• The Korean Journal of Medicine
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• 제99권3호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2024

Background/Aims: Carbapenems are recommended for treating bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E). However, this has resulted in a significant rise in the utilization of carbapenems in cases of ESBL-E infection. We evaluated the clinical outcomes of patients with ESBL-E bacteremia treated with non-carbapenem antimicrobials. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control study of a cohort of patients with documented ESBL-E bacteremia from January 2021 to December 2021. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether they received non-carbapenem or carbapenem therapy. The rates of treatment failure, 30-day mortality and microbiologic failure, and the durations of hospitalization and of antimicrobial therapy were compared between the two groups. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phenotypic identification of ESBL-E were performed using the Vitek 2 system. Results: Of 118 patients with ESBL-E bacteremia, 54 received non-carbapenem drugs (non-carbapenem group [NCG]) and 64 received carbapenems (carbapenem group [CG]). Treatment failure at 30 days occurred in 16.7% of the patients in the NCG and in 18.8% in the CG (p = 0.65). The 30-day mortality rate was 14.8% in the NCG and 17.2% in the CG (p = 0.63). Extra-urinary tract infection and prior antimicrobial therapy within 30 days were risk factors for treatment failure in patients with ESBL-E bacteremia. The clinical outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups, challenging the prevailing preference for carbapenems in the treatment of ESBL-E bacteremia. Conclusions: Non-carbapenem antimicrobials such as piperacillin/tazobactam are recommended for patients with mild ESBL-E bacteremia in South Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1973

I. Subject of the Study: Studies on the economical nutrition supplement of cereal foods for the improvement in our notional eating habits. II. Purpose and Importance of the Study: 1. Our nation is confronted with the situation that the rice, a principal food, short of some essential amino acids, lysine and threonine, leads to imbalanced meals insufficient in the nutrient of protein, to bring many difficulties in the elevation of our national physique. 2. The shortage of even the rice imperfect in the nutrient of protein makes the import of lots of foreign rice inevitable. It is considered that the protein supplement and decrease in the consumption amount, of rice, is a serious key to the solution of our food difficulty, and then a way of the proetin supplement of rice through the addition of essential amino acid is to be rarely applied in the view of the our present finance and situation. 3. In the present experiment, therefore, it aims to the suggestion of an aspect of the improvement in our national eating habits guiding in the nutrition elevation which our nation can afford economically through the development of first, a way of the protein supplement by the mixture of cereals producted plentifully in our country, and second, a way of the decrease in the consumption amount and the improvement in the nutrition of rice through the substitution of the other cereals for rice. III. Contents of Scope of the Study: 1. Objects of the study: Objects of the study are the following three items; a) The nutrition supplement of rice through the mixture of cereals. Our nation makes mainly rice as a principal food, but practically many kinds of cereal are produced in our country. They contain different levels and qualities of each nutrient and they are different from one another in the kinds of essential amino acid consisting protein. For that reason, the mutual complement efficeincy of insufficient nutrients is observed through the mixture of cereals. b) The nutrition supplement of rice through the addition of superior protein sources to rice, a principal food. The development of rice as superior foods in the sense of nutrition is conducted through the risement in protein quality by the addition of protein sources in good quality, for example, fish flour (anchovy flour), egg powder, milk powder, and so on, and through the supplement of vitamins and minerals. c) The decrease in the consumption amount of rice through the substitution of the other cereals for rice, as a principal food. The compensation for the short amount of rice is made by the reduction in the consumption of rice through the discovery of a way of substitution of the other cereals for rice, as a principal food and of the settlement of problems in nutrition and finance subsequent to this. 2. Contents of the study: a) An ideal mixture-ratio of cereals is established for rats by feeding mixed foods(rice-barely or rice-wheat) containing 5%, 15%, 25%, 35% and 45% level of either barely or wheat. b) The nutritive value is determined in the whole subsititution of other foods for rice, and then, a way of the complement of over and under nutrients is devised. c) The ideal combination is investigated for rats through feeding mixed foods of main food, rice and supplement foods of protein sources, soy bean, fish flour, egg powder and milk Powder. d) According to results from the above three experiments, the concise functional test for men and the examination of economical property are made. 3. Scope of the study: a) The observation of the effect of each diet