently introduced on the .betha.-D-ribose ring via a Vorbruggen-type nucleoside coupling procedure with hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane and stannicchloride under anhydrous acetonitfile to yield the sterospecific .betha.-anomeric 5-carboxy-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyluridine (4a) and 6-carboxy-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyluridine (4b), respective 5-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyluridine (5a) and 6-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyluridine (5b). The diamino-uridines 5a and 5b were reacted with potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II) to give the novel nucleoside complexes, 6a and 6b respectively which were deacetylated into the free nucleosides, 7a and 7b by the treatment with CH/sub 3/ONa. The antitumor activities were evaluated against three cell lines (K-562, FM-3A and P-388).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.224-228
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• 2001

DA-5018, a recently synthesized capsaicin analog, appears to possess potent analgesic activity when administered topically. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of the topical administration of this compound. Specifically, our goal was to identify vehicle system that permit a reasonable transdermal permeation of the compound in mice. Among the vehicles examined, isopropyl myristate (IPM) showed the largest in vitro permeability across the intact skin (83.6 ${\pm}$ 5.42${\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h ). However, due to the limited solubility of DA-5018 in IPM (0.53 mg/ml), the maximal flux from the IPM medium remained at only 44.3 ${\pm}2.87{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr. In order to increase the flux, addition of better solvents for DA-5018 was attempted, under the assumption that flux is the result of both solubility and permeability. Ethoxydiglycol (EG) and oleic acid (OA) were selected as examples of food solvents. The addition of IC or OA to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio resulted in a comparable increase in the solubility of the compound (i.e., to 61.1 and 50.2 mg/ml for EG and OA, respectively). However, the addition of EG at a 1:1 volume ratio, for example, increased the flux 6.3 fold (i.e., $279{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), while OA, at a 1:1 volume ratio, decreased the flux 5 fold (i.e., $9.26{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$//hr). The mechanism of this discrepancy between EG and OA was investigated by measuring the permeabilty of DA-5018 across the stratum corneum-removed skin of the mouse, under the hypothesis that the viable skin layer may serve as a barrier for the permeation of lipophilic substances such as DA 5018. The permeability of DA-5018, from the medium of EG or OA, across the viable skin differed greatly for EG ($0.41{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr) and OA ($0.086{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), suggesting that a higher permeability across the viable skin layer is needed for the second solvents. The maximum flux across the intact skin was achieved for DA-5018 when EG was added to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio. Thus, the use of a binary system appears to be the best approach for realizing the transdermal delivery of DA-5018 at a reasonable rate.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 2014

Green Infrastructure(GI) is suggested to recover urban water circulation system as a newly conceptual alternative methodology by Korean landscape field in recent years. In this context, the study considers the essential meaning of GI. The methodology of this study is literature review with 47 published papers which were peer-reviewed in international journals in the recent 5 years. These papers were collected from online database and academic archives. The main analysis targets are definition sentences about GI. The each sentences were interpreted by semantic structure between verbs and objects in the definition sentences. As the results, it figured out 5 aims('Provide', 'Improve', 'Produce', 'Conserve', 'Reduce'), 4 objects('Humanistic', 'Environmental', 'Ecological', 'Hydrological') and 3 spaces('Object space', 'Technically available spaces', 'Object or technically available spaces'). The '5 aims' connected with the elements of '4 objects' based on the '3 spaces'. The elements was connected to the '5 aims' via single form or 2~3 forms of the essential meaning networks of GI. The study provides 83 meaning networks to use landscape architecture planning and urban planning.