• Acta Via Serica
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.47-68
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• 2017

To the Greeks, the Ottoman era was a "Dark Age" one that comprised a threat to their Greek Orthodox identity. The identities of Orthodox and Hellene were integral parts in the construction of their national history. In fact, the Morea Uprising, which began in 1821, was symbolized by a priest blessing the Greek flag in Aya Lavra Church. One of the most common national myths is religious oppression of the Christian population during the Ottoman Era, namely Turkokratia. They identified Ottomans as Asian barbarians who did not let Greeks practice their religion freely, and who furthermore forced them to change their religion. These kinds of beliefs, which might be taken as religious propaganda, are today still highlighted both in Greek textbooks and in publications supported by the church and books and newspapers published in their affiliated institutes. The underlying truth behind all these propagandist statements is Islamophobia. The existence of Islamophobia in the Balkans, where religious nationalism is intense, has caused nations to hold to these kinds of mythical beliefs. Most of the time the stories and narratives have been used for history building. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the effect of the anti-Islam propaganda of the church in Greece on the state and the people using Greek sources. The references are Greek religious textbooks and books and newspapers published by church-supporting publishing houses.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.688-701
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• 2014

This study examined the expression characteristics in pop art works of Jean-Charles de Castelbajac. The study here aimed at possibility to find a design development in building up the unique art world of creativity based on popularity, artistry, and originality without confinement to the trend only. For the research method, review of literature and analysis about Castelbajac's works reflecting the pop art feature in the collections from 2000S/S to 2012F/W were performed. The results of research are as follows. The external expression form of Castelbajac's works based on pop art was grouped roughly into use of mass culture image, appropriation of pop art expression technique, and parody of art works. First, his work appeared as application of the mass culture image such as symbolic thing in the modern consumer society, object in an ordinary life, character of well-known animation, national flag and famous star. Second, such appropriated pop art techniques showed as pop color in strong primary color and silk screen, photomontage, collage, assemblage, graffiti, and lettering. Third, a variety of images featured earlier in art works were shown in parody. These works are valuable in that they are expressed aesthetically through regeneration of popular culture's various images in view of fashion, they are described in the non-traditional value with frolic resistance and deviation out of existing fashion norm, and they are given the dynamic creativity integrated with art and fashion.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.119-128
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• 2010

Gaecheonjeol is the National Foundation day of Korea when people hold a harvest ceremony. Nowadays, two representative harvest ceremonies of Korea are performed at Mt. Mari (摩利山) and Mt. Taebaek (太白山) on Gaecheonjeol (October 3rd). We study 28 flags with constellations appearing in the ceremony of Mt. Taebaek. These flags are lying in the outer of the circular stone wall during the ceremony. They represent an oriental heavenly star chart. We examine the shape, the connecting-pattern, the name, and the number of constellations drawn in the flags, and find several errors, such as, a wrong position, a typo of name, an irregular size, an omission, and so forth. Traditionally, the 28 oriental constellations are usually divided into four groups and each group has its own colour for each direction: Blue (E), Black (N), White (W), and Red (S). For the constellation flags in Mt. Taebaek, the colour of the flags is painted based on geographical directions, but the constellations are arranged followed by the direction of the celestial sphere. Thus, constellations in the northern and southern parts are counterchanged. Finally, we suggest some possible criteria for constellation map of the flags in this paper. CheonSangYeolChaBunYaJiDo (天象列次分野之圖) and CheonMunRyuCho (天文類抄) can be essential references for correcting constellations drawn in the flags of Mt. Taebaek.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3880-3899
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• 2019

Distributive desynchronization algorithms based on pulse-coupled oscillator (PCO) models have been proposed for achieving collision-free wireless transmissions. These algorithms do not depend on a global clock or infrastructure overheads. Moreover, they gradually converge to fair time-division multiple access (TDMA) scheduling by broadcasting a periodic pulse signal (called a 'firing') and adjusting the next firing time based on firings from other nodes. The time required to achieve constant spacing between phase neighbors is estimated in a closed form or via stochastic modeling. However, because these algorithms cannot guarantee the completion of desynchronization in a short and bounded timeframe, they are not practical. Motivated by the limitations of these methods, we propose a practical solution called PD-DESYNC that provides a short and deterministic convergence time using a flag firing to indicate the beginning of a cycle. We demonstrate that the proposed method guarantees the completion of desynchronization within three cycles, regardless of the number of nodes. Through extensive simulations and experiments, we confirm that PD-DESYNC not only outperforms other algorithms in terms of convergence time but also is a practical solution.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.67-82
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• 2012

21st century is the Age of Culture, and a period that is represented by symbolism and imagery. This is no exception for the countries that want to enhance their image in the international community. In order for a country to improve its brand, it has to select a representative emblem, symbols and cultural items. The usual suspects for this are its name, flag, and anthem. Each of these items can elicit different types of symbolism. It can also be used to differentiate the country from others; however, these are not the only sources of symbolism at the country's disposal. Other popular tools include cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, climate, natural environment, and its national character. A country can use these items to associate itself with certain images. The purpose of this study is to find an objective way to effectively boost Korea's brand. This will be done by comparing and contrasting the ways countries including Korea have used their national emblems to enhance their image. Data from each of the countries were collected and analyzed. The results of this study will become empirical evidence in researches aimed to develop fashion designs that use Korea's national emblem as its motif in order to improve its national brand Countries that were used for this research were United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Korea, and they were chosen because their national brand rated highly. The items selected for the analysis were scarves and neckties. This was because, compared to other fashion items, it was easier to sort out scarves and neckties that used motifs of national emblems as well as these two items having the highest usage rate of this type of motif. Group of experts looked through a combined total of 370 scarves and ties and they analyzed the following factors in the design: type of motifs, frequency, use of color, methods of expression and images.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