on the growth rate for rats. The growth rate of rats was observed for 15 groups of mixed foods of a main food, rice, and wheat flour, barley powder or soy bean powder, respectively, and 12 groups of wheat flour diets supplemented with $1{\sim}3%$ milk powder, and rice or wheat flour diets supplemented with 5% of milk powder, egg powder, fish flour or soy bean powder, respectively. b) The determination of food consumption. The food consumption was determined at weekly intervals for 27 kinds of diet described in a) item. c) The determination of food efficiency rate. The food efficiency rate for each diet was determined by calculation from the gained body weight and the food consumption amount at the same intervals described in b) item. d) The determination of protein efficiency rate. The protein efficiency rate for each diet was determined by calculation form gained body weight and the protein amount of the food consumption amount at the same intervals described c) item. e) The determination of the body component. The hematocrite and hemoglobin levels in the blood, total nitrogen in the serum, blood sugar, and lipids and glycogen in the liver were determined. f) The observation of nitrogen balance. As a means of the observation of nitrogen balance, the total nitrogen in the urine was determined. g) The analysis of economical property. The economical property was analyzed as the gained body weight to the amount equivalent to one won through the conversion of the food consumption amount into money. h) The functional test for men. The concise functional test for men was made in order to establish if the best diet for experimental animals can be applied to men. IV. Results of the Study: The national food product plan, nationwide nutritive enlightment and the improvement activities in our country eating habits, especially, mixed and powder food problems are to be significantly referred, and the following results must be applied. a) In the mixed foods of cereals, the mixed food of the rice-barley containing $5{\sim}15%$ level of barley is best in terms of nutrition. b) The addition of superior protein sources, egg, Bilk, soy bean, or fish, respectively to either rice or wheat flour makes a great risement in the nutritive value. c) The animal protein is more effective in the elevation of nutritive value of cereals. d) Rice takes the most nutritive operation and has the highest preference, among rice, wheat flour and barley. e) Wheat flour is more economical than rice in evaluation of the gained body weight to the regular money, and the addition of fish or soy bean is more economical than that of any other supplement food. But the above results are true of the range of nutrition and economical property. f) The study on the nutrition composition and barley will lead to the improvement in our national eating habits as mixed food of the rice-barley containing $5{\sim}15%$ level of barley is more nutritive. g) This study on the nutrition only for the growing animal can not be considered as a perfect and entire evaluation. Consequently, the perfect data for our national nutrition can be obtained from the experiment similar to this for the much longer period examining, in details, the growth rate, change of physical strength, mental and bodily change, average life span, and resistance ability to infectious diseases.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.459-470
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• 2007

Domestically, finishing pigs are marketed at 110 kg on an average. However, it is thought to be feasible to increase the market weight to 120kg or greater without decreasing the carcass quality, because most domestic pigs for pork production have descended from lean-type lineages. The present study was undertaken to investigate the growth efficiency and profitability of ‘high’-market wt pigs and the physicochemical characteristics and consumers' acceptability of the high-wt carcass. A total of 96 (Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc-crossbred gilts and barrows were fed a finisher diet ad laibtum in 16 pens beginning from 90-kg BW, after which the animals were slaughtered at 110kg (control) or ‘high’ market wt (135 and 125kg in gilts & barrows, respectively) and their carcasses were analyzed. Average daily gain and gain:feed did not differ between the two sex or market wt groups, whereas average daily feed intake was greater in the barrow and high market wt groups than in the gilt and 110-kg market wt groups, respectively(P<0.01). Backfat thickness of the high-market wt gilts and barrows corrected for 135 and 125-kg live wt, which were 23.7 and 22.5 mm, respectively, were greater (P<0.01) than their corresponding 110-kg counterparts(19.7 & 21.1 mm). Percentages of the trimmed primal cuts per total trimmed lean (w/w), except for that of loin, differed statistically (P<0.05) between two sex or market wt groups, but their numerical differences were rather small. Crude protein content of the loin was greater in the high vs. 110-kg market group (P<0.01), but crude fat and moisture contents and other physicochemical characteristics including the color of this primal cut were not different between the two sexes or market weights. Aroma, marbling and overall acceptability scores were greater in the high vs. 110-kg market wt group in sensory evaluation for fresh loin (P<0.01); however, overall acceptabilities for cooked loin, belly and ham were not different between the two market wt groups. Marginal profits of the 135- and 125-kg high-market wt gilt and barrow relative to their corresponding 110-kg ones were approximately -35,000 and 3,500 wons per head under the current carcass grading standard and price. However, if it had not been for the upper wt limits for the A- and B-grade carcasses, marginal profits of the high market wt gilt and barrow would have amounted to 22,000 and 11,000 wons per head, respectively. In summary, 120～125-kg market pigs are likely to meet the consumers' preference better than the 110-kg ones and also bring a profit equal to or slightly greater than that of the latter even under the current carcass grading standard. Moreover, if only the upper wt limits of the A- & B-grade carcasses were removed or increased to accommodate the high-wt carcass, the optimum market weights for the gilt and barrow would fall upon their target weights of the present study, i.e. 135 and 125 kg, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.1397-1405
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• 2009

This study was to investigate food components of Bigum spinach growing in Jeonnam Shinan. The samples used in this study were Pohang spinach of inland and jo-saeng, chung-saeng, man-saeng, chungman-saeng spinach of Bigum located on Jeonnam Shinan. We analyzed proximate composition, mineral content, germanium, organic acid, free sugar, vitamin A, C, and E contents. We conducted the sensory evaluation after blanching and color changes of before and after blanching of 5 kinds of spinach. The results were as follows: moisture and ash contents were significantly higher in Pohang spinach than Bigum spinach. Crude protein, carbohydrates and crude fiber contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. In mineral contents, potassium and zinc contents were higher in Pohang spinach than Bigum spinach whereas calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. Germanium contents was 14.06$\sim$27.16 ppb in Bigum spinach whereas not detected in Pohang spinach. In organic acid contents, man-saeng and jo-saeng of Bigum spinach were high in oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid and formic acid contents. Succinic acid and acetic acid contents were high in Pohang spinach. Almost all free sugars were higher in Bigum spinach, especially jo-saeng and man-saeng, than Pohang spinach except lactose. Vitamin A contents was similar with Pohang and Bigum spinach except chung-saeng but vitamin C and E contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. Color L (light) after blanching was significantly higher in chungman-saeng than other spinaches. Color a (redness) was significantly lower in chung-saeng and man-saeng than others and chungman-saeng was significantly higher than others. Color b (yellowness) was low in man-saeng and high in jo-saeng of Bigum spinach. In case of sensory properties after blanching, taste, sweet, overall preference were significant higher in Bigum spinach except chung-saeng than Pohang spinach.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2016

The current smart lighting is shaped to offer the lighting environment suitable for current context, after identifying user's action and location through a sensor. The sensor-based context awareness technology just considers a single user, and the studies to interpret many users' various context occurrences and conflicts lack. In existing studies, a fuzzy theory and algorithm including ReBa have been used as the methodology to solve context conflict. The fuzzy theory and algorithm including ReBa just avoid an opportunity of context conflict that may occur by providing services by each area, after the spaces where users are located are classified into many areas. Therefore, they actually cannot be regarded as customized service type that can offer personal preference-based context conflict. This paper proposes a priority-based LED lighting control system interpreting multiple context conflicts, which decides services, based on the granted priority according to context type, when service conflict is faced with, due to simultaneous occurrence of various contexts to many users. This study classifies the residential environment into such five areas as living room, 'bed room, study room, kitchen and bath room, and the contexts that may occur within each area are defined as 20 contexts such as exercising, doing makeup, reading, dining and entering, targeting several users. The proposed system defines various contexts of users using an ontology-based model and gives service of user oriented lighting environment through rule based on standard and context reasoning engine. To solve the issue of various context conflicts among users in the same space and at the same time point, the context in which user concentration is required is set in the highest priority. Also, visual comfort is offered as the best alternative priority in the case of the same priority. In this manner, they are utilized as the criteria for service selection upon conflict occurrence.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.157-165
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• 1975