This study is to reconsider the symbolic potential of the costume by investigating the role of cloth in Indian culture, noting the fact that Indians wore hand-woven cloth and adopted a flag with the spinning wheel in the center as part of their nationalistic programs for independence. The results are as follows; The Indian cotton industry had held the fist position in the world and spinning and weaving had been an Indian national industry until the early part of the 19th century. As for the Indian cotton industry under the rule of Britain, Indian was reduced to being a colony producing raw materials and a market of cheap British finished goods, and eventually fell into anarchy with economic poverty of the general public and peasants'uprising mixed with the complaint of the intellectuals. The Indian National Movement started as a resort to escape the British rule because of continuous poverty and social exhaustion, and its pivot was Gandhi. Gandhi launched a revolutionary noncooperation movement in Indian society with diverse races, religions and castes, and developed nation-wide campaigns such as Boycott, Swadeshi, the encouragement of spinning wheels, etc. Gandhi urged that Indians' weak identity and poverty were caused by the dissolution of their native craft and that the Indians should wear Indian products for economic independence. Accordingly, leaders of Indian National Congress regarded a spinning wheel as an economic necessity and national symbol, and approved manual spinning and weaving as part of their nationalistic programs in order to drew the general public to the nationalistic movement in 1920. They also decided that all Congressmen should wear hand-woven cloth, Khadi, and adopted spinning wheels as the logo type of Indian National Congress. Khadi, Indian national cloth, was a symbol of national unification, freedom and equality, and also a means of economic self-sufficiency, Swadeshi, and eventually led India to autonomy, Swaraji. Therefore, it can be concluded that the cloth converted Indias economic and political identity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2018

Heat stress during the ripening stage reduces the yield and quality of rice. Considering the adverse effects of global warming, it is necessary to breed heat stress tolerant rice cultivars and analyze their stress tolerance characteristics. We investigated the ripening characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity of Ilmi under heat stress condition during the ripening stage. Ripening rate, 1000 brown grain weight, and rice quality of Ilmi were not significantly changed by heat stress during the ripening stage. Leaf chlorophyll, chlorophyll a/b ratio, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of Ilmi leaves were also less changed than those of Ilpum. These results strongly suggested that Ilmi has heat tolerance characteristics during the ripening stage. Analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity of Ilmi revealed that peroxidase (POX) activity was significantly higher than that of Ilpum, and showed a significant correlation with the change in chlorophyll a/b ratio and hydrogen peroxide content of flag leaves of Ilmi. These data suggest that the high POX enzyme activity of Ilmi could be considered one of its major heat tolerance characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.107-107
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• 2022

The increase in atmospheric temperature due to climate change prolongs the period of exposure to high-temperature environments during rice cultivation. In particular, high-temperature during early seed development greatly affects on the productivity and quality of rice. The high temperature at this time not only affects the transport and distribution of assimilates from leaves to seeds and the accumulation of starch in the seeds, but also affects the leaves, which are the production organs of assimilates, and increases the consumption of assimilation products due to an increase in respiration. Therefore, in this study, rice was grown in temperature gradient chambers(TGC) to analyze the effects of high temperature on physiological responses, assimilate production, and changes in gene expression in rice leaves. Analysis of chlorophyll and sugar contents and RNA-seq experiments were performed using flag leaves collected under normal and elevated temperature conditions, respectively, during the early seed development stage, and then these results were comprehensively discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.717-725
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• 2018

IMO developed VIMSAS for effective application of IMO instruments related to maritime safety and environmental protection and was implemented from 2006 to 2016. Based on this, the purpose and procedures of VIMSAS applied to IMO member states by trial, and IMSAS was enforced from January 1st 2016. IMSAS was implemented to ensure that IMO Member States, such as flag states, coastal states and port states that ratified the IMO Convention, are properly performing their given responsibilities and to ensure the effective implementation of the IMO instruments through the improvement of identified non-conformities. In this study, the auditing contents and procedures were verified based on IMO documents in order to prepare for the IMSAS audit of Republic of Korea scheduled for 2020. For this purpose, this study proposed an update of a directory, development of monitoring system for information reporting required by IMO instruments, designation of relevant experts, preparation of an English version of related national laws, training of IMSAS auditors and establishment of an IMSAS audit response team for audit of IMSAS in 2020 by referring to the results of the VIMSAS for Republic of Korea, major findings of the VIMSAS of other IMO member states, and Consolidated Audit Summary Report (CASR), which was submitted at the 5th IMO III sub-committee.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 2013

In spite of adoption of various IMO Conventions over the past, the reason why large vessel accidents related to human life and marine environment occur is that the IMO Conventions are not effectively implemented due to contravention of the conventions by flag states. In particular, the implementation of the conventions are not well being performed because some flag states having weak genuine link between them and vessels haven't set up proper personal and structural organizations in charge of maritime safety and marine environment protection. From this background, IMO Resolution A.946(23) on the voluntary IMO Member-state Audit Scheme was adopted at the 23rd Assembly in Nov. 2003 and the Scheme is expected to be executed compulsorily in 2015 through the adoption of the IMO Resolution A.1018(26) in Nov. 2009. Accordingly, this study examined outline of the IMO Member-state Audit Scheme and the Code for the Implementation of Mandatory IMO Instruments used for the audit standards of this scheme. In addition, this study reviewed the member-states' obligations and responsibilities according to the compulsory implementation of the member-state audit scheme in 2015. Based on this, this study suggested the enhancement measures for maritime education and training of maritime education institutions of the Republic of Korea to cope positively with compulsory implementation of the IMO Member-state Audit Scheme.