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality of commercially frozen sea foods. One hundred and sixteen samples in six different items from several refrigeration plant in Busan city were examined from March to December in 1974. In addition, the changes in bacterial density through the process from thawing, round or semifilleted frozen alaska pollack to the finishing as frozen fillet blocks were observed. To evaluate the sanitary quality, sanitary indicative bacteria such as total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci and enterococci as well as plate counts were determined. From the results, the median value of fecal coliform MPN was 20 per 100 grams of the samples and that of enterococci was 790. The median value of plate counts was $2.2\times10^4$ per gram. The plate counts were not correlated with the number of sanitary indicative bacteria. The results suggest that enterococci could be used advantageously in preference to coliform organisms as indicative bacteria for the evaluation of sanitary quality of frozen sea foods. The plate counts at $20^{\circ}C$ of the samples were 14 times higher than that at $35^{\circ}C$. Geometric mean of total coliform MPN was 310 and that of enterococci was 143. Bacterial density was reduced by fleering. Morethan 50 percent for total coliform MPN and $35^{\circ}C$ plate counts, and about 35 percent for enterococci MPN and $20^{\circ}C$ plate counts were reduced under the contact freezing unit which was generally operated at $-40^{\circ}C$. About fifty-five percent of the samples were negative in fecal coliform test and 10 percent of those were exceeded $1.0\times10^5$ per gram in $35^{\circ}C$ plate counts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제43권9호
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• pp.1380-1387
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop a mouthwash product with solid fermented oriental medicinal herb (OMH). Solid fermentation of magnolia, liquorice, and cnidium by Phellinus linteus mycelium was carried out successfully when 30% water was added to the medium, whereas 10% brown rice powder was required as an extra nutrient for solid fermentation of mint besides water. The amount of total phenol compounds and DPPH radical scavenging activity of OMH increased significantly (P<0.05) upon solid fermentation. Anti-microbial activities of fermented OMH also increased and were approximately 100-fold greater than those of unfermented samples. Oral pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, or Streptococcus mutans were used for determination of anti-microbial effects of OMH. Formulation of the mouthwash was developed based on the results of the sensory evaluation. Among seven formulas, the best formula chosen by the sensory evaluation was as follows: mouthwash prepared with 0.075% ethanol extract of solid fermented OMH as a main ingredient, 83.64% hot water extract of mint and clove (100:15, v/v) as a mouthwash base component, and other miscellaneous ingredients, including sodium fluoride, menthol, and surfactants. Data from a consumer's preference test with 30 participants, overall acceptance, and willingness to buy the product developed in this study were all significantly higher for the tested mouthwash compared to mouthwash on the market manufactured with OMH but with a different formula. Duration of freshness of the mouthwash after usage as determined by Breath Checker was not significantly different between the two samples, although the duration of our product was slightly longer than that of the commercial product mentioned above.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.112-132
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• 1975

When Korean family planning services began as a part of the National Policy in 1962, the annual population growth was 3.0%. This growth rate has been decreased to 2.0% during last ten year period. And it seems imperative that all hospitals, as well as related organizations, should participate in family planning in order to contribute to achieving the National goal of 1.5% population growth by 1976, the end of the Third Five Year Economic Development Plan. Nurses should be considered the most important human resources in charge of the core of family planning services in any setting. For the family planning services in the general hospital setting, nurses as a core members contribute much as change agent, motivators, counsellors, educators etc. A nurse can work with patients and their relatives when she is equipped with relevant knowledge and skills. Fur the more family planning cannot be ignored even in hospital setting where more comprehensive nursing care is needed Thus, the general objective of this study is to provide baseline data for better programming of In-service education in family planning so that effective hospital family planning nursing services can be made a part of comprehensive nursing care contributing to the national population program and human welfare. In order to meet the general objective, this study has the following specific objectives : 1. To find out the general characteristics of the clinical nurses working in Y Hospital 2. To evaluate their attitudes and practices of family planning 3. To assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices of population and family planning as professional nurses. 4. To examine and compare data collecting methods for the planning of an In-service Educational Program 5. To explore the contents to be included in this In-service Education Program. The study population randomly selected one hundred nurses working in Y Hospital A cross-sectional survey with questionnaires developed for this study was chosen for the study method. To collect reliable data, the questionnaires were distributed to and answered by the study population in a controlled situation. X²test and t-test was employed in analyzing the data. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. Y Hospital nurses had a lower ideal number of children (X=2.02) and showed no strong preference for male children, and 74% of them expressed the desire to use permanent methods of birth control 2. of this thirty Y Hospital nurses who were married 66.7% stated they were already practicing contraceptive methods. Most of them preferred male methods of contraception. 3. According to objective evaluation about knowledge of various aspects of population and family planning, respondents from collegiate programs significantly knew better the subjects on the average than did respondents from diploma programs of nursing. 4. There was a marked difference in the results of self-evaluation and objective evaluation in their family planning knowledge. It was found that the self-evaluation family planning knowledge seemed to be unreliable. Accordingly, the objective test methods appeared to be more reliable in the evaluation of knowledge levels. 5. The subject areas needed to be included in In-service education for the Hospital family planning services in Y Hospital are 1) rhythm methods, 2) tubal-legation, 3) family planning effects of contraceptives, 4) population growth, 5) demographic traction, 6) population structure and 7) infant mortality facts. In addition, 1) various oral contraceptives, 2) basal temperature method, 3) laparoscopic female sterilization, 4) interfering factors of family planning, 5) anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive organs were additional areas to be taught to respondents from 3-year diploma schools of nursing. Demographic transition was one subject area in which the four-year graduates need further study. 6. Population problems guidance and counselling in family planning instruction in the theory and practice of contraceptives should be included in future In-service Education Programs in order to provide more effective hospital Family Planning Services, stated 77.0% of the respondents.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.921-927
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• 2011

To compare pork quality from different pig species domesticated for Korean consumers, the meat quality characteristics of 5 different pure breeds of Landrace (L), Yorkshire (Y), Duroc (D), Berkshire (B), and Chester White (C) were determined from the 3 parts of loins, butts, and bellies. The fat content of loins was higher in breed D than in the other breeds, while that of butts and bellies was higher in breed B. The CIE color $a^*$ and $b^*$ values of the loins and butts from breed C were lower than those of the other breeds, but the color values of the belly part did not significantly differ by breed due to the high fat accumulation. The drip loss and cooking loss significantly differed depending on meat parts: breeds D and B were inferior in loins and butts but superior in bellies. The lipid oxidation of raw meat did not increase during the 7 d storage. The cooked butts of breed C had less thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values than those of the other breeds at 7 d, and the cooked bellies of breeds D and B had less. Moreover, there were only minimal differences in fatty acid compositions by pork breed and part. From the view points of the physicochemical and organoleptic analysis of pork from different pig species, it is estimated that breed D had better meat quality in the loin part and breed B had better meat quality in the butt. The belly meat quality of breed C showed the least value. Although the meat quality of pig species differed depending on the parts and it was difficult to compare the meat quality of a part using the meat quality parameters of another part, the result of this study could provide basic information that can be used to improve the meat quality of different parts of pig species.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.262-273
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between the children who experienced nursing caries and the children who were caries-free in the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia and DMF rate and to analyse causal factors from questionnaires. Oral examination was performed on 101 children(nursing caries group-45, caries-free group-56)in the 1994 at first, later in 1999. Parents were asked to write questionnaires. As a cotrol group, 50 children were chosen randomly. The results obtained from this study were as follow: 1. The prevalence of enamel hypoplasia of the children who experienced nursing caries was higher significantly than that of the all of the examined children (P<0.01). 2. DMF Tate of the children who experienced nursing caries was higher significantly than that of the children who were caries-free (P<0.01), and higher than that of the all of the examined children also(P<0.05). 3. The children who experienced nursing caries performed tooth brushing less frequently (P<0.05) and started tooth brushing later than the children who were caries-free (P<0.01). 4. The children who experienced nursing caries ate cariogenic food more frequently(P<0.05) and had higher preference(P<0.05) than the children who were caries free. 5. The children who experienced nursing caries showed lower frequency of periodic dental examination than the children who were caries-free or centre) group(P<0.05